Chiyou

Speaking of "Chiyou"

Tian Xiaoxiu

1. Chiyou is the name of a peasant tribe

Chiyou The official history is contained in "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors" Huangdi Ji. He is famous for his experience of losing the battle with Huangdi.

Historians of the past dynasties made notes. The first question I want to make clear is: Who is Chi You?

Pei Piao quoted Ying Shao in his "Annotation of Historical Records" as saying: "Chiyou, the emperor of ancient times"; he also conveyed the quote from "Hanshu Yinyi" and "Confucius's Three Dynasties" quoted by Chen Zan as saying: "Chiyou was a commoner. The greedy ones". Two different arguments are cited.

Afterwards, Sima Zhen wrote "Historical Records Suoyin", questioning the two theories of "the emperor" and "the common people". First, he quoted Tai Shigong's original text "The princes invaded each other, and Chi You was the most violent" to analyze its meaning. Chi You was not the emperor. He also quoted from "Guan Zi·Di Shu Pian" which said "Chi You received the gold from Mount Lu and made five soldiers." This shows that Chi You was not the emperor. Not common people. Then he put forward the theory that "Chiyou had the titles of princes".

However, Zhang Shoujie wrote "Historical Records of Justice" and quoted "Dragon Fish Picture" as saying: "The Yellow Emperor had eighty-one Chiyou brothers as regents, with animal bodies and human voices, bronze heads and iron foreheads, and they ate sand. The stone was used to build soldiers with swords, halberds and crossbows, which were powerful enough to punish the unrighteous and unmerciful. All the people wanted to make the Yellow Emperor do the things of the emperor. The Yellow Emperor could not stop Chiyou because of his benevolence and righteousness, so he looked up to the sky and sighed. Huang Di's soldiers believed in the magic talisman and subdued Chi You. The emperor made him the leader of the army to control all directions. After Chi You's death, the world returned to chaos. Huang Di then painted Chi You's image to dominate the world, saying that Chi You would not die and all the countries in the world would be conquered. ".

Quoting this folklore mixed with mythology obviously has a negative meaning to the theories of "princes", "emperors" and "common people". Because just one portrait is enough to "subdue all the countries in the eight directions", and its majesty is far beyond the comparison of ordinary princes, nor can it be matched by common people. However, there is also a theory that God sent Xuannv to help the Yellow Emperor instead of Chi You, which shows that Chi You also had no chance of being the "Emperor".

The reason why scholars impose concepts such as "emperor", "common people" and "princes" on Chi You is obviously limited to the cognitive framework of the feudal social structure model of Zhou and Qin, and therefore cannot correctly interpret the primitive state of Chi You. Chi You's identity at the end of society and the social and historical connotation of this concept.

Chiyou's era, according to "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors", was at the time of "the decline of the Shennong family".

The Shennong clan is a clan that used Lei and Shu as farming tools in the Ming Dynasty in the history of the Chinese nation. "Yi Xici" records: "It was written by Shennong, [] wood is made of grass, and the wood is rubbed to become grass. The benefits of grass are used to teach the world." Since then, many ethnic groups in China whose main means of livelihood were hunting and gathering have turned to farming as their main mode of production. For example, "White Tiger Tongyi" records: "In ancient times, people all ate the meat of animals. As for Shen Nong, there were many people and not enough animals. So Shen Nong took advantage of the time of the sky and divided the land to control the grass and teach the people to farm. God transformed it. , so that the people can adapt to it, so it is called Shennong's family." This is a recollection of the history of people who hunted for meat and turned to agricultural production. Another example is recorded in "Huainanzi·Xiu Wu Xun": "In ancient times, people drank grass, drank water, gathered the seeds of plants and trees, and ate the meat of snails and clams. They often suffered from diseases, poisons and injuries. So Shen Nong began to teach the people to sow grains." This is another memory of the history of the people who turned to agricultural production by collecting fruits and snail meat as their staple food.

The invention of Lei Si was a great leap forward in the productivity of China's primitive society. It laid the foundation for China's primitive agriculture and led to the emergence of a new historical era, the "Era of Shennong". Shennong had great achievements and was revered as the "Agricultural Emperor", also known as the "Emperor of the Earth". "Shangshu Da Zhuan Volume 4" says: "Shen Nong is also the Emperor of Agriculture. ... Shen Nong records the land and knows how to plant grain sparsely, so he entrusts the Emperor of Agriculture to the land." It means that the essence of its merits is exerting the power of the earth, also known as the "Emperor of the Earth".

