Types of jazz

★Work Song

"Work Song" was a popular song in the cotton fields and ports of the southern United States in the mid-19th century. Songs sung by black slaves while working in areas such as , railways and rural areas.

This kind of song is the expression of the black slaves' emotions about the depression, monotony and boredom of life. It is

entertainment and a medium to communicate emotions. The proud white masters often acquiesce in such activities because it can improve

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Production volume.

Songs generally contain "Call-and-Respond" and traditional tunes and rhythm elements inherent in the black West African homeland.

It later became the early form of blues and jazz. The performance form - Minstrel Show - is an important creative theme.

★Blues

"Blues" has been the identical twin of jazz since the end of the 19th century. In the early days, blues was jazz

An important element and source of inspiration in music creation, blues elements are ubiquitous in every style in the development of jazz.

Representative players of this type of music in the later period include: Joe Williams ), Junior Wells

(Junior Wells), Luther "Guitar" Johnson (Luther "Guitar" Johnson), John Lee Hooker

(John Lee Hooker and Lillian Boutte.

★Ragtime music (also known as traditional time or compound melody, Ragtime)

Ragtime music is a music that uses black melody, syncopation, and looping. Early jazz composed of themes, deformed phrases and other rules

. It originated around 1890 and became popular around the First World War; its origins were originally in St. Louis and New Orleans, and then became popular in the South and Midwest of the United States. Finally, breakbeat music

disappeared into the so-called "hot" and noisy New Orleans traditional jazz sound of the 1920s. Piano players who pioneered breakbeat music in the early days, such as: Scott Joplin, Tom Turpin, James Smith

The unique core elements of jazz - improvisation and irregular phrases - can be found in the works published by James Scott and Artie Matthews.

They all appear in the form of a gait (Cakewalk)

but are given the title of "Rag" (broken phrase), such as: white composer William H. Krell in

Published the historic first freestyle piece "Mississippi Rag" in 1897, Scott Droplin's "Original Rags" published in 1989

and the famous classic "Maple Leaf Rag" 》, "Harlem Rag" (1897) composed by Tom Dubin, and Ben Harney, a light-hearted cabaret pianist who claimed to be the first person to invent freestyle music.

Harney is in Some works created during the same period.

On the early jazz stage, in addition to being related to step dance, scat music also developed into a form that combined pop music, marches

s, waltzes and other popular dances. Scatter songs, solo instrumental and orchestral repertoire.

In 1917, after the original Dixieland Jazz Band, a white group, recorded the first record of Dixieland jazz style in history, their music style soon became popular. Within a short period of time, it swept across the United States and caused a sensation.

Scat music, which plays the role of a vanguard, is gradually withdrawing from the mainstream jazz scene. In the 1920s, it was transformed into the "Stride" piano style. Appears in: James P. Johnson, Fats Waller, Willie "The Lion" Smith's multiple titles

The question (Multi-theatic) is improvised in free time music. In the mid-to-late 1940s, 1950s and 1970s, it was also briefly revived by some dedicated jazz musicians. It has a history of a hundred years and is closely integrated with jazz.

Le, it seems that we can no longer create the glorious and great era of the past.

★New Orleans Traditional Jazz

Like the origins of many other art forms, the origin and development of jazz also took place over the decades of the 19th century.

Education and growth gradually evolved into a more mature form of music at the beginning of the 20th century, becoming more widely accepted and popular.

It started in New Orleans. The central music stage has become a symbol of American culture.

The elements of traditional New Orleans jazz that took place before and after World War I are as complex as the United States being a melting pot of nations and cultures: namely, hymns Musical elements such as charades, singing shows... and Rag phrases are based on Counterpoint and Syncopation as the driving force for subjective music creation

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Element, a musical system that combines the core elements of a large number of solos, improvised decorative performances and rewritten melodies.

The early New Orleans traditional jazz band was mainly a small group, and the instruments that played the main melody included: cornet, recorder, saxophone and trombone; accompaniment instruments There are: tuba trumpet, turtledove harp, bass (often mainly pizzicato), violin, drums and piano.

