Volume 43 of "Historical Records" "Zhao Shijia" (hereinafter referred to as "Zhao Shijia") records that the ancestors of the Zhao family suffered from clan execution in the third year of Jin Jinggong (597 BC). Zhao Shuo The posthumous son Zhao Wu escaped disaster under the protection of Gongsun Peijiu and Cheng Ying. Later, Zhao Wu grew up and relied on the support of Han Jue and others to restore the Zhao clan throne. This historical story was adapted into the play "The Orphan of Zhao" during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. It has been widely circulated since then and is known to almost all women and children. But how much truth is there in this matter? Scholars are not unanimous. Wan Si's "Xue Chunqiu Essays" believes that "Zhao Shijia" records "Zhi Linggong's thieves led to Zhao Dun", "which is combined with what is recorded in Zuo Zhuan", which is indeed reliable. This is because (Zhuang) Ji Zhen was at that time. After discussing with Tong and Kuo, they jointly managed the Soul Killing Prison. They pursued Zhao Dun and wanted to destroy his family. Wu Fang was naive, but his mother hid in the palace and was spared. "Shen Qinhan's Supplementary Notes on the Chunqiu Zuo Family are based on "Zuo Zhuan". "In the second year of Xuangong's reign, it was also recorded that: "Zhao Dun regarded Zhao Kuo as the official of the clan and the head of the Zhao clan. At this time, Zhao Kuo was killed, and the sacrifices of the Zhao clan were abandoned, so the later text Han Jue has " "There is no queen". In the past, Zhao Wu followed Zhao Kuo, and Kuo was killed. He had no choice but to live with his mother in his uncle's house. "Yang Bojun disagreed with Wan Sida and Shen Qinhan's views, saying: "These two theories are similar. It is difficult to believe it." He further said: "The "Zhao Family" records the destruction of the Zhao family and the restoration of Zhao Wu. It is entirely based on legends of the Warring States Period. It is different from "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu" and cannot be relied upon as history." (Yang Bojun's "Chun Qiu Zuo" Annotations on the eighth year of Duke Cheng of Lu (583 B.C.) Also, the third chapter of Volume 23 of "Historical Records" written by Yusheng of the Qing Dynasty and the third year of Jin Jinggong also believes that this matter is "absurd and unbelievable, and the so-called Tu Anjia and Cheng Baby, pestle and mortar, I'm afraid there is no one like him" and so on.). Yang Qiumei's "An Examination of the Abilities of the "Zhao Orphans"" published in the 2nd issue of "Journal of Shanxi Normal University" in 1987 also put forward some enlightening new views, but there are still some points that are debatable. Wan Sida and Shen Qinhan believe that the Zhao orphans have mixed doubts, while Mr. Yang Bojun believes that it is based on the legend of the Warring States Period. In order to clarify the truth and restore its original historical appearance, it is necessary to analyze and review the relevant information on the execution of the Zhao clan recorded in historical records. First, regarding the time of the execution of the Zhao family and the restoration of Zhao Wu, "Zhao Family" and "Historical Records" Volume 44 "Han Family" (hereinafter referred to as "Han Family") state that the case of Tu'anjia's extermination of the Zhao family occurred in Jin Dynasty In the third year of Gong Dynasty (597 BC), fifteen years later, that is, in the seventeenth year of Jin Jinggong (583 BC). Zhao Orphan Zhao Wu was reestablished. However, the records in "Spring and Autumn", "Zuo Zhuan", and "Jin Family" (hereinafter referred to as "Jin Family") in Volume 39 of "Historical Records" are different. "Spring and Autumn" records in the eighth year of Lu Chenggong: "Jin killed its officials Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo." "Zuo Zhuan" of the same year records this matter more specifically. It says: Jin Zhao Zhuangji died of Zhao Ying, and she mocked Jin. Hou, "Yuan and Ping will be in chaos", but Luan and Zheng will be conquered. In June, Jin attacked Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo. With his fields and Qi Xi. Han Jue said to the Marquis of Jin: "The honors of the Ji Dynasty and the loyalty of Mencius are proclaimed, but without heirs, those who do good will be afraid..." He established military forces and turned against his land. Yuan and Ping are Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo, Wu is Zhao Wu, Chengji and Xuanmeng are Zhao Shui and Zhao Dun. "Zuo Zhuan" also records that Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo were killed in June of the eighth year of Lu Chenggong (583 BC), and the time is more specific. "The Jin Family" states in the 17th year of Jinggong: "Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo will be killed, and the family will be destroyed. Han Jue said: 'How can we forget the achievements