In ancient Chinese legends, the meaning of "emperor" has two levels: First, it is a person who has made great inventions and great virtues and is praised by the world, "emperor, king, beauty, greatness" [1 ], for example, the Suiren family invented a wooden flint to make fire and were revered as the "Sui Emperor" [2]; the Fuxi family made knotted ropes to make nets, which were used to catch animals and fish, and formulated marriage rituals, which made human beings His own reproduction has entered a healthy and orderly track, so he is respected as "Xi Huang" [3].

The second refers to the early primitive society where there was no public power. "The moral element is like the emperor and heaven, so it is called the emperor." [4] The woman becomes the emperor” [5]. The scene is as described in "Zhuangzi: Robber Zhi": "In the days of Shen Nong, he lived when he lay down, and when he got up, the people knew their mother but did not know their father. They lived with the elk, plowing and eating, and weaving and clothing. , have no intention of harming each other.”

In the late Shennong period, as farming gradually became the main mode of production, the primitive groups that wandered for food gradually settled down, gradually formed a clan society, and developed into a tribal organization, with the emergence of groups with influence beyond the tribe. The leader of the tribal alliance, this is the "Emperor". "Shuowen Jiezi" explains: "Emperor, truth, is the title of king of the world." "True" refers to "examination of truth", that is, the actions are detailed and in line with objective laws. "White Tiger Tongyi" says, "Those who are virtuous and in harmony with heaven are called emperors" [6]. "The title of king of the world" refers to the appeal beyond the scope of the tribe. The emergence of the title "Emperor" marks the transformation of primitive society from the early group and clan society stage to the late tribal society stage. At this time, Shennong also began to be called "Emperor Yan".

The "Yan" in "Yandi" has two meanings: one is fire, burning. "Shuowen Jiezi" explains: "Yan means the light of fire". "Yupian" explains: "Yan, heat, burning". This is related to the fact that primitive agriculture is inseparable from "fire farming". The so-called "fire farming" refers to a reclamation method that first cuts down the weeds and shrubs on the burned wasteland, and then cultivates and sows on demand. The second is the god of directions. "Book of Han·Volume 74": "The God of the South, Emperor Yan", from the geographical perspective of the Yellow River Basin, the Shennong family who originated in Lishan, Hubei and was buried in Chaling, Hunan undoubtedly belongs to the south.

From the "era of Shennong", who was revered as the "Agricultural Emperor", to the "decline of Shennong", who was known as the "Emperor Yan", it was a turning era in history.

The time when Chi You was active on the historical stage was the time of the "Yan Emperor" when the "Shennong family declined". At that time, there were many tribes, and each tribe relied on its own economic strength and force to fight with each other. They no longer obeyed the constraints of the Yandi Shennong clan, the leader of the tribal alliance that was naturally formed due to the achievements of the invention of Leichu. "The Shennong family declined, and the princes invaded and attacked each other, tyrannizing the people, but the Shennong family was unable to conquer... Chiyou was the most violent" [7]. The "princes" mentioned here do not refer to the nobles who were entrusted with the five titles of duke, marquis, uncle, son, and male under the Zhou and Qin social systems, but refer to the tribal chiefs at the end of primitive society. Chi You is one of them.

"Chi" is a derogatory word. "Shuowen Jiezi" explains it as "worm". Used as an article, like the current idiom "little reptile". "Liu Shu Zheng Fake" says: "Everyone who is ignorant is called Chi Ming." "You" is the name of the tribe. Youyouzu means agriculture. Yang Shen's "Dan Qian Lu" says: "You Yu Nongtong". "Han Shi Wai Zhuan" says: "Plowing from east to west is called Heng, and plowing from north to south is called You". "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Wu Gong" gives an example: "Guanzi returned to Huan Gong and said: 'Plough the land in the big city, cultivate the soil and cultivate millet, and make the best use of the land. If I don't like Ning [], please take it as a big excuse'". Note: "Dayu is a big farmer". "Guanzi·Provincial Officials" said: "Look at the superiority and inferiority, look at the fat[], observe the soil's strength, clarify the imperial edict, and the farmers before and after, cultivate it according to the time; make sure that the grains, mulberries and hemp are all in their place, and it is the matter of the fields." The imperial edict is the date on which "the king ordered the distribution of agricultural affairs" in the "Book of Rites·Yue Ling". Yutian means farmland, which is also called agricultural official. "Qian Pu" Shennong's coin text "Nong" is used as "Yu". "You" is the name of the tribe recorded according to rumors, and is a homophone to "You". Therefore, the "You" tribe is the "Yu" tribe, which is also the agricultural tribe. The derogatory name is called "Chiyou". In ancient China, the names of clans and tribes, their chiefs, and the names of tribesmen were often referred to without distinction. Therefore, "Chiyou" was not only the name of the tribe, but also the name of the tribe's chiefs and tribesmen.

