The Hokkien people are an ethnic group of the Han nationality. They are mainly distributed in Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Xiamen and Longyan in Fujian, Chaoshan, Hailufeng and Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong, most parts of Taiwan, most parts of Hainan and Zhejiang Southeast of Wenzhou. The language spoken is a branch dialect of Min dialect called Minnan dialect (Minnan dialect); the sub-dialects of Minnan dialect are also quite complex and are divided into Zhangzhou dialect, Quanzhou dialect, Xiamen dialect, Longyan dialect, Chaozhou dialect, Hailu Fengfu Lao dialect, Leizhou dialect, Hai dialect, Taiwanese dialect, Hainan dialect, etc. Among them, only residents who speak Zhangzhou dialect, Quanzhou dialect, Xiamen dialect, Longyan dialect and Taiwanese dialect can communicate. Basic introduction Chinese name: Minnan Nature: an ethnic group of Han Distribution: Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Xiamen, Longyan, Fujian Characteristics: strong character, shrewd, hometown sentiment Overview of ethnic group, narrow expression, personality characteristics, ethnic language, Southern Fujian Representative works of Chinese songs, history, distribution, distribution range, broad expression, overseas, ethnic branch, Fujianese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien, Guangdong Hokkien, Hainan Hokkien, Hokkien culture, clothing customs, architectural customs, wedding customs, birthday customs , folk taboos, food culture, southern Fujian dwellings, southern Fujian business gangs, the narrow definition of the ethnic group profile includes the following: Residents of southern Fujian: including the three prefecture-level cities of Quanzhou, most of Zhangzhou, Xiamen under the jurisdiction of Fujian Province, and Taipei Kinmen County (which is managed on behalf of the government) and other places. Residents of the Xinluo District and Zhangping City parts of Longyan City, Fujian Province: Hokkien is also spoken in both places, with a preference for the Hokkien Zhangzhou accent. Most of the population is composed of descendants of the soldiers led by General Chen Yuanguang who opened up Zhangzhou in the Tang Dynasty. They share the same origin as some of Zhangzhou. Taiwanese Hokkien: Most of them have their ancestral home in central and southern Fujian (Quanzhou Prefecture, Zhangzhou Prefecture, etc.) during the Ming and Qing dynasties. They lived in Taiwan before the Japanese colonial period. They speak Hokkien and Taiwanese and are one of the four major ethnic groups in Taiwan. Generally speaking, the Taiwanese Hokkien also include the Hokkienized Hakka people and the Pingpu people, the aboriginal descendants of the ancient Minyue people in Taiwan. There are Hokkien Chinese, overseas Chinese or Hokkien and Taiwanese speakers around the world: the largest number are in Southeast Asia and Japan, and more than half of the Chinese in Singapore even use Hokkien to communicate. Personality Characteristics The Fujian and Chaoshan areas of Guangdong where the residents of the southern Fujian ethnic group lived in the early days were narrow and densely populated, and the pressure on population, resources and the environment was great. Therefore, they constantly went out to make a living and migrated out, and developed a strong sense of commodities. They have They have strong adaptability, competitiveness and internal cohesion. They are good at adapting to the environment, working hard to start a business, and sincerely uniting. They have strong personalities, shrewdness and nostalgia. The ethnic language Hokkien is the mother tongue of the people of southern Fujian. It is mainly distributed in the southern Fujian region. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, with the several large-scale migrations of Fujian ancestors, it has gradually been distributed in parts of Taiwan, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hainan, and Southeast Asia. . Hokkien originated in the Yellow River and Luoshui basins and was originally called "Heluo language". Hokkien was the official language of China's Tang Dynasty and Northern Song Dynasty. In order to avoid civil strife in the Central Plains, people from the Central Plains migrated south to southern Fujian on a large scale in the middle of the Tang Dynasty and later and in the late Northern Song Dynasty. This brought the Heluo dialect to Fujian, and the Heluo dialect was therefore commonly known as Minnan dialect. The Hokkien language is the result of the later migration of Hokkien people. In modern times, Hokkien has been used across provinces and countries far beyond the southern corner of Fujian. In China, large traffic areas include the traditional Quanzhou in southern Fujian, most of Zhangzhou, Xiamen, part of Xinluo District of Longyan City, parts of Zhangping City, a small part of Youxi County and Datian County parts and other places, as well as most of Taiwan Island. There are also southern Fujian dialect islands of varying sizes distributed in Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Jiangsu and other places. Including people who were Hokkienized. The representative work of Hokkien songs, the single of the same name "Hokkien", was written, composed and sung by Quanqi artist Zhang Yunhui. As a representative work of Hokkien inspirational songs in the new era, this song is superior to tradition in many aspects. In its creation, it combines the rhythm and rhythm of Funk Rock (punk rock) and Smooth Jazz (silky jazz), which is more brisk and jumpy and full of rhythm. .

