Definition of Article 1

① The headings of the articles are added purely to help readers.

For the purpose of this Convention:

1. "Adverse effects of climate change" refers to changes in the natural environment or biota caused by climate change, which have a significant harmful impact on the composition, resilience or productivity of natural and managed ecosystems, or on the operation of socio-economic systems, or on human health and welfare.

2. "Climate change" refers to the climate change caused by direct or indirect human activities that change the composition of the earth's atmosphere, in addition to the natural variation of the climate observed in similar periods.

3. "Climate system" refers to the whole atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere and their interaction.

4. "Emission" refers to the greenhouse climate and/or the release of its precursors into the atmosphere in a specific region and period.

5. "Greenhouse gas" refers to those natural and man-made gaseous components in the atmosphere that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.

6. "Regional economic integration organization" refers to an organization composed of sovereign countries in a specific region, which has the right to handle matters stipulated in this Convention or its protocols and is officially authorized to sign, ratify, accept, approve or join relevant instruments according to its internal procedures.

7. "Reservoir" refers to one or more components of the climate system that store greenhouse gases or their precursors.

8. "sink" refers to any process, activity or mechanism to remove greenhouse gases, aerosols or precursors of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

9. "Source" refers to any process or activity that releases greenhouse gases, aerosols or precursors of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

article 2 objective

the ultimate goal of this convention and any relevant legal instruments that may be adopted by the conference of the parties is to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous human interference with the climate system in accordance with the relevant provisions of this convention. This level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to enable the ecosystem to naturally adapt to climate change, ensure that food production is not threatened, and enable economic development to be sustainable.

Article 3 Original Principle

When taking actions to realize the objectives of this Convention and fulfill its provisions, the Parties shall be guided by, inter alia, the following:

1. The Parties shall protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of mankind on the basis of fairness and according to their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Therefore, developed country Parties should take the lead in tackling climate change and its adverse effects.

2. Full consideration should be given to the specific needs and special circumstances of developing country Parties, especially those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, as well as those that have to bear a disproportionate or abnormal burden under this Convention, especially developing country Parties.

3. Each Party shall take preventive measures to predict, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. When there is a threat of serious or irreversible damage, such measures should not be postponed on the grounds that there is no complete scientific certainty, and at the same time, it should be considered that policies and measures to deal with climate change should be cost-effective to ensure global benefits at the lowest possible cost. To this end, such policies and measures should take into account different socio-economic situations and should be comprehensive, including all relevant sources, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases and adaptation measures, and cover all economic sectors. Efforts to cope with climate change can be carried out in cooperation with the parties concerned.

4. Each contracting party has the right and should ensure sustainable development. Policies and measures to protect the climate system from man-made changes should be suitable for the specific situation of each Party and should be integrated into the national development plan, taking into account that economic development is crucial for taking measures to deal with climate change.

5. Parties should cooperate to promote a favorable and open international economic system, which will promote the sustainable economic growth and development of all Parties, especially developing country Parties, thus enabling them to better cope with the problem of climate change. Measures taken to deal with climate change, including unilateral measures, should not be arbitrary or unreasonable discriminatory means or hidden restrictions in international trade.

Article 4 Commitments

1. All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, shall:

(a) prepare, regularly update, publish and provide to the Conference of the Parties information on all greenhouse climates not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in accordance with Article 12.

(b) Develop, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional plans, which include measures to mitigate climate change from anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change;

(c) Promote and cooperate in the development, application and dissemination (including transfer) of various technologies, practices and processes for controlling, reducing or preventing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in all relevant sectors, including energy, transportation, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management;

(d) Promote sustainable management and promote and cooperate to maintain and strengthen, as appropriate, sinks and reservoirs of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, including biomass, forests and oceans and other terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems;

(e) Cooperation to prepare for adaptation to the impacts of climate change; To draw up and elaborate appropriate comprehensive plans on the management of coastal areas, water resources and agriculture, and on the protection and restoration of areas affected by drought, desertification and floods, especially in Africa;

(f) Take climate change into account in their relevant social, economic and environmental policies and actions, and adopt appropriate methods developed and determined by their own countries, such as impact assessment, with a view to minimizing the adverse impact of their projects or measures to mitigate or adapt to climate change on the economy, public health and environmental quality;

(g) Promote and cooperate in scientific, technical, technological, socio-economic and other research, systematic observation and development of data files on the climate system, with the aim of enhancing the understanding of the causes, impacts, scale and occurrence time of climate change and the economic and social consequences brought by various coping strategies, and reducing or eliminating the remaining uncertainties in these aspects;

(h) Promote and cooperate in the full, open and rapid exchange of scientific, technical, technological, socio-economic and legal information about the climate system and climate change and the economic and social consequences brought about by various coping strategies;

(i) Promote and cooperate in education, training and public awareness-raising related to climate change, and encourage people to participate in this process as widely as possible, including encouraging the participation of various non-governmental organizations;

(j) Provide information on implementation to the Conference of the Parties in accordance with Article 12.