2. The relationship between Chi You and Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang

Chi You and Emperor Yan have an ethnic relationship. "Lu Shi Biography of Chi You" says: "Chi You's surname was Jiang, and he was a descendant of Emperor Yan."

Both Yan Emperor and Chi You were developed from the Shennong clan and both belonged to the Agricultural Ministry Alliance. The Yandi tribe is the direct descendant of the Shennong clan. It is due to the achievements of its ancestor Shennong in inventing grass that it ranked first in the Zhugong tribe alliance and was called the "Yandi".

Emperor Yan and Emperor Yan belong to two different historical stages, so when the "Book of Fengchan" in "Historical Records" lists the Fengchan ceremony, Shennong and Emperor Yan are listed in order. In "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors", the descriptions of Shennong and Emperor Yan are very close, but the relationship between them is not specified. "Emperor Century" said: "Shennong's work was for Emperor Yan", and we have noticed the kinship between the two. "Book of Han 2 Ancient and Modern Persons" and "Book of Changes Xici" Shuwei and Shennong's family are jointly called "Yandi Shennong's family".

"Yi·Xici" quotes "Century of Emperors" as saying that the title of "Emperor Yan" has been passed down for eight generations: Emperor Linkui, Emperor Cheng, Emperor Ming, Emperor Zhi, Emperor Yi, and Emperor Ai. , Emperor Yuwang. By the time of Emperor Yugong, Chi You's tribe had begun to emerge.

The Chiyou tribe is the strongest tribe among a group of farming tribes developed from the Shennong clan. The reasons for its strong strength are, first, the production of salt in its residence; second, the invention of smelting metals and making weapons in the production process of boiled salt.

"Mengxi Bi Tan 2 Volume 3" records: "The Jiezhou Salt Lake is twenty miles away. It has been raining for a long time, and the water from the four mountains has poured into it, and it has not overflowed; the severe drought has not dried up. [氵The color is red. Under the spring, it is called Chi You's blood." In the Song Dynasty, Jiezhou was governed in present-day Jiezhou Town, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province. Yanze, now known as Jiechi, is known as a "national treasure". It contains sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate and other salts, and contains rare elements such as calcium, iodine, potassium, boron, lithium, cesium and strontium. "Taiping Huanyu Ji·Volume 46" objectively states that "Chi Youtian is eighteen miles south of the county". Therefore, Anyi County, now the county, is also under the jurisdiction of Yuncheng City. This was once the residence of the Chiyou tribe. Thanks to the wealth of the salt lake, the Chiyou tribe had the strength to fight against the Yellow Emperor. For example, "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors" says: "Xuanyuan was accustomed to fighting, and he was not able to conquer anything, so the princes were eager to follow him. But Chiyou was the most violent and could not be attacked."

"Guanzi·Dishu Chapter" says: "The water came out of the mountain of Gelu, and the gold came from it. Chiyou received and controlled it, thinking that it was sword, armor, spear and halberd. It was the age of nine princes. Yong The water came out of the Fox Mountain, and the gold came from it. Chiyou received and controlled it, thinking that Yonghu's halberd Rui Ge was the prince who was both at the age of twenty." The specific names of Gelu Mountain and Yonghu Mountain are unknown. Its location should not be too far from today's Yuncheng City. Or right there. "Gold" refers to metals in general, not limited to gold.