of Zhao Shai and Zhao Dun? How can we not sacrifice them!' He ordered Zhao Shuzi again. Wu was the queen of Zhao and was restored to the city. "The "Chronology of the Twelve Princes" in "Historical Records" also states: "The Wutian city of Zhao was restored." It can be seen that the time of the Zhao clan's execution was the tenth year of Jin Jinggong. Seven years (583 BC), not three years (597 BC). Moreover, between the fourth and sixth years of Jin Jinggong's reign (596 BC - 584 BC), there are many activities of Zhao family members in historical records. "Zuo Zhuan" in the fifteenth year of Xuangong (the sixth year of Jinggong, 594 BC): "The Marquis of Jin sent Zhao Tong to offer Di prisoners to the Zhou Dynasty." In the third year of Lu Chenggong (the twelfth year of Jinggong, 588 BC): "Han Jue, Zhao Kuo, Gong Shuo, Han Chuan, Xun Zhui, and Zhao Zhan were all ministers. "In the fourth year of Lu Chenggong (587 BC), "Jin Zhao Yingtong passed to Zhao Zhuangji." In the fifth year of Lu Chenggong (586 BC): "Yuan, Ping released all the Qi." "In the eighth month of autumn, Zheng Bo and the Jin-Zhao alliance came to Chuiji." In the sixth year of Lu Chenggong (585 BC): "Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo wanted to fight." ("The Biography of the Zuo Family in the Spring and Autumn Period") The title of Zhao Kuo and Zhao Zhan as Qing Dynasties is also found in the article in "Jin Family" in the twelfth year of Jinggong (588 BC). These records all indicate that the Zhao clan was not executed before the 17th year of Jin Jinggong (583 BC). Some people may doubt that the execution of the Zhao clan and the restoration of Zhao Wu occurred within one year.

Indeed, the Zhao clan was exterminated, its fields were transferred to the Qi clan, Zhao Wu was reestablished, and the original fields were restored. This process required a process. Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo were killed in June of the eighth year of Lu Chenggong (583 BC). So, it seems too short to complete this cycle in only half a year. Yang Bojun's "Zuo Zhuan Annotation of the Spring and Autumn Period" speculates in the eighth year of Chenggong: "According to the "Zhao Family", Han Jue advised Jin Jinggong to restore Zhao Wu two years later when Jinggong fell ill." The reason why Mr. Yang This inference is made because the "Zhao Family" states that after the Zhao family was killed in the third year of Jin Jinggong (597 BC), "he lived for fifteen years (that is, the seventeenth year of Jin Jinggong). Jin Jinggong became ill and divination Therefore, those who failed to succeed in the great cause were caused by evil spirits... So Jinggong conspired with Han Jue to establish Zhao Orphan (i.e. Zhao Wu)." ("Historical Records" Volume 45 "Han Family" In the 17th year of Jin Jinggong's illness, the failure of fortune-telling was caused by evil spirits. Han Jue praised Zhao Chengji for his contribution and now has no descendants to commemorate Jinggong. Jinggong asked: "'Is there still a world left?' Jue then said that Zhao Wu returned to the old Zhao family's land and continued the Zhao family's sacrifice." In addition, Liang Yusheng's "Historical Records" Volume 23 also believes: "Jing Gong was ill. He died in the 19th year, as recorded in "Jin Shijia") and according to "Zuo Zhuan" in the tenth year of Lu Chenggong (the 19th year of Jin Jinggong, 581 BC) and "Jin Shijia". ("Zuo Zhuan" states that in the tenth year of Chenggong's reign, Jin Jinggong of Jin Dynasty "had a dream so powerful that he was sent to the ground. He jumped up and down, saying: 'It is unjust to kill my grandson. I will ask the emperor for help!' The main gate of the soil and the gate of his bedchamber." "The Duke is afraid of entering the house." Yang Bojun's "Zuo Zhuan of Chunqiu" notes in "Killing Yu Sun": "It refers to the eighth year of Duke Cheng of Lu and the seventeenth year of Duke Jin of Jin." Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo. The evil ghost dreamed by Jin Jinggong should be the phantom of Zhao's ancestor. "Zhao Shijia" records this matter, saying that "Jinggong of Jin was ill, and he had a great cause." Those who fail to succeed later are evil spirits, and the dream is used as a divination, which is different from "Zuo Zhuan", but "after the great cause" also refers to the ancestors of the Zhao family. "Jing Gong's dream is related to the restoration of Zhao Wu, which happened in the 19th year. Of course, Zhao Wu was restored to power at this time.) Jinggong's serious illness was also in the 19th year (581 BC), not the 17th year (583 BC), so it is inferred that Zhao Wu was restored to power in the 19th year of Jin Jinggong (581 BC). . The author agrees with Mr. Yang Bojun’s inference. Second, regarding the reasons for the execution of the Zhao family, "Zhao Family" and "Han Family" believe that in order to investigate the murder of Jin Linggong, Sikou Tu'anjia "organized