Compared with traditional Hokkien songs, the authentic Hokkien identity of the singer and author of "Minnan" makes the whole song sound less "Taiwanese". Whether it is lyrics, composition, or singing, they are all rooted in the perspective of Southern Hokkien culture. For those songs based on Taiwanese culture, they are Hokkien songs in the true sense. It is worth mentioning that this new style of music is an effective combination of Hokkien songs and Western electroacoustic instruments, and is a musical product that fully interacts with contemporary pop music. It is more infectious and provides a basis for the diversified creation of Hokkien songs in the future. Provide valuable experience and good reference form. History During the Northern Song Dynasty, municipal shipping departments in charge of foreign trade were successively established in Quanzhou and other ports, making Quanzhou develop into an internationally famous commercial port at that time, with very convenient sea transportation. After that, many people from areas such as southern Fujian immigrated overseas (including Taiwan) due to political, economic or other factors, and thus brought their mother tongue - the southern Fujian language. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, a severe drought occurred in southern Fujian. Zheng Zhilong recruited thousands of people to colonize Taiwan, and most of them settled in Taiwan. From the 16th century, Western European countries began to carry out various overseas colonization plans. Starting from 1624 AD, the Netherlands and Spain successively occupied southern and northern Taiwan. In particular, the Dutch ruled Taiwan for nearly 40 years, implemented the royal land system, and recruited people from coastal Fujian to reclaim Taiwan. Most of the Han people who came to Taiwan were from Zhangzhou, Putian, and Quanzhou. After long-term interactions with the Pingpu people and under the rule of the Dutch, the Hokkien language brought with the immigrants also incorporated some new language factors. After Zheng Chenggong failed to resist the Qing Dynasty at the end of the Ming Dynasty, he led an army to capture Taiwan and drive away the Dutch. The Zheng family was born in Nan'an, Fujian Province. Chen Yonghua, the founder of the cultural and educational system of the Zheng dynasty, was also from Quanzhou, and most of the soldiers and civilians he brought were also from Quanzhou. Therefore, the majority of the Hokkien spoken in Taiwan at this time was Quanzhou pronunciation. In 1683, Shi Lang conquered Taiwan, the Zheng dynasty fell, and the Qing government officially ruled Taiwan. The following year, in order to prevent Zheng's remnants, the Qing government issued a ban on crossing Taiwan and set strict conditions to restrict people from crossing Taiwan. They could only cross Taiwan through three ports. People from Putian in Quanzhou crossed from Quanzhou Port, and people from Xiamen in Zhangzhou crossed from Xiamen. People from Fuzhou cross Taiwan from Mawei, and a large number of people go directly from the coast of Fujian to Taiwan. The number of registered people only accounts for a small proportion of the total number of people from Fujian who cross Taiwan. This is the case for people from Zhangzhou, Putian, Quanzhou, Xiamen and other places who cross to Taiwan. Similarly, a large number of people crossed to Taiwan not through Guandu but by themselves. Among them, people with Cantonese nationality were prohibited from crossing, which caused the Hakkas to come to Taiwan relatively late. The development of Taiwan was almost all led by the Hokkien people, and the language in Taiwan is also dominated by Hokkien. . During the reign of Yongzong and Qianlong, the ban was gradually loosened. In 1862, due to the Peony Society Incident, the Imperial Envoy Shen Baozhen came to Taiwan to handle defense matters and recruited land reclamation in the name of "opening mountains and pacifying Fan", thus lifting the nearly 200-year-old ban on crossing Taiwan. . During the more than 200 years that the Qing Dynasty ruled Taiwan, the number of Hokkien people coming to Taiwan increased sharply, and the immigrants' language spread to all parts of Taiwan along with their footprints. In the future, as transportation became more convenient and the population gradually increased, the accents of Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen and other places that came to Taiwan gradually merged into a different accent. Folks called it "Zhangquanlan" (meaning a mixture of Zhangquan). Putian dialect and Taiwanese dialect are not interchangeable. Taiwan’s Hokkien language is characterized by the fusion of various southern Hokkien accents. In short, the northern part of Taiwan is more Quanzhou accent, and the southern part is more Zhangzhou accent. After the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War, the Qing government was defeated and ceded Taiwan to Japan. During the Japanese rule in Taiwan, the "Guoyu" (Japanese language) policy was implemented in education. The Japanese language dominated politics, and the Taiwanese language used among the people was inevitably affected by it. To this day, since Japanese language was used in the Southern and Northern Dynasties of China, It was brought to Japan from China in the early Qing Dynasty. In 1945, the Second World War ended, Japan was defeated, and the Chinese Kuomintang regained Taiwan. After the war, the Kuomintang launched another civil war. After the hardships of Communists and righteous people, After hard work, the Kuomintang Communist Party was defeated and brought hundreds of thousands of troops and people from the mainland to "transfer" to Taiwan. This was the largest immigration movement in Taiwan's history, coupled with the subsequent implementation of "Mandarin" (this time by Beijing Language) movement, under its influence, Heluo once again added new language materials.