The present-day Sanmenxia City in Henan Province, adjacent to present-day Yuncheng City in Shanxi Province, is also the settlement center of agricultural tribes. Thousands of years later, there are still descendants of Shennong here. "Historical Records of Zhou Dynasty" records that King Wu of Zhou succeeded in defeating Zhou. "In memory of the ancestors of the sage kings, he commended Shennong and Yu Jiao." Pei Peng's "Collected Commentary of Historical Records" notes: ""Geographical Records" says that there is Jiaocheng in Hongnong, Shaanxi County, so it is also the country of Jiao." "Hanshu Geography" Hongnong County, the first county of Hongnong, was governed in Lingbao County, Henan Province today. Shaanxi County now belongs to Sanmenxia City. "Geographical Records" records that "there is an iron official in Hongnong County, in [ ] Chi" [ ] Chi is now Mianchi County and also belongs to Sanmenxia City. There are gold mines in Lingbao County, which still have great mining value. Other mineral resources such as silver, copper, iron, zinc, and aluminum are also abundant, and the area has the necessary conditions for metal smelting. It is said that the place where the Yellow Emperor collected the bronze tripod from Shou Mountain was in Lingbao County [8], and its relative historical date was after the battle between Xuanyuan and Chiyou. This area is not only rich in mineral resources, but also has fertile land, rich in grains, fruits, and Chinese herbal medicines such as purple bark, gastrodia elata, astragalus, and salvia miltiorrhiza, making it suitable for farming tribes to live.

According to historical records, the Chiyou tribe became the most powerful tribe in the alliance of farming tribes headed by Emperor Yan due to the benefits of salt ponds and metal smelting methods. Chi You and Emperor Yan are both descendants of the Shennong family. The outstanding one is called Emperor Yan, and the loser is called Chi You.

As for the battle between Chi You and Huang Di, there are three theories found in the records: one is that after Huang Di defeated Yan Emperor, he defeated Chi You again and consolidated the throne. The battle between Huang Emperor and Chi You seemed to be the aftermath of Huang Yan's war; Another theory is that Chi You expelled the Red Emperor (i.e. Yan Emperor), the Red Emperor appealed to the Yellow Emperor, and the two emperors joined forces to kill Chi You in Zhongji; the third theory is that Chi You launched an army to attack the Yellow Emperor, but was defeated and killed.

The first statement is as recorded in "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the Five Emperors": "Xuanyuan cultivated virtues and inspired soldiers, governed the five qi, and performed five kinds of arts, soothed all the people, conquered the four directions, taught bears, braves, and tigers, He fought with Emperor Yan in the wilderness of Banquan. After three battles, Chiyou rebelled, and without the emperor's orders, Huangdi sent troops to fight with Chiyou in the wilderness of Zhuolu, and then attached himself to kill Chiyou."

Taishi Gongyan said that the Yellow Emperor’s name was Xuanyuan, and his country’s name was Xiong. He was called the Fuxi clan. He invented the technology of drilling flint to make fire and was called the Suiren clan. There is a bear country number. The "nation" at that time was actually a tribe. Bear, Pi, Pi, Xiu, [] and Tiger are the six animal names, which should be the names of the six clans in the Bear tribe, or totems. Banquan, the name of the water, is located in Yanqing County, Beijing today. Zhuolu, the name of the mountain, is in today's Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, not far from Banquan.

The second theory is found in "Yi Zhou Shu·Changmai Jie": "Chi You is chasing the emperor, fighting for Zhuolu, leaving no stone unturned, and the Red Emperor is greatly frightened. It is said that the Yellow Emperor insisted on Chiyou, kill him in Zhongji." The land of Guangping is called Ah. The battle took place in the open area under Zhuolu Mountain. Yu means a corner, and "nine" means many, not limited to the specific number of eight plus one. "Jiu Yu Wu Yi" means that Chi You expelled the tribe of Red Emperor (i.e. Emperor Yan) and left no land behind. Diji refers to Jizhou in the Central Plains. "Erya·Shidi": "The area between the two rivers is called Jizhou". Guo Pu notes: "from the East River to the West River". At that time, the place where the Yellow River entered the sea was called the East River, and the place where the Hetao flows south was called the West River. "Zhou Li Zhi Fang" records: "The true north is called Bingzhou", which belongs to today's Taiyuan, Shanxi, and Zhengding and Baoding, Hebei; "the northeast is called Youzhou", which belongs to today's Beijing City. In ancient times, Jizhou was located south of You and Bing, in the southwest of present-day Shanxi and southwest Hebei. Legend has it that the place where Chi You was killed is in Jiezhou, Yuncheng, Shanxi today.