They often play counterpoint in multiple parts at the same time to create a lively and powerful atmosphere and musical style. Early New Orleans

Representative figures and groups of good traditional jazz include: Creole Jazz Band and The New Orleans Rhythm led by "King" Oliver

Kings, the Red Hot Peppers led by Jelly Roll

Morton, Louis Armstrong and others are also early representatives of this music style

figure.

★Dixieland

Dixieland jazz is early jazz developed by jazz musicians in New Orleans and Chicago from 1917 to 1923

Legend, it was revived for a while by a group of supporters in the late 1930s.

To put it simply, Dixieland jazz is a branch of traditional New Orleans jazz. The original meaning of Dixieland in English is "Dixie's Land", the military campground. This word first appeared in Mr. Dan Emmett's "Colonial Songs and Dances" in 1859. Therefore, we can know: Dixieland Jazz and March, Jianghu Singing Arts

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People (Minstrels) and other music related, its first well-known tune was "Pocahontas" published in 1860. By the 1910s, jazz bands playing this style had evolved into small groups, drawing mostly from blues, marches

and popular songs of the time, and even from certain pieces of music. Certain short paragraphs (Rags) can be used to extend and promote them.

This is the origin of improvisation.

The main melody of Desirean jazz is usually played by trumpet, recorder or trombone.

The accompaniment instruments are mainly piano, guitar, turtledove, tuba, bass or drums.

Some jazz historians specifically classify the New Orleans traditional jazz played by "white" musicians of that era as: Desirean jazz, while the New Orleans jazz played by black people Traditional Jazz is New Orleans traditional jazz.

In fact, it is not necessary to subdivide these two early jazz styles, which is technically and substantively difficult, because these two styles of music

both refer to the same style of music. , the difference only depends on the "person".

★Harlem Jazz

Harlem Jazz refers to the jazz style of the "Harlem Renaissance" that took place in Harlem, New York in the 1920s

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Words. This black consciousness movement first focused on promoting the traditional black culture and spirit, especially its emphasis on literature and art, which was even more important to the early pioneers of this movement. But later it was also extended to the field of jazz music.

★Kansas City Jazz

Kansas Jazz is also called "Southwestern Jazz". As the name suggests, it mainly grows and develops in the southwestern states of the United States

Exhibitions, such as: Missouri, Kansas and St. Louis. It was popular in the 1920s and 1930s and is closely related to country blues and string band breakbeat music.

Kansas jazz is generally based on 8 or 12-bar blues, emphasizing the importance of the saxophone and avoiding complex arrangements, preferring to use a simpler "main" (or lead) , Head) arranges music, relies on memory to rehearse jazz pieces, and uses riffs to play a phrase, which has become a registered trademark of Kansas Jazz.

Representative groups that play this type of jazz include: Benny Moten, Count Basie, Lester Young, Claude Williams and Jay McShann. In the mid-1930s, Kansas jazz was integrated into mainstream swing music and became part of jazz.

★Chicago Jazz

Chicago Jazz is early jazz that developed in the underground bars of Chicago in the early 1920s. It is often referred to generally

Jazz played for small white bands, such as the famous Austin High Gang members: Jimmy McPortland and Bud Freeman , Frank Teschemacher

and others. In addition, people such as Bix Beiderbecke and Eddie Condon during this period are also very representative. Although Chicago jazz comes from traditional New Orleans jazz, it does not completely copy it. For example, Benny Goodman is better than the drummer in recorder solo skills.

Gene Krupa's more frenetic and extroverted rhythms have different expressions and are different from traditional jazz.

Generally speaking, Chicago jazz has not developed a truly independent style.

★Big Band

The big band era probably originated in the mid-to-late 1920s, with Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman

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Mainly jazz style, it not only flourished in the mid-1930s and swing period, but also the roaring music of the mid-1940s

Dizzy Gillespie, the 1950s The cool jazz of Gil

Evans, the improved growler Gerald Wilson, the free jazz of the 1960s Sanjo

(Sun Ra), 1970s jazz rock and fusion music Don Ellis, Maynard Ferguson, and even Klaus Klaus in the 1980s Kon ig) Traces of it can be found in postmodern roaring music

. Other well-known big bands include: Conte.