Since Vietnam, Fujian, Guangdong and other places were the areas of the Yue people in ancient times, the ancient Chinese language used by the northern Han people after they migrated south was greatly influenced by the Vietnamese language. In ancient times, Vietnam was China's territory from the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, even from China After the separation, it still maintained close relations with southern China. Vietnam was still a vassal state of China from the Five Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty. In ancient Vietnam, the ancient Vietnamese language, which was a fusion of ancient Chinese and ancient Yue, was used for more than 1,000 years. Modern research has also shown that the Tai-Kadai language family (TAI-KADAI) is also very closely related to the original Sino-Tibetan language family and ancient Chinese. The Dong-Tai language family has some similarities with the ancient Vietnamese language of Hokkien. The Dong-Tai language family includes the Dong, Zhuang, and Dai people in China, as well as Thai and Burmese Zen languages ??in Southeast Asia, so Southeast Asians have learned Hokkien. advantages. Moreover, due to the migration tradition of the Hokkien people, the exchanges between the Hokkien people and overseas countries, especially Southeast Asia, are extremely close. Correspondingly, there are naturally quite a lot of Southeast Asian loanwords in Hokkien. Starting from the Yuan Dynasty, Quanzhou became the largest port in the East. The starting point of the Maritime Silk Road in the Yuan Dynasty was Quanzhou. From then on, the exchanges between southern Fujian and the Middle East, West Asia, and Southeast Asia became more frequent. A large number of Arab businessmen settled in Quanzhou, and overseas Chinese returned to their hometowns. The language was brought to southern Fujian. Over time, some words from foreign languages ??entered the southern Fujian language and became part of the southern Fujian language. For example, sat-bamp;ucirc;n (soap, snow text, the Hokkien language itself is called "tea hoop"), pa-sat (market), chi-ku-la?t (chocolate), chu-lu?t ( cigar), phia?t-á (dish), tōng-kat (cane), si?p-pán-á (iron hand), ba?k-thamp;acirc;u (trademark), àu-sài (out side) (out of bounds), te?k-samp; icirc; (taxi, Taiwan is now mostly called "taxi" with the Hokkien pronunciation), pa-sū (bus, bus, Taiwan has a concept of public buses for daily transportation) "Bus * car" trend), má-tih (death), gō?-kha-kī (arcade corridor), ka-po?k/ka-pò?-mamp; icirc; (kapok), ko -pi (coffee). The Hokkien dialect is also called the Heluo dialect. The birthplace of the Hokkien dialect is in the Yellow River and Luoshui River basins. It is commonly known as the "Heluo dialect". This is because as early as the Jin Dynasty, people from the Central Plains escaped from the war and went south to settle down by the Wuming River. He named this river "Jinjiang" to show that he did not forget that he was from the Jin Dynasty. This also brought the Heluo dialect to Fujian, and evolved into three dialect families: northern Fujian, central Fujian and southern Fujian. However, the large-scale migration of Han people to southern Fujian during the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties brought with them the language accent of the Central Plains from the 8th to the 10th century. After the Hokkien people immigrated to Taiwan from the late Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, they brought the Hokkien dialect to Taiwan. What is unexpected is that Heluo dialect is no longer spoken in the places where Heluo dialect was originally spoken. The Southern Fujian dialect is one of the eight major dialects in the country. It is divided into several sub-dialects: Xiamen dialect: Xiamen, Kinmen, Tong'an. Quanzhou dialect area: Quanzhou, Shishi, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Nan'an, Yongchun, Dehua, Anxi and other eight counties and cities. Zhangzhou dialect area: most of the ten counties and cities including Zhangzhou, Longhai, Zhangpu, Yunxiao, Dongshan, Zhao'an, Hua'an, Changtai, Pinghe and Nanjing. Longyan dialect area: part of Xinluo District of Longyan City and part of Zhangping City. Datian District: part of Datian County and a small part of Youxi County. Hailufeng District: Guangdong Hailufeng (Shantei City, Lufeng City, Haifeng County) Chaozhou Dialect District: Guangdong Chaoshan (Jieyang City, Chaozhou City, Shantou City, Tangnan Town, Tangkeng Town, Liuhuang Town in Fengshun County) Leizhou Dialect area: Guangdong Leizhou Peninsula (Leizhou City, Suixi County, Xuwen County, etc.) Hainan dialect area: Northeast coast, southeast coast, and southwest coast of Hainan Island. The spread of Minnan dialect is not only in southern Fujian, but has already exceeded provincial and national boundaries. The most widely spread Hokkien dialect in other provinces is Taiwan. On the island of Taiwan, except for the Gaoshan ethnic group, almost all dialects similar to Zhangzhou and Quanzhou are popular. of Hokkien. According to preliminary surveys, Taichung and Taipei are slightly more Quanzhou-accented, while Tainan and Kaohsiung are slightly more Zhangzhou-accented.