with the generals to attack the Zhao family in the lower palace without asking. Kill Zhao Shuo, Zhao Tong, Zhao Kuo, and Zhao Yingqi, and all their clans will be destroyed." Regarding this record, there are three points that need to be distinguished. First of all, slaughter Anjia and his people. According to the "Zhao Family", Tu'anjia was favored during the reign of Duke Linggong of Jin Dynasty, and Duke Jinggong was appointed as Sikou at that time. Judging from the fact that he dared to kill the Zhao clan without being asked and was not punished, it seems that he should be a powerful official who specializes in state affairs. However, all the records of the Linggong, Chenggong, and Jinggong periods in "Jin Shijia" say nothing about him, and "Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan" never mentions him, let alone him leading the generals to attack the Zhao family. According to "Zuo Zhuan" and "Jin Family", at least before the 17th year of Jin Jinggong's reign, the most powerful officials in Jin were Luan, Han, Que and Zhao. If Tu'anjia was a powerful official, this should not be omitted in "Zuo Zhuan" and "Jin Shi Jia", or at least it should be disclosed in the accounts of some major events in the Jin Dynasty. Secondly, the direct reason that led to the execution of the Zhao clan. The "Zuo Zhuan" quoted before: "Zhao Zhuangji, because of the death of Zhao Ying, scolded the marquis of Jin, saying: 'Yuan and Ping will be in chaos'. Luan and Qi went on an expedition. In June, Jin attacked Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo." "Guoyu·Jinyu Six" records that Han Jue also said: "In the past, I was a beast of the Zhao family, and Zhao Mengji slandered me, but I could not rebel against the army." (The Han Jue language recorded in the 17th year of Duke Cheng of Lu in "Zuo Zhuan" and the same language recorded by Zhi Bo in "Guoyu·Jin Yu 9" are the same.) According to Zhao Zhuangji, she was the daughter of Duke Cheng of Jin and the wife of Zhao Shuo. Zhao Ying is Zhao Yingqi, also known as Lou Ying. The so-called "death of Zhao Ying" refers to the fact that Zhao Yingqi was exiled to death by Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo. "Zuo Zhuan" in the fourth year of Lu Chenggong (587 BC) states: "Zhao Ying of Jin was connected with Zhao Zhuangji." "Zuo Zhuan" in the fifth year of Lu Chenggong (586 BC) added another book: Yuan and Ping Fang Zhu Qi. Ying said, "I'm here, so if Luan doesn't do anything, if I die, I and Kun will be very worried. And everyone has his or her own abilities, so what's the harm in leaving me alone?" He didn't listen. The angel in the baby's dream said to him: "Sacrifice to me, I will give you a blessed daughter." The messenger asked all the scholars about Uncle Zhen. Zhenbo said: "I don't know." Then he told the person: "God benefits benevolence but harms adultery. There is no punishment for adultery, which is a blessing. If you sacrifice it, will you die?" If you sacrifice it, you will die tomorrow. Zhao Yingqi is the son of Zhao Shui, his half-brothers with Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo, and half-brothers with Zhao Shuo's father, Zhao Dun. (Volume 43 of "Historical Records", "Zhao Family", "Zuo Zhuan", the 24th year of Duke Xi.

) "Zhao Yingtong conspired with Zhao Zhuangji", which was an act of incest between the husband's uncle and his nephew's daughter-in-law. Therefore, Zhao Yingqi was exiled by his second brother and died; Zhao Zhuangji falsely accused Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo of plotting rebellion in order to banish Zhao Yingqi. Revenge, of course, cannot completely rule out the possibility that Zhao Zhuangji has other plans. (In view of the changes in the status of concubines within the Zhao family, can we think that Zhao Zhuangji falsely accused Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo of causing rebellion and killed them, not only as revenge for the exile of Zhao Yingqi, but also for the sake of her biological son Zhao Wu's intention to regain the throne may even be the real motive for her false accusation. If so, the murders of Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo were actually the result of the internal struggle over clan rights within the Zhao family. Of course, this is just a speculation.) This is just the author's speculation on the issue of fighting for the Zhao clan. Zhao Zhuangji's false accusation was only the cause of the Zhao family's execution, and the opposition of the ministers headed by the Luan family was an important factor that killed the Zhao family. Zhao Yingqi said: "I am here, so the Luan family does not do anything. If I perish, I and Kun will be very worried!" "Zuo Zhuan" Xianggong also said in the 23rd year of Xiang Gong (550 BC): "The Zhao family used the difficulties of Yuan and Ping. Resentment against the Luan family." This shows that not only does the conflict