The third theory is as recorded in "The Classic of Mountains and Seas: Great Wilderness North Classic": "Chiyou made an army to attack the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor ordered Yinglong to attack the wilderness of Jizhou. Yinglong livestock water. Chiyou invited Feng Boyu. There was a heavy storm, but the Yellow Emperor sent down the sky and said, "Sure, the rain stopped, so I killed Chiyou." Feng Boyu Shi was a wizard specializing in meteorology of the farming Chiyou tribe. He later became the god of agricultural meteorology. He had a temple and was dedicated to it every year. "Han Feizi·Ten Guo" says: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor had ghosts and gods on Mount Tai... Chi You lived in front, Feng Bo came to sweep, and the Rain Master sprinkled the way." This reflects the close relationship between Feng Bo and the Rain Master and the Chi You tribe. Because of agriculture, The harvest part of tribal production is inseparable from good weather.

Which of the three theories is correct is no longer possible or necessary to examine. For such prehistoric legends that were recorded in books after thousands of years of being passed down from Shanghai, the focus of historians is the historical shadow revealed in them; while the issues that ethnologists are concerned about are the types of ethnic groups reflected in the legends, Cultural characteristics and the process of their formation and evolution.

The result of Chi You's defeat is that one is that he was captured and killed by the Yellow Emperor, as mentioned in the "Historical Records", "Yi Zhou Shu" and "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" quoted above; the other is that he was put in high use by the Yellow Emperor, as in "Dragon". "Yuhe Tu" said: "The Yellow Emperor subdued Chiyou, and the emperor made him the leader of the army to control all directions." When he was captured in the Qin and Han Dynasties, there was still a custom among the people to worship Chiyou as the leader of the army. As a result, Qin Shihuang's eastward journey and the great ancestor Liu Bang's army were all based on the folk rituals of Chiyou, which are recorded in "Historical Records: Fengchan Shu" and "Historical Records: The Benji of Emperor Gaozu".

"Guanzi·Five Elements" also records that the Yellow Emperor reused Chiyou: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor obtained Chiyou and became aware of the way of heaven...Chiyou became aware of the way of heaven, so he was appointed at that time." "At that time" is a public official name of the Yellow Emperor's tribal alliance in the Central Plains. Its status and functions are similar to the "Heavenly Official" in "The Rites of Zhou", and also similar to the prime ministers of later dynasties. It is the leader (emperor) of the auxiliary tribal alliance. The minister who manages the public affairs of each tribe. The "way of heaven" mentioned here refers to the empirical knowledge of astronomy, calendar, year, month, and order. Being familiar with this knowledge is the key to arranging the production and life of agricultural tribes and managing agricultural tribal society well.

The records of two completely different endings of Chi You reflect the different stages and aspects of the relationship between Huangdi and Chi You. "Chiyou" is originally a nickname for the Nong tribe. It is not only a nickname for the tribal chief, but also for all members of the tribe. The first chief of the Chiyou tribe was called Chiyou, and the second chief was also called Chiyou; the first generation tribe members were called Chiyou, and the second generation tribe members were still called Chiyou. Just like "The Book of Rites: The Virtues of the Five Emperors" records the actual connotation of rumors such as "Three Hundred Years of the Yellow Emperor". Put the post-war relationship between Huangdi and Chi You into the historical background of primitive tribal wars. Killing is inevitable, and killing them all is impossible. In the end, the defeated tribes can only remain in obedience. Live as you are.

3. Chi You's descendants

In the places where Chi You's tribe had activities, records of settlements (so-called "cities" in later generations), tombs, sacrificial temples and other relics were left. Tracing these relics can reveal the activity areas of the Chiyou tribe and provide clues to their descendants.

Records about Chiyou City can be found in the Zhuo Shui Notes of (Shui Jing Zhu·Volume 13): "The Zhuo River comes out of Zhuolu Mountain, which is known as Zhang Gongquan in the world, and flows northeast to the south of the ancient city of Zhuolu County... "Wei Tuji" states that there is Chiyou City six miles southeast of Zhuolu City. The spring water is deep but does not flow, and the rain flows sideways into Banquan Spring. It also quoted from "Jin Taikang Geography": "Banquan is also a place name. The spring water flows northeast and meets Chiyou Spring. The water leaves Chiyou City and the city has no east side." Therefore, Zhuolu is in today's Zhuolu County, Hebei Province. Zhuo Shui is waiting for examination. Chiyou Spring is in today's Zhuolu County. Banquan is located in today's Yanqing County, Beijing City. There are Chiyou Houses and others in Xin'an County.

"Taiping Huanyu Ji·Hedong Road No. 7" objectively exists in the second line of Yi County: "Chiyou City is eighteen miles south of the county...its city is now destroyed." Therefore, Anyi County is governed in today's Anyi Town, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province.