Groups led by Basie, Gil Evans and others; it can be said that the big band is an immortal symbol in jazz. The size of a large orchestra is generally more than 10 people, and the instruments it covers are: more than 3 trumpets, more than 2 telescopic trumpets, and more than 4 saxophones (the above instruments

The instrument can also be divided into several parts, if the establishment is large enough; other orchestras will add recorders as the main melody part, such as Benny?

The Goodman Orchestra); accompaniment or rhythm instruments Then there are: piano, guitar, bass, drums and other string instruments.

Because the formation and development of the big band overlapped to some extent with the swing music that flourished from 1935 to 1946,

many music critics and musicians People often confuse the two, which is actually an oversight.

To put it simply, a big band is an organization in terms of band structure. Through this large group, it can play any jazz

music arrangement. Of course, swing music is only one of the possibilities (perhaps, some people will say that swing music played by a big band makes people sound more swingy, but it turns out that some later small groups (Combo) can also It swings very well,

such as: Benny Goodman's Sextet); another difference is that swing music has a more rigorous rhythm and more

improvised solos , early big band soloists were more restricted and less swingy. Some scholars also divide big bands into "Swing Bands" or "Hot Bands". "Hot Bands" such as those led by Duke Ellington and Count Bassey

Early big bands, and "Sweet Bands" such as the later big bands led by Glenn Miller.

The so-called Swing, Hot and Sweet are just to distinguish the differences in details represented by these bands. They have no special meaning, because they also point to the same theme: big band jazz.

★Swing

Swing music first originated around 1930 and flourished from 1935 to 1946. The precise definition of swing music is "swing

The King of Music" Some recordings of the Benny Goodman Sextet in 1935. In the mid-to-late 1920s, jazz big bands were very popular in nightclubs, dance halls and other entertainment venues in major cities in the United States. A large number of young music fans and dancers were attracted there

Consumption and pleasure-seeking in some places require more jazz and swing music suitable for stage dancing (four beats) adapted from popular songs (Tin Pan Alley)

to satisfy the young and middle-class people who flock there. Class music fans.

Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to say that swing music originated from commercial needs and is jazz with entertainment color.

Swing music later evolved into a cabaret accompaniment band (a bit like a dance band) and "concert" band, such as in the footsteps of Duke Ellington's Big Band. Duke Ellington has performed regularly at Carnegie Hall

every year since the mid-1940s. Because swing music is suitable for dancing and has four beats in each measure, some scholars also call it "four-beat jazz music".

From 1930 to 1935, when swing music had not yet been finalized, jazz bands with this type of tendency gradually made use of rhythm instruments

Important changes: the tubal horn was played on a stroll. The double bass is replaced; the dove is replaced by the rhythm guitar; the basic rhythmic pulse is transferred from the snare drum to the "hi-hat" or the cymbal "ride symbal"; the harmonic rhythm section progresses The Binho

Good traditional jazz is light and lively, and sometimes the four beats in each measure are subdivided into double 2 beats; the soloist is required and expected to have more autonomy

Improvise solo melodies to be able to transcend changing rhythms.

The important jazz artists during this period include: Coleman Hawkins, Benny Goodman, Qian

Johnny Hodges and Liszt Young; and elevate previously underappreciated instruments to the same status as

trumpet, recorder, saxophone and other main melody instruments.

In the mid-to-late 1940s, swing music gradually declined, but some important elements of its rhythm were used in the

rhythm, blues and rock music that emerged in the 1950s. Although swing music has lost its glory days, until today in the 1990s, its remaining sense of rhythmic relaxation and swing are still often continued to be practiced by its loyal believers.

★Rhythm and Blues (R&B)

In short, "Rhythm and Blues" originated in the early 1950s, with A & R (responsible for artists and repertoire) managers and

Magazine columnists use it to describe a pop music with a strong rhythm that originated from Harlem Jump jazz and blues in the 1930s.