between the Zhao family and the Luan family exist within the Jin State, but it has already become acute and superficial, and is about to break out. When Zhao Zhuangji falsely accused Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo to Jin Jinggong, the Luan and Que families took the opportunity to testify for Zhao Zhuangji, thus prompting Jin Jinggong to execute the Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo families. The Luan family and the Que family were willing to provide perjury, which was essentially killing someone with a knife to achieve the purpose of ostracizing the Zhao family. We know that during the Jinggong period of Jin Dynasty, the more powerful officials included the Xun family, the Shi family, the Luan family, the Que family, the Han family, and the Zhao family. Among them, most of the generals are in charge of state affairs. Since "Luan Shu general the army" in the 13th year of Jin Jinggong (587 BC) (the fourth year of Lu Chenggong in "Spring and Autumn" and "Zuo Zhuan"), he led troops to attack Zheng twice, once to save Zheng and once to invade Cai. ("Spring and Autumn" and "Zuo Zhuan", the fourth year of Lu Chenggong.), became one of the main decision-makers of the Jin State. He and the Que family obviously played an important role in Jin Jinggong's execution of the Zhao clan ("Zuo Zhuan", Lu Cheng The eighth year of Gong Dynasty: "Han Jue said: 'In the past, I was a beast of the Zhao family, and Meng Ji slandered me, but I could not rebel against the army.'" Yang Bojun noted: "At that time, the Marquis of Jin, the Luan family, and the Que family all destroyed the Zhao family. Han Jueyun alone refused to attack the Zhao family with troops."). If there was someone who played a major role in Jin Jinggong's destruction of the Zhao family, then this person could only be Luan Shu and not Tu Anjia. Thirdly, did Zhao Shuo, Zhao Tong, Zhao Kuo and Zhao Yingqi die at the same time? As cited above, "Spring and Autumn", "Zuo Zhuan", "Jin Family", "Guoyu", etc. all state that the targets of Jin Jinggong's execution were Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo. "Zuo Zhuan" also records that Zhao Yingqi died in the fifth year of Lu Chenggong (586 BC). When did Zhao Shuo die? There is no clear history. However, his activities can be seen in historical records. The dates that can be tested are in the third year of Jin Jinggong (597 BC), that is, "General Zhao Shuo sent down the army, and Luan Shu assisted him" ("Zuo Zhuan" in the 12th year of Lu Xuangong, "Historical Records" "Volume 39" Jin Family", "Historical Records" Volume 43 "Zhao Family"). In the eleventh year of Jinggong (589 BC), "General Luan Shu sent down the army, and Han Jue became Sima to save Lu Wei" ("Zuo Zhuan", the second year of Lu Chenggong, "Historical Records", Volume 39, "Jin Family") 》). Yang Baijun noted: "Zhao Shuo may have died at this time, so he was promoted to the rank of Zuo Luanshu, who was in the army at that time." In addition, "Zuo Zhuan" records Zhao Ying in the fourth year of Lu Chenggong (the thirteenth year of Jin Jinggong, 587 BC). Qi had an affair with Zhao Zhuangji, and when Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo sanctioned Zhao Yingqi for this matter the following year, Zhao Shuo did not come forward. What's more, "Zuo Zhuan" also calls Shuo's wife "Zhao Zhuangji", and "Zhuang" is Zhao Shuo's posthumous title all proves that Zhao Shuo had died before. (Yang Bojun's "Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan Annotation" was in the fourth year of Lu Chenggong.) In short, Zhao Shuo died before Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo were killed, which was a normal death. Therefore, it is impossible for the four uncles and nephews Zhao Shuo and Zhao Tong to die at the same time. Since the four of them did not die at the same time, and Zhao Wu, Zhao Shuo's son, was safe and sound, it is further explained that the so-called execution of the Zhao clan actually refers to the killing of the two branches of Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo. Han Jue's phrase "achieve Ji's honors and declare Meng's loyalty without descendants" refers to the fact that the Zhao family has no direct descendants. It does not mean that they have no descendants. At least he knows that Zhao Shuo's son Zhao Wu still survives. Moreover, we also know that Zhao Wu’s grandson Zhao Jian defeated Handan doctor Zhao Wu (also known as Handan Wu) during his reign. Zhao Wu is a descendant of Zhao Chuan, another branch of the Zhao family ("Genealogy of the World" quoted in "Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan Commentary" by Kong Yingda.) This incident also proves that Zhao Chuan's branch was not affected by the "clan execution". It can be seen that the execution of the Zhao family did not mean that the entire Zhao family was killed, but the direct descendants of the Zhao family were killed.