The large-scale migration of Hokkien people to Taiwan occurred in the mid-17th century. A large number of Hokkien people followed Zheng Chenggong across the sea to reclaim Taiwan from the Dutch invaders. For more than 300 years, the southern Fujianese and the Han people from other regions who migrated eastward, together with the Gaoshan compatriots, have developed this treasure island of the motherland. In the lives and struggles of the Taiwanese people, the southern Fujian dialect has always been the main communication tool and has been retained by the Taiwanese people. in the mouth. Especially today, the economic, cultural and other exchanges between the mainland and Taiwan have become closer. Fathers and brothers from Taiwan continue to go to the mainland to find their roots, visit relatives and friends, and the Minnan dialect has become even more important. In addition to Taiwan Province, many overseas Chinese in Southeast Asian countries also use the Minnan dialect. According to preliminary statistics, there are more than 40 million people speaking this dialect at home and abroad. Many people who have been assimilated by the Minnan people also use Minnan. In Minnan in Southeast Asia The total number of descendants of marriages between humans and Malays reaches more than 10 million, and many Malays also speak Hokkien. The broad range of distribution includes southern Fujian in the narrow sense and some residents of Pingyang, Cangnan and other places in Wenzhou, southern Zhejiang: many local residents moved from southern Fujian to Zhejiang during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the language they used was southern Zhejiang Min, which was influenced by Wu dialect and Wenzhou dialect. . It also includes the Hokkienized Hakka people and the Pingpu tribe, the aboriginal descendants of the ancient Minyue people in Taiwan. The Hokkienized Hakka people are mainly distributed in the western part of Nanjing, Zhao'an, Pinghe, Yunxiao and other counties. There are also a large number of Malays who have been Hokkienized: Baba Nyonya (or Peranakan/Overseas Chinese) refer to the people who began to settle in Managa (Malacca), Majapahit and Sri Lanka in the early 15th century. Most of the descendants of the Ming Dynasty in China (Indonesia and Singapore) are originally from central and southern Fujian, China. Baba Nyonya also includes a small number of Tang people who settled here during the Tang and Song Dynasties. Generally speaking, Baba Nyonya refers to the descendants of ancient Chinese immigrants. The culture of these descendants of the Tang, Song and Ming dynasties was influenced to a certain extent by the local Malays or other non-Chinese ethnic groups. Men are called Baba and women are called Nyonya. Before the 1960s, Baba and Nyonya had an indigenous identity (Bumiputra) in Malaysia. Today, Baba and Nyonya's status in the Malaysian constitution is the same as that of the "new guests" who came in the late 19th century. Baba Nyonya is a unique Malay culture, specifically referring to the descendants of Chinese and Malays. It is said that they were first created as a special ethnic group by the union of Chinese people during Zheng He's voyages to the West and local Malay women. Baba Nyonya Culture---Traditional Chinese Culture These Babas mainly immigrated to Southeast Asia during or before the Ming Dynasty in China. Most of them are originally from Fujian, China, and a small number are from Guangdong and Hakka. Many of them are mixed with Malays. Some Baba culture has the color of traditional Chinese culture. Baba and Nyonya families attach great importance to some traditional Chinese festivals. During the Spring Festival, descendants or the younger generation have to kneel and kowtow, serve tea and wish good luck. During the Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, the seventh month of the lunar calendar and the anniversary of the death of ancestors, offerings are made to worship ancestors. The offerings are also very particular. Three animals and meals should be placed, and eight or twelve bowls of dishes should be placed. There are about 30 million overseas Chinese, mainly in Southeast Asia, with some in the United States and Canada, and the rest are scattered in small numbers. The United States and Canada are the traditional places where Cantonese-speaking people immigrate, but as far as Southeast Asia is concerned, even with the immigrant population of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou It is also far more populous than Guangfu. Many people often think that Guangfu has more people, but this is actually an illusion. We do not deny the influence of Cantonese in Southeast Asia (but it helps the influence of the media). Cantonese is a gift from Hong Kong, while Hokkien is widely distributed. There are at least 511 Chinese loanwords in Indonesian (Malay), of which 456 are Hokkien loanwords, accounting for 89.5%. It can be seen that the influence of Minnan dialect is great. The first dialect spoken by overseas Chinese is Minnan. According to the province where the Minnan people are located, the ethnic branch is divided into Fujian Minnan ethnic group, Guangdong Minnan ethnic group, Guangxi Minnan ethnic group, Southeast Asian Hokkien ethnic group (subdivided by country), Taiwanese Minnan ethnic group, and overseas Hokkien ethnic group. (Divided by country) etc. There are more than 20 million overseas Chinese in Chaoshan, Leizhou, Hainan and Hailufeng, 20 million in Fujian, and 40 million overseas in Singapore, Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, and overseas (the total number of overseas Chinese from Fujian in the five provinces of Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and southern Zhejiang) ), Taiwan has more than 10 million, and there are other regions with a total of more than 100 million.

Of course, buildings influenced by other ethnic cultures also exist, such as earth buildings, round buildings, stilted buildings, hand towels, etc. But this does not affect the stylized form of folk houses in southern Fujian, especially the masonry walls. Southern Fujian Business Gang As one of the five new business gangs in China, the Southern Fujian Business Gang mainly started in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and other places. Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, the unique "fighting" spirit of the people of southern Fujian has not only created dozens of well-known Chinese trademarks and a large number of well-known entrepreneurs in southern Fujian, but these southern Fujian enterprises and entrepreneurs have also continued to expand geographically - In the surrounding provinces of Fujian, East China, and other developed areas along the eastern coast, the Southern Fujian business gangs occupy a dominant position among foreign investors and businessmen. In Beijing, Shanghai, and many border towns, southern Fujian business gangs are exerting an increasing influence, making the world look up to them with admiration. "In Beijing, most of the large-scale real estate is operated by people from southern Fujian." Zhuang Yongzhang said that Zeng Wenzhong is the chairman of the board of directors of Coastal Green Home Group. In recent years, the group has been operating in China with its international strategic vision and strength background. The mainland has created one high-quality real estate after another, and now has the capacity to develop millions of square meters of real estate every year. Brothers Chen Shuibo, chairman of Beijing Fengrun Real Estate Development Company, are not only engaged in real estate development industry in Beijing, but also involved in decoration, property management and other industries. Yang Ying, chairman of Beijing Yingcai Real Estate Development Co., Ltd., selected the "Yingcai International Village" residential project in the earliest wealthy area since the reform and opening up and a hot spot for consumption and investment in the Beijing real estate market, and has achieved great success. In Shanghai, the Minnan business gang is full of stars and talented people, and has developed rapidly. Many impressive figures have emerged in shipbuilding, real estate, food, building materials, steel, lumber, medical and other industries, becoming a remarkable new force. For example, when talking about plumbing, marble and bathroom facilities, people in the industry will think of Nan'an businessmen. In Shanghai's major building materials markets, the related products of Jin Yongyu Building Materials Co., Ltd., founded by Zeng Shuihe, a Nan'an native, occupy a large market share. In Tianjin, Su Guochuan founded the North China Building Materials and Ceramics Wholesale Market, and Ruan Zhixiong's Jinxiong Group became the leader in Tianjin's printing industry. In the black land of Northeast China, despite being separated from southern Fujian by thousands of mountains and rivers, the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang are full of businessmen from southern Fujian who are starting to make money; in North China, they have formed a certain scale and advantage; in Inner Mongolia, There are also many people of insight in southern Fujian who have seized the favorable business opportunity of the economic complementarity between the north and the south and decided to go to do business. In Xinjiang, Hengshun Fire Engineering Co., Ltd., where Zhuang Yongshun is the chairman, has almost undertaken the fire protection engineering of major local projects; in Sichuan, Chengdu Tsinghua Ziguang Environmental Protection Engineering Co., Ltd., owned by Chen Yangshui, has become the first group to enter the high-tech field in western cities. One of the enterprises.