After the term "rhythm and blues" was coined, it quickly replaced the original old term - "Race

Records. The early representative figures of this style of music were Louis Jordan and Ray Charles.

Later, there were Lady Bianca and The Memphis Trumpeter. Horns) and Maria?

Maria Muldaur.

★ Roaring music (Bebop or Bop)

As the name suggests, growling music is a kind of noisy jazz. Its original English name is: Bop, Bebop or Rebop.

When it was emerging in the early 1940s, all three terms were used. Among them, Rebop may originate from the track "Arriba" played by some Latin American bands

but no one uses it anymore to describe this song that was born in the 1940s

Mid-period American jazz.

In addition, Rebop may also come from the two-syllable vocalization method Re-bop (or Be-

bop) of the Scatting Singer, such as: Lennier Hamp Lionel Hampton and Dickie. Grigsby once included "hey-baba-re-bop" singing in their works. Perhaps, Bebop (or Rebop) comes from the pronunciation of roaring music that often ends with "Be-bop" (or Rebop) at the end of the piece.

General jazz researchers often refer to all musical forms related to roar music from the mid-1940s to the 1960s as modern jazz (such as: modified roar band, but since

Except by Jazz). The founders of roaring music are Charlie Parker and Dickie Parker. Gliss

Bee and Thelonious Monk, others such as Bud Powell and Dict Go Dexter Gordon is also an important representative musician.

★ Mainstream Jazz (Straight Ahead)

The so-called mainstream jazz term refers to all the jazz styles from 1945 to the present, when roar music appeared on the jazz scene.

The style of roaring music and its derivatives, the simple and straightforward jazz style inherited from the same line.

This style of music has always played an important role in the development of jazz, hence the name "mainstream jazz". In terms of some

relevances, it also means a positive and powerful sustainable development. Such as the playing style of a soloist and the orchestra or the style of a piece of music.

Therefore, we can understand that mainstream jazz (roar music), which has such a far-reaching and widespread influence, will evolve with the times

and exist in every past, present and future music. In the jazz style, it has become the immortal symbol of jazz and its glory. Important musicians of this type include Oscar Peterson, Ray

Brown, Dave Brubeck, Amad Chamo (Ahmad Jamal) and Jerry?

Gerry Mulligan and others.

★Modern Jazz

The so-called "modern jazz" generally refers to all the jazz that appeared between the birth of roar music in the mid-1940s and the 1960s

Shiroth style. But it generally refers specifically to roaring music and some of its later branches, such as modified roaring music (Hard Bop) and Funk

(Funk). Furthermore, it does not cover the Free Jazz of the early 1960s.

★Cool Jazz

Nothing can come from nothing, it always has an origin and a gestation period. The origin and birth of various genres of jazz did not suddenly "pop" out of a stone at a moment's notice. It had its own step-by-step development process.

Cool jazz, generally speaking, refers to the period from 1949 to 1950, when the ninetet led by trumpet player Miles Davis (Miles) played for the Capitol. ) record company's album "Birth of the Cool"

The birth of the music style represented by it caused the mainstream jazz style to instantly shift from the roaring music style (Bop) to the opposite direction

-From hot to cold. This 180-degree reversal is a historic milestone. However, the pioneer who first played the cool jazz "Intro" was not Miles Davis. In 1947, Stan Kenton, the famous spokesman for innovative jazz, conducted When his orchestra recorded an avant-garde, cool (non-growl) piece - "Collaboration" - (swing and growl) piano/composer Lenny? When Lennie Tristano (

Lennie Tristano) composed the historic "

Overture" for cool jazz with "Coolin' off with Ulanov", Miles Day Wes was just a fledgling member of King of Roar alto saxophonist Charlie Parker's band.

Lenny Tristano's rigorous, lyrical and simple touch has almost touched its core. The immaturity of the time and the slow sales of records hindered Tristano. Confidence to move forward. Two years later, this ground-breaking opportunity was snatched away by Miles Davis.