Third, regarding the relationship between Zhao Shuo and Cheng Ying, according to "Zhao Shijia", Zhao Shuo is the son of Zhao Dun. He has "a guest called Gongsun Chujiu," and a "friend Cheng Ying." Shuo was killed, Cheng Ying and Gongsun Chujiu. After discussing how to protect the orphan Zhao Shuo from danger, it was finally decided that Cheng Ying should tell the fake secret, so Gongsun Chujiu and the fake "orphan" were killed. Later, the orphan Zhao Wu was re-established. "Cheng Ying resigned from all the officials and said to Zhao Wu: 'In the past, when I was in trouble in the palace, I could die. I must die, and I want to establish the Zhao family. Now that Zhao Wu has been established, he is an adult. , restored to his old position, I will report to Zhao Xuanmeng and Gongsun Jiuchu'". Since Cheng Ying was a friend of Zhao Shuo, the target of his "report" should be Zhao Shuo, and "Zhao Shijia" also specifically stated that Zhao Shuo and Cheng Ying were friends and did not mention his relationship with Zhao Dun. The statement "report to Zhao Xuanmeng" seems to be unreasonable. It can be seen from this that the narrative of "The Zhao Family" is self-contradictory. There are more contradictory records about Cheng Ying and Gongsun Chujiu. The "Inscriptions on Portraits of Confucius and Other Characters" collected in "Anthology of Han Steles" states: "Cheng Ying, Chujiu, Zhao Shuo's retainers." However, it is said here that Cheng Ying was also a retainer of Zhao Shuo. The entry in Taiping County, Jiangzhou, Hedong Road, Volume 1 and 2 of "Yuanhe County Map": "The tombs of Gongsun Chujiu and Cheng Ying of Jin are also among the tombs of Zhao Dun, twenty miles south of the county." The tombs of Gongsun Chujiu and Cheng Ying are both in Zhao. The tomb of Dun seems to indicate that the two men had a subordinate relationship with Zhao Dun, or that they were retainers of the Dun and Shuo generations. Fourth, regarding Zhao Zhuangji and Zhao Wu, "Zhao Shijia" stated that Zhao Shuo "married Jin Chenggong's sister as his wife." When the Zhao family was executed, "Zhao Shuo's wife became the princess's sister and had a posthumous wife. Zhao Gong's palace... lived without "He, Shuo's wife gave birth to a boy without giving birth." The boy he gave birth to was later Zhao Wu, and "Jin Family" called him "Zhao Shuzi". According to history, Zhao Zhuangji is called the elder sister of Jin Chenggong. The predecessors have long suspected that the "Zuo Zhuan Notes on the Spring and Autumn Annals" in the fourth year of Chenggong (587 BC) says: "Zhao Shijia" says that "Zhao Shuo's wife became the elder sister of Jin Cheng", so Zhao Zhuangji was The daughter of Duke Wen of Jin Dynasty. According to the biography of Duke Xi in the 24th year, Zhao Shuo's wife was the daughter of Duke Wen. If, as Sima Qian said, Zhao Shuo also married the daughter of Duke Wen, it would be unreasonable for the ancestor and his grandson to each marry one sister and one sister. Jia Kui and Fu Qian both regarded Zhao Zhuangji as their eldest daughter, which was more reasonable. Sima Qian may have mistakenly adopted different theories from the Warring States Period, and Liang Yusheng's "Historical Records Zhiyi" stated that "Shiji" had a typographical error, which is also inevitable. "New Preface: Jieshi Pian" also says that "Zhao Shuo's wife became a father-in-law," which shows that there may be some origin. Jia Kui, Fu Qian, Liang Yusheng, and Yang Bojun all prefer Zhuang Ji to be the daughter-in-law, which makes sense. As for the claim that Zhao Wu was born in Jinggong Palace during the execution of the Zhao clan, it cannot be established. According to the previous quote, "Jin attacked Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo. Wu followed Ji's family and kept animals in the palace." The quote from "Guoyu·Jinyu No. 9" has no correct words: "In the past, the former master Wenzi (Zhao Wu) was in trouble. From the Ji family to the palace." Also, Zhao Shuo died before the second year of Lu Chenggong (the eleventh year of Jin Jinggong, 589 BC), which proves that Zhao Shuo's son Zhao Wu had been born long ago. So, why is Zhao Wu called a bastard? This starts with the changes in the status of concubines within the Zhao family. Zhao Wu's father, ancestor, and great-grandfather were Zhao Shuo, Zhao Dun, and Zhao Shuai respectively. "The Family of Zhao" states that the founder of Zhao's decline was Chong'er, Duke Wen of Jin. Before Chong'er came