Law is a code of conduct system that reflects the will of the ruling class, is formulated or recognized by the state, and is guaranteed to be implemented by the state. It reflects the will of the ruling class determined by specific material living conditions, takes rights and obligations as its content, and aims to confirm, protect and develop the social relations, social order and social development goals expected by the ruling class. It is a tool for the ruling class to realize class rule and social management. 1. Law is a social norm to adjust people's behavior.

2. Law is a universally binding social norm formulated and recognized by the state.

3. Law is a social norm that stipulates rights and obligations.

4. Law is a social norm that is enforced by the state. The validity of law refers to the effective scope or application scope of law, that is, the validity of law to whom, where and when.

1. Spatial validity

In China, all laws, administrative regulations and other normative documents formulated by the central state organs, unless there are special provisions, will take effect in all areas of China once they are promulgated and implemented. Normative documents formulated and promulgated by local state organs only take effect in the areas under their jurisdiction.

2. Time validity

includes the issues of the effectiveness, invalidation and retroactivity of the law. The retroactivity of the law refers to whether the law is applicable to the events or behaviors that occurred before the law came into effect. If applicable, it is retroactive, otherwise, it is not. Generally, the laws of China do not have retrospective effect, except as otherwise provided by law.

3, the effect on people

The effect on people is more complicated. According to the laws of China, the effect on people includes two aspects:

First, the legal effect on China citizens. All citizens of China shall apply the laws of China within the territory of China. The legal application of China citizens abroad is complicated. According to the current laws in China, some can apply foreign laws, while others still have to apply China laws.

second, the legal effect on foreigners. Unless otherwise provided by law, the laws of China shall also apply to foreigners in China. The criminal law of China has special provisions on crimes committed by foreigners against citizens of China countries or China outside the territory of China. The legal system refers to the unified whole of the existing laws in a country, which are composed of various legal departments. It does not include international laws and expired domestic laws. The so-called legal department refers to the general name of legal norms that regulate similar social relations according to certain standards and principles.

1. Constitution, including the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Law on Regional National Autonomy of the People's Republic of China, the Election Law of the People's Republic of China and the National People's Congress and local people's congresses at various levels, the Organization Law of the People's Republic of China and the National People's Congress, the Organization Law of the People's Republic of China and the State Council, the Organization Law of the People's Political and Legal Affairs at various levels, and the Organization Law of the People's Courts.

2. Civil and commercial laws, including general principles of civil law, marriage law, adoption law, inheritance law, property law, guarantee law, contract law, copyright law, trademark law, patent law and other separate civil laws and regulations; Commercial laws and regulations such as company law, securities law, negotiable instrument law, insurance law, maritime law and enterprise bankruptcy law;

3. Administrative law, including civil servant law, administrative licensing law, administrative reconsideration law, administrative punishment law, administrative supervision law, government procurement law, public security punishment law and other special administrative laws and regulations;

4. Criminal law, including current criminal law and amendments to criminal law, and separate laws and regulations;

5. Procedural law, including civil procedural law, administrative procedural law and criminal procedural law.

6. Note: Other laws not mentioned can be classified into the laws of the above departments respectively according to the subject of legal relationship and the object of adjustment. In fact, the economic laws that are usually divided now can be re-recognized, and the laws that are considered as economic laws are compiled into the code in the process of formulating the code. The legal norms of civil law are compiled into civil law, and the legal norms that regulate administrative behavior are compiled into administrative law. In this way, we can avoid confusing administrative behavior with economic behavior, administrative behavior with civil behavior, strengthen supervision over administrative behavior, and investigate the legal responsibility of administrative behavior. Moreover, economic law is usually regarded as the sum of legal norms regulating economic behavior, but economic behavior is usually commercial behavior and economic macro-control behavior, which was not included in the system in the original legal words. Now we can't insist on using the word economic behavior in the legal vocabulary system because of necessity. In fact, economic behavior is not a single legal act, so it is best to decompose it and bring it into their respective legal relations. 1. People's Republic of China * * and the Constitution of the People's Republic of China

2. People's Republic of China * * and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy

3. People's Republic of China * * and the Election Law of the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses at Various Levels

4. the NPC Standing Committee's Provisions on Direct Election of People's Congresses below the County Level

5. People's Republic of China * * and the Organization Law of the National People's Congress. Organic law of the state Council of the people's Republic of China

7, organic law of local people at all levels

8, organic law of people's courts, organic law of people's procuratorates

9, basic law of hong kong and Macao special administrative regions, Chinese people * * * and Chinese people * * * Civil Service Law of the People's Republic of China Administrative Licensing Law Administrative Punishment Law Administrative Reconsideration Law Administrative Procedure Law the Supreme People's Court's Interpretation of Several Issues Concerning the Implementation of the Administrative Procedure Law the Supreme People's Court's Provisions on Several Issues Concerning the Evidence of Administrative Litigation Law the Supreme People's Court's Provisions on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Administrative Compensation Cases

1. The Chinese People's Criminal Law and the Criminal Law Amendment of the People's Republic of China the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)'s Punishment of Foreign Exchange Fraud, Decision on the crime of evading foreign exchange and illegally buying and selling foreign exchange; General Principles of Civil Law of Criminal Procedure; Opinions on Several Issues Concerning the Implementation of General Principles of Civil Law; Guarantee Law; Rural Land Contracting Law; Inheritance Law; Marriage Law; Civil Procedure Law; Partnership Law; Sole proprietorship enterprise law; Foreign-funded enterprise law; Anti-unfair competition law; Consumer rights protection law; product quality law; price law; audit law; accounting law; SME promotion law; budget law; tax collection management law; personal income. Tax Law Banking Supervision and Management Law China People's Bank Law Commercial Bank Law Foreign Trade Law Environmental Protection Law Urban Real Estate Management Law Land Management Law Labor Law State-owned Enterprise Bankruptcy Law Bill Law Interim Regulations on Stock Issuance and Trading Management Insurance Law Maritime Law Copyright Law Trademark Law Nationality Law territorial sea and the contiguous zone Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf Law Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities Regulations Concluding Treaty Procedure Arbitration Law Judges Law Prosecutors Law Lawyers Law Notarization Law Measures for the Administration of Enterprise Legal Advisers, etc.

French surname

Origin of French surname

1. It originated in the Warring States Period. During the Warring States Period, the State of Qi became the country of Tian's surname, with the surname of Jiang and Tian as the original surname, after Yu Wang. The monarch of the State of Qi gave the king the name of Fazhang, and after the destruction of the State of Qin, the descendants dared not take Tian as their surname in order to avoid vendetta, so they took the name of their ancestral Fazhang as their surname, thus forming the legal surname. See "The History of the Later Han Dynasty. Biography of Faxiong".

2. Wu Yao, a family of Mongolians in the Qing Dynasty, came to the Central Plains and changed to Fa. In Qianlong, there was a great writer, Fa Shishan, who was a descendant of one branch of the method of changing Wu Yao's surname.