Records about Chiyou's Tomb can be found in "Huanglan·Tomb Notes": "Chiyou's Tomb is located in the city of Kanxiang, Shouzhang County, Dongping. It is seven feet high. People often worship it in October. There is red gas coming out. Like a piece of silk, the folk name is Chiyou Banner. The Jianbi Tomb is reunited in Juye County, Shanyang County, and its size is similar to that of Kan Tomb." During the Three Kingdoms period, Shouzhang County in Dongping was located in Shouzhang Town, Yanggu County, Shandong Province today. Shanyang Juye County is located in Juye County, Shandong Province today.

Records about Chiyou Temple can be found in "Historical Records·Fengchan Book". Qin Shihuang traveled eastward, granted Mount Tai, worshiped Liangfu, and worshiped the Eight Gods in the ancestral hall. Among the eight gods, "the third one is called the Lord of War, and he honors Chiyou. Chiyou is in Lujian Township, Dongping, the western border of Qi." Today's Dongping County, Shandong Province is his former governance. Also, the county record of Shouliang (Zhang [9]) of Dongjun in "Hanshu Geography" records: "Chiyou Temple is in the northwest (Shu) [10], with Qucheng". When Shou, a commander in the east of the Han Dynasty, raised his troops, he "honored the Yellow Emperor Chiyou in Peiting." Pei County in the Qin Dynasty was governed in present-day Pei County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province. The eastern border of Peixian County faces Shandong across Weishan Lake.

In "Yi Zhou Shu·Changmai Jie", there is a saying that "Ming Chi You Yu Yu Shaohao". "Yu" here is interpreted as "bian". In a house, the eaves are called a yu; in a country, the four sides are hung down to form a yu. This means that the Chiyou tribe was once arranged to live on the edge of the Shaohao tribe. At that time, the Shaohao tribe settled in Qufu. Du Yu's note in "Zuo Zhuan 2 and Ding 4th Year": "Shaohao Ruins, also in Qufu, are in the city of Lu". Chiyou hung in the west of Shaohao.

"Shu Yi Ji·Volume 1" says: "In the villages of Taiyuan, the god Chiyou is worshiped without using the head of an ox." It is also said that "During the Han Dynasty, there was a god named Chiyou in Taiyuan who could be seen during the day... His custom was to set up a temple." It is also recorded: "Today there is a music called Chiyou Opera in Jizhou. Its people live in twos and threes and look at each other with ox horns on their heads. The Han Dynasty made the horn opera, which is also a legacy system." The Qin and Han Dynasties established Taiyuan County, which belonged to Bingzhou. The first county was Jinyang, which was governed in today's Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. Jizhou during the Han Dynasty was located in the southern part of Hebei Province, the southern part of Shanxi Province and the area north of the Yellow River in Henan Province.

According to the above-mentioned records, the relics, customs and legends about Chi You have lasted for thousands of years and were still preserved among the people in a strong color after being caught in the Qin and Han Dynasties. In the vast area stretching from Zhuolu, Hebei in the north, to Yuncheng in Taiyuan, Shanxi in the west, Dongping in Shandong in the east, and Peixian, Jiangsu in the south, the custom of offering rites to Chi You has endured for a long time. According to the ancient custom of "people do not worship non-ethnics", there must be a large number of Chi You's descendants in these areas, so that they can have the social conditions to form and maintain this kind of folk custom of worshiping Chi You. During the Han Dynasty, these areas were the political, economic and cultural heartlands of the Han nationality. There is no doubt that a considerable number of Chi You's descendants became members of the Han nationality.

Chiyou's descendants are found in the recorded records, including the Zou family and the Tu family. Wang Jia's "Supplementary Notes" records: "Xuanyuan removed the evil from Chiyou, and moved the good people to the land of Zou Tu, and moved the evil people to the township of Youbei. They were first divided into the Diming clan, and then they were divided into the Zou clan and the Tu clan." . The surname Zou and Tu are now common surnames of the Han people.

"The land of the north" refers to the cold and barren land in the north. It is found in "Poetry·Xiaoya·Xiang Bo" and also Yingda Shu: "The air of Taiyin in the north is cold and has no soil hair, and no growth. Grass and trees are inhospitable to cold weather.” It shows that some of Chi You's descendants were once moved to the north. Mongolian scholar Tao