to the throne, "Zhai fled to Zhai due to Liji's rebellion, and Zhao failed to follow. Zhai defeated Jiu Ru and got two daughters. Zhai used his young wife Chong'er to grow up. The daughter's wife, Zhao Shui, gave birth to Dun. At the beginning, when Chong'er was in the Jin Dynasty, Zhao Shui's wife also gave birth to Zhao Tong, Zhao Kuo and Zhao Yingqi. He wanted to welcome Zhai's wife and use her son Dun as his direct heir, and all three sons of Jin's wife would marry her. In the third year (637 BC), the eldest daughter's wife, Chong'er, and the younger daughter's wife, Zhao Shuai, were recorded in the "Jin Family". "The Family of Zhao" states that Zhao Shuai was married and had children before he fled from Chong'er. After returning to the country, his ex-wife returned his wife Zhai and took Zhao Dun, the son of his wife Di, as his legitimate heir. "Zuo Zhuan" records that in the 24th year of Duke Xi (636 BC), after Zhao Shui returned to the country: "Wen Gong's wife Zhao Shui gave birth to Yuan Tong, Ping Kuo and Lou Ying. Zhao Ji asked Ni Dun to take care of her. Mother and son left words, Ji said: "How can you make people forget your past when you are favored?" Must go against it! If you insist, I promise. Come, take the shield as your talent, take him as your legitimate son, and make his three sons descend from him. "Ziyu, also known as Zhao Shuai. The three brothers Zhao Tong, Zhao Kuo and Zhao Yingqi each lived in Yuan, Ping and Lou, so they were called Yuantong, Pingkuo and Louying. "Zhao Shijia" said that Zhao Shuai The marriage of Zhao Ji was before Sui Chong'er's exile. "Zuo Zhuan" said that it was after that. Who is right? Yang Bojun believes: "Zhao Ji's words, 'getting favor and forgetting the old' indicate that Zhao Shaizhi has been married to his uncle. After Wei (that is, the wife of Zhai whom he married after his exile and Zhao Dun's biological mother), Zhao Dun died in the seventh and eighth years of Lu Xuangong (602-601 BC), and in the fifth year of Lu Chenggong (585 BC), Zhao Dun died in the same year. Pingkuo released the infant Qi, and in the eighth year of Duke Cheng of Lu (583 BC), Jin attacked Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo. It seems that Zhao Ji's three sons were all younger than Dun."

(Yang Bojun's "Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan Annotation" stated in the 24th year of Duke Xi of Lu that Zhao Ji also regarded Shai Di's wife as her "neizi", that is, the principal wife. Shen Qinhan's "Chun Qiu Zuo Shi Zhuan Supplement" cited the second year of Duke Xuan, Zhao Dun called Zhao Ji "Jun Ji's family" and believed that Zhao Dun still regarded Zhao Ji as his legitimate mother, so he knew that Zhao Ji should be his legitimate wife.) Mr. Yang preferred to marry Zhao Ji as his successor, and I adopt his theory today. According to this, Zhao Dun's biological mother was originally from Di, and Zhao Ji was the daughter of Duke Wen of Jin Dynasty, so she should be Zhao Shuai's wife. As the "wife", that is, the first wife, Shen Qinhan's "The Chunqiu Zuo Shi Zhuan Supplementary Notes" quoted in the second year of Xuangong, Zhao Dun called Zhao Ji "Jun Ji's", thinking that Zhao Dun still regarded Zhao Ji as his legitimate mother, so he knew Zhao Ji. Ji should be the first wife.) The son should succeed Zhao Zong, but because of Zhao Dun's talents and Zhao Ji's Qianyi, he was established as the legitimate son and became the successor of the Zhao family. After Zhao Shui died, he took over the throne on his father's behalf, and successively appointed Jin Linggong and Chenggong. He was the most powerful minister in the Jin state. After the death of Jin Linggong, the status of the Zhao family improved again, and the status of concubines within it also changed. "Jin Shijia" records in the AD AD year (606 BC): "The Zhao family was given the title of a duke" (the "Chronology of the Twelve Princes" in Volume 14 of "Historical Records" records the same, but in the 14th year of Duke Linggong of Jin.) "Zuo Zhuan" states in the second year of Xuangong (the fourteenth year of Jin Linggong, 607 BC): "When Chenggong came to the throne, the land was created by the eunuchs and regarded as a public clan. ... Zhao Dun please take Kuo as the public family. The family said: "The beloved son of the Junji family. The Weijunji family is also from Di." In the winter, Zhao Dun was a member of the Jiandong clan, and Pingji was appointed as the official of the clan. "According to the Gong clan, Mr. Yang Bojun explained: "The Gong clan has two meanings. The children of any Gong with the same surname are called the Gong clan, which is the Gong clan in the broad sense. ... The officials of the Gong clan are also called the Gong clan in the narrow sense." (Yang Bojun's "Zuo Zhuan Annotation of the Spring and Autumn Annals" was published in the second year of Xuangong.) The above quotation shows that the Gong clan is a lineage in a narrow sense. Jin Jun's surname was Ji, and the Zhao family used a different surname to become an official in the public family, so it was called "Ci". This is a sign that Zhao Zong's status has improved. At the same time, the relationship between concubines and concubines within Zhao Zong changed. Zhao Dun probably felt the virtuousness of his aunt Zhao Ji, and may also have been influenced by the custom of "brothers end with younger brothers", so he proposed that his half-brother Zhao Kuo be the official of the public family and inherit the Zhao clan, while he himself was demoted to "Zhaodong". clan". Mr. Yang believes that the Yuzi and Gaodong clans are the descendants of the concubines other than the legitimate sons. From then on, Zhao Dun "regarded himself as Yuzi and took charge of the Yadong clan as the chief minister." (Yang Bojun's "Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan Annotation" was published in the second year of Xuangong.) Then Zhao Dun was demoted from the legitimate son to the concubine, and from the big clan to the minor clan. The changes in the relationship between concubines and concubines within the Zhao family did not seem to affect the political status of Zhao Dun and Zhao Shuo. "Zhao Shijia" states that Zhao Dun was still "in charge of state affairs" when he became Duke of Jin Dynasty. "Zhao Dun died sometimes when Duke Jinggong of Jin Dynasty, and his posthumous title was Xuan Meng and heir of Zi Shuo." During the reign of Duke Jinggong of Jin Dynasty, Zhao Shuo still held a higher position than his uncle Zhao Kuo. In the battle between Jin and Chu in the third year of Jin Jinggong's reign (597 BC), "Xun Lin's father will lead the middle army, and Xian Gu will assist him. The generals will go up to the army, and they will assist him. Zhao Shuo will lead the lower army, and Luan Shu will assist him. Zhao Kuo will assist him." , Zhao Yingqi was the officer of the central army, Gong Shuo and Han Chuan were the officers of the upper army, and Xun Shou and Zhao Tong were the officers of the lower army. ", "Historical Records" Volume 43 "Zhao Family"), this record is clear evidence. In the twelfth year of Jin Jinggong (585 BC), Zhao Kuo was listed as a minister ("Zuo Zhuan", the second year of Lu Chenggong, "Historical Records", Volume 39, "Jin Family"). At this time, Zhao Shuo may have died, and Zhao Kuo became the suzerain. Doctor Heqing finally determined the advantages of clan power and political power within the Zhao clan. It is precisely due to the changes in the relationship and political status within the clan that after Zhao Shuo's death, the young Zhao Wu no longer had the opportunity to inherit the power advantage his grandfather had gained, so he could only be classified as a "concubine", so he was called "Concubine". Zhao Shuzi Zhao Wu". Later, probably because he was a "bastard" and because of his kinship with Jin Jinggong, he escaped the genocide. With the help of Han Jue, he inherited the Zhao clan again, and the Zhao family flourished again. stand up. In addition to the above analysis, if you read "Zhao Family" carefully, you will also find a strange phenomenon, that is, the names of the ancestors of the Zhao family before Zhao Jianzi, Zhongyan, to Zhao Jingshu, the father of Jianzi, involve at least more than twenty generations, but this The total number of words recorded in Duan Ancestor History is only more than 2,000, and the execution of the Zhao clan takes up half of the space. The narration before and after Zhao Shuo is very simple, but this incident is extremely story-telling. The entire incident process and the dialogue between the characters are detailed and vivid, which cannot but make people doubt its authenticity. Of course, such a vivid description is inseparable from Sima Qian's wonderful writing, but it is by no means a figment of Sima Qian's imagination. It is obviously a tailoring and processing of the historical legends about this period of history by the descendants of the Zhao family.