Davis blows out the main melody of cool jazz with his fresh trumpet solo style. Due to his precise and mature definition

Davies officially declares the "new sound" to the jazz world. advent. If Davis is the "midwife" of cool jazz

, there is no doubt that Tristano is the "midwife" who gave birth to it; pushing it even further, the genius who died prematurely in the 1920s

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The solo music style of talented trumpeter Bess Beiderbecke and Liszt Young in the 1930s seems to be called "midwifery nurse". Other representative musicians of cool jazz are: Lee Konitz, Gil Evans

Gil Evans Orchestra and Attila Zoller< /p>

★ Progressive Jazz

Progressive Jazz refers to the period from the mid-to-late 1940s to the 1950s, led by conductor Stan Kenton

The music played by the jazz orchestra is similar to the style of music recorded by Boyd Raeburn at the same time.

The characteristics of this type of music are: using the form of an orchestra (equal emphasis on wind and string instruments), using classical music

forms, arrangement techniques and jazz (swing and string instruments). Roaring music) elements, creating music that juxtaposes "cold and hot", violent and noisy dissonance, and complex layers of music. Other well-known singers include Chris Connor and guitarist Jim Hall.

★West Coast Jazz

As the name suggests, the West Coast cool jazz movement took place in the West Coast of the United States - Los Angeles in the early 1950s. Especially, in

The Light-house Club on Hermosa Beach and the Hollywood film and television recording industry. The artists of this music style are mainly white, but there are also a few outstanding black musicians, such as: members of the "Modern Jazz Quartet", Dick Gordon and Chico Hamilton ) et al. Their

creative inspiration originally came from Miles Davis's 1949 album "Birth of the Cool", but subsequent development was

different from Miles Davis's. The musical style, such as: focusing on carefully conceived counterpoint, smooth and dexterous arrangement techniques, more vibrato, suppressed emotions, often following the score and less improvisation. The rigorous style and highly professional performance skills of West Coast cool jazz often attract the attention of academic students. The sales of records coupled with the recording and soundtrack industry have established a stable and The generous salary and working environment allow musicians of this type of music to have no worries and have more time to develop and experiment with new music styles. Its representative figures include: Chet Baker, Bob Cooper, Hampton Hawes, Shorty Rogers, etc.?< /p>

★Ethnic Jazz (Ethnic Jazz)

In the 1950s, "ethnic jazz" mainly referred to jazz that combined Latin music styles from South America? A But this term

Later it was expanded to refer to all jazz music with its own national music characteristics.

The most famous bands of this national jazz style include the Arab Rabin-Abou-

Khalil and the Portuguese Maria Hoao ( Maria Joao), South African Abdullah Ibrahim

-Abdullah Ibrahim-Dollar Brand and Hungarian Fei, who combines Brazilian style

< p> Ferenc Snetberger.

★Improved Roaring Music (Hard Bop)

Like most art forms, the development of jazz has gradually evolved from one style to another

< p>Gate; moving from one old trend to another new trend. In the mid-1950s, when many people felt helpless and tired of the dull and drowsy cool jazz, a jazz force that had once lost power and made a comeback "changed"

Good Roaring Music" is being born. Due to its timely appearance, it not only fills the musical gap left by cool music, but also gives a shot in the arm to the weak and powerless jazz world. Coolpad took revenge by pushing roar music off the mainstream stage.

The improved roar music can be regarded as a temporary victory.

The Chinese meaning of modified roar music is an intense, difficult to operate jazz style. Its initial representative music

The player and the group are the quintet led by drummer Art Blakey The group "Jazz Messengers" (Jazz Messengers

The rocking blue and training camp of the roaring camp in the 1950s and 1960s) and the Max Roach-Clifford Brown Quintet. Some people

translate "Hard Bop" into "hard roar music" or "pure roar music". After thinking about the era when this type of music occurred

the background and musical characteristics, the author I feel that the translation of the former is still close to the mark, but the translation of the latter is completely off-topic. Basically

basically, the musicians who invented Hard Bop all worked in the roar bands of Charlie Parker and Dickie Grisbee.