2. The specific commitments of developed country Parties and other Parties listed in Annex I are as follows:

(a) Each such Party shall formulate national policies and take corresponding measures to mitigate climate change by limiting its anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and protecting and enhancing its greenhouse gas reservoirs and sinks. These policies and measures will show that developed countries are taking the lead in changing the long-term trend of man-made emissions in accordance with the objectives of this Convention, and at the same time recognize that it will be helpful to restore the man-made emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol to an earlier level by the end of this decade. Taking into account the differences in starting points and practices, economic structure and resource base of these Parties, the need to maintain strong and sustainable economic growth, the technologies that can be adopted and other individual circumstances, and considering that it is necessary for each of these Parties to make a fair and appropriate contribution to the global efforts to achieve this goal. These Parties may implement these policies and measures together with other Parties, and may also assist other Parties to contribute to the realization of the objectives of this Convention, especially this item;

① It includes the policies formulated and measures taken by regional economic integration organizations.

(b) In order to promote the progress towards this goal, each such Party shall, in accordance with Article 12, provide detailed information on its policies and measures mentioned in item (a) above within six months after the entry into force of this Convention for it, and on the anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol predicted by it during the period mentioned in item (a). In accordance with Article 7, this information will be reviewed by the COP at its first session and periodically thereafter;

(c) When calculating the emissions by sources and removals by sinks of various greenhouse gases for the purpose of (b) above, reference should be made to the best available scientific knowledge, including knowledge about the effective capacity of various sinks and the role of each greenhouse gas in causing climate change. The Conference of the Parties shall consider and agree on the methods for these calculations at its first session and review them regularly thereafter;

(d) The Conference of the Parties shall review the adequacy of items (a) and (b) above at its first session. The review should refer to the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technological, social and economic information. On the basis of the review, the Conference of the Parties shall take appropriate actions, which may include the adoption of amendments to the above commitments (a) and (b). The first session of the Conference of the Parties shall also decide on the criteria for the implementation of * * * mentioned in (a) above. The second review of items (a) and (b) shall be conducted no later than 31 December 1998, and then at regular intervals determined by the Conference of the Parties until the objectives of this Convention are achieved;

(e) Each such Party shall:

(1) coordinate with other such Parties, as appropriate, the relevant economic and administrative means developed to achieve the objectives of this Convention; And

(ii) identify and regularly review its own policies and practices that encourage activities that lead to higher levels of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse climate not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.

(f) The Conference of the Parties shall review the available information before 31 December 1998 at the latest, so as to make a decision on appropriate amendments to the lists in Annexes I and II with the consent of the Parties concerned;

(g) Any Party not included in Annex I may notify the Depositary of its intention to be bound by subparagraphs (a) and (b) above in its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, or at any time thereafter. The Depositary shall inform the other signatories and Parties of any such notification.

3. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties listed in Annex II shall provide new and additional funds to cover all agreed expenses incurred by developing country Parties in fulfilling their obligations under Article 12, paragraph 1. They should also provide the funds needed by developing country Parties. Including funds for technology transfer, to cover all the agreed incremental costs for the implementation of the measures mentioned in paragraph 1 of this Article and agreed by the developing country Parties and the international entity or entities mentioned in Article 11 in accordance with this Article. The implementation of these commitments should take into account the need for adequate and predictable financial flows and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among developed country Parties.

4. Developed country Parties and other developed Parties listed in Annex II shall also help developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to meet the costs of adaptation to these adverse effects.

5. Developed country Parties and other developed Parties listed in Annex II shall take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance the transfer of environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other Parties, especially developing country Parties, as appropriate, so as to enable them to implement the provisions of this Convention. In this process, developed country Parties should support the development and enhancement of endogenous capacity and technology of developing country Parties. Other Parties and organizations in a position to do so can also assist in facilitating the transfer of such technologies.

6. For the Parties listed in Annex I that are in the process of transition to a market economy, the Meeting of the Parties shall allow them a certain degree of flexibility in fulfilling their commitments under paragraph 2 above, including the historical level of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, so as to enhance their ability to cope with climate change.

7. The extent to which developing country Parties can effectively fulfill their commitments under this Convention will depend on the effective performance of developed country Parties' commitments on capital and technology transfer under this Convention, and will fully consider that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing country Parties.

8. When fulfilling the commitments in this Article, each Party shall fully consider what actions need to be taken in accordance with this Convention, including those related to the provision of funds, insurance and technology transfer, so as to meet the specific needs and concerns of developing country Parties due to the adverse effects of climate change and/or the implementation of response measures, especially the following types of countries:

(a) small island countries;

(b) Countries with low-lying coastal areas;

(c) Countries with arid and semi-arid areas, forest areas and areas prone to forest degradation;

(d) Countries with areas prone to natural disasters;

(e) Countries with areas prone to drought and desertification;

(f) Countries with areas with serious urban air pollution;

(g) Countries with fragile ecosystems, including mountain ecosystems;

(h) Countries whose economies are highly dependent on the income from the production, processing and export of fossil fuels and related energy-intensive products, and/or highly dependent on the consumption of such fuels and products; And

(i) landlocked and transit countries.

In addition, the Conference of the Parties may take action on this paragraph as appropriate.

9. when taking actions related to the provision of funds and technology transfer, the parties should fully consider the specific needs and special circumstances of the least developed countries.

1. Parties shall, in accordance with Article 1, take into account the situation of those Parties, especially developing country Parties, whose economies are vulnerable to the adverse effects caused by the implementation of measures to address climate change. This is especially true for those whose economies are highly dependent on fossil fuels.