To sum up, it can be concluded that the so-called "orphans of the Zhao family" are completely fictitious. We agree with Mr. Yang Bojun's judgment that "all the legends of the Warring States Period were collected", but the case of the Zhao family being executed by the clan is indeed true. After the above dialectics, the case can be summarized as follows: (1) The Zhao clan execution occurred in the 17th year of Jin Jinggong (583 BC), and Zhao Wu was restored to power, probably in the 19th year of Jin Jinggong (581 BC). Therefore, what "Zhao Shijia" said is true. (2) The scope of the Zhao clan's execution may be limited to the two branches of Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo. It is unknown whether the Zhao Yingqi branch was implicated. But at least Zhao Shuo and his descendants (that is, the children born to Zhao Zhuangji) were not affected. (3) The execution of the Zhao clan was caused by Zhao Zhuangji's "slander", but the more important factor was the exclusion and exclusion of the Luan and Que clans. (4) The restoration of Zhao Wu mainly relied on the support of Han Jue. Han Jue said: "In the past, I was a beast of the Zhao family," indicating that in the political activities of the Jin state, the alliance between the Han and Zhao families had a profound historical foundation). ("Guoyu" Volume 11 "Jinyu 5": "Zhao Xuanzi said that Han Xianzi was sent to Linggong as Sima," which also shows the relationship between Zhao Dun and Han Jue.) Finally, it needs to be pointed out that due to the limitations of documentary materials, we have no understanding of the Zhao clan. Little is known about the execution case, but the above analysis still helps us objectively deepen our understanding of the political history of the Jin Dynasty. As we all know, the Spring and Autumn Period was a time of great social change and turmoil in Chinese history. There were three main forces on the social and political stage at that time, namely, the Zhou royal family headed by the Emperor of Zhou, the public offices headed by the princes of various countries, and the ministers and officials within each country. The contradictions and conflicts, divisions and combinations between these three forces, among the princes, and among the ministers and officials within each country constituted the basic pattern of the struggle between the old and new aristocrats at that time. These contradictions and struggles manifested themselves differently in various classes during the Spring and Autumn Period. In the early stage, it was mainly manifested in the contradiction between the Zhou royal family and the princes; in the middle stage, it was mainly manifested in the contradiction between the princes; in the later stage, it was mainly manifested in the contradiction between the ministers and officials. In the State of Jin, the conflict and struggle between the officials of the Qing Dynasty and the Duke of Jin and the officials of the Qing Dynasty were particularly obvious. During the Jin Wengong period, he dominated the Central Plains. This was not only a victory over the struggle of the princes, but also a further weakening of the authority of the Emperor of Zhou. After Jin Wengong, with the development of private power, the conflicts between the Qing Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, and the conflicts between the Qing Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty became increasingly complicated and intertwined. The execution of the Zhao clan during the Jinggong period of Jin Dynasty took place under this historical background. The execution of the Zhao clan certainly had the intention of the Jin government to suppress the power of the Qing officials, but the exclusion of the Luan clan was the deepest background of this struggle. It can be said that the Zhao Clan Execution was an open conflict between various groups of ministers and officials within the Jin State, and it was also an important event in the political history of the Jin State. If the exclusive power of the six ministers and the division of Jin into three families were caused by the struggle between the ministers and the old aristocrats of the Jin Dynasty, then the execution of the Zhao family and the execution of the Luan family, the Que family, the Fan family, the Zhonghang family, the Zhi family and other princely groups Destruction is the inevitable result of the strife and intensification of conflicts between officials and officials. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Jin general Tu Anjia framed the loyal minister Zhao Dun. Under his instigation, the Jin king ordered the entire Zhao family to be executed. Overnight, more than 300 members of Zhao Dun's family were massacred. Princess Zhuang Ji, the wife of Zhao Dun's son Zhao Shuo, was the monarch's sister. She survived and was sent back to live in the inner palace. She was pregnant at this time. A few months later, Princess Zhuang Ji gave birth to a baby boy, named Zhao Wu. Tu'anjia ordered the inner palace to be sealed off. In the name of medical treatment, Princess Zhuang Ji summoned Cheng Ying, a close friend of the Zhao family, into the inner palace and asked Cheng Ying to rescue Zhao Wu from the palace. Cheng Ying put Zhao Wu into the medicine box and prepared to take him out of the palace. The guard general Han Jue admired Cheng Ying's justice very much, so he let Cheng Ying and Zhao Wu go, and he drew his sword and committed suicide. In order to eradicate the problem, Tu Anjia announced that all babies under six months old in the country would be killed. In order to protect Zhao Wu and all the innocent babies in Jin, Cheng Ying and Gongsun Chujiu negotiated: Cheng Ying would sacrifice his own son to replace the Zhao orphans, Gongsun would take the blame for saving the orphans, and then Cheng Ying would go to Tu'an Gu in person. Report. Tu Anjia listened to Cheng Ying's report and killed old man Gongsun and the "Zhao orphan". After that, Cheng Ying assumed the crime of betraying his friends for glory, trained Zhao Wu into a man with both civil and military skills, and asked Zhao Wu to recognize Tu Anjia as his adoptive father. When Chen Ying told Zhao Wu the truth, Zhao Wu killed Tu Anjia with the help of the general Wei Jiang who had returned from guarding the border. After that, Zhao Wu presided over the state affairs of Jin State, allowing Jin State to basically maintain its dominance. Later, Zhao Xiangzi, the third descendant of Zhao Wu, divided the Jin Kingdom into three parts with Wei and Han, and founded the Zhao Kingdom. It is said that Zangshan Mountain in Yuxian County, Shanxi Province was the place where Zhao Wu was hidden.

To keep people from worshiping means not to cut off people's incense, so that even those who have perished can still have a place to survive and worship their ancestors. This concept was prevalent before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Therefore, after the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty royal family was allowed to move to the Song Dynasty. The list goes on and on. Continuously offering sacrifices to people has the same meaning as opening one side of the net. This is the kindness of our ancestors and the source of the breadth and depth of our traditional culture. It is a kind of magnanimity and courage.