Although these descendants of roar music played in their The new music created retains the powerful roaring elements, but it has been modified into a form that is more acceptable to music fans, although in comparison? A They are still noisy It's complicated, but it doesn't have as many complex harmonies and extremely harsh trebles as Charlie Parker and Dicky Grispie.

Hard Bop has a more harmonious tone, a clearer and easier-to-understand melody, an easier to play mid-range, less improvised solos and

larger circulation. Furthermore, Hard Bop is added with a lot of blues melodies and church harmonies, with a particular emphasis on the rhythmic pulse of the drums (because many of the leaders are drummers) and playing louder. It is more rendering and layered

; although the piano keys are lighter, it still has a sense of rhythm; the bass is played more smoothly. Therefore, the Chinese version of Hard Bop should be translated as "Improved Roaring Music" which seems to be closer to the original meaning of the original style. Most of the improved growlers in the 1950s and 1960s came from black musicians from Detroit and Philadelphia. The former included Barry Harries and Tommy Foley

Tommy Flanagan; the latter includes Lee Morgan, Max Roach and others.

★Funk

Funk jazz is a branch of improved roar music. The word "Funk" was originally a vulgar slang for black people, which alludes to womanhood

Genital organs.

It was first mentioned in a song titled "Opus de Funk" by pianist Horace Silver in 1953. Other Silver works of this type also include There are: 〈 The Preacher〉,

〈Doodlin'〉, 〈 Senor Blues〉, 〈Song For My Father〉, etc. In addition, the classic song "Work Song" by brothers Cannonball Adderley and Nat Adderley is also a representative song of funk jazz. work.

Other representative artists include: Art Blakey, Ray Anderson and

Blue Box (Blue Box Band). The development of funk in the 1970s and 1980s still had the blues pathos and singing color, but the instrument seemed to be switched to the saxophone, such as: Dave Sanborn, early

Grover Washington, Jr. and others are all masters.

★ Crossover or Third Stream Jazz (Crossover, Third Stream Jazz)

The third stream music style originated in the mid-1950s. The word first appeared in one of its soul figures-composer Gent?

In a speech delivered by Schuler at Brandeis University in 1957. Its basic characteristics and propositions are to focus on the creative techniques of contemporary Western art music

and combine it with musical elements from various ethnic groups around the world (such as swing music and the vivid and diverse rhythms of Africa). Go

Fight against any kind of music that has gained vested interests, so that jazz musicians can learn from it the complex tonal system and large-scale creation model of classical music

and then develop new jazz - that is The third trend. The important players of this style of music are John Lewis and the pianist Jacques Lucier, who was popular across Europe and the United States 30 years ago. Loussier).

The third wave is not a mainstream type of jazz, but it helps jazz musicians expand and extend the unexplored possibilities in jazz at a higher level.

. It is also often mistakenly associated with the "symphonic jazz" represented by Paul Whiteman in the 1920s. In any case, the latter lacked improvisation and was divorced from jazz

The most important element is not jazz.

★Modal Jazz

Modal Jazz is a style developed by the cool trumpeter Miles Davis in the late 1950s

Jazz forms and modes that use non-diatonic scales (non-chords, such as strict classical music scales - dorian, phrgaian and Spanish

Japanese and Indian music scales) as the main source of creation. Jazz (Modal) is often mistakenly thought to be related to major and minor modes. Perhaps, Modal Jazz translated as "morphological jazz" or "sound-shaped jazz

music" will not cause such confusion. This creative method is often used by some musicians because it is easier to create in the "Chord

Progressions" mode. Furthermore, it also allows freer harmonic interpretation

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Interpretation makes it easier for musicians to create a calm, contemplative feeling.

The first well-known modal jazz tune was the title track of Milestones album recorded by Miles Davis for Columbia Records in 1958. The song was titled

AABBA For the form, part A adopts the dorian mode of G key; part B is based on the aeolian mode of A key. Following in the footsteps of Miles Davis

, saxophonists Cannon Andre and John Coltrane further developed modal jazz with greater freedom

, such as: John Coltrane's 1960 album title track "Impressions". Other important musicians

include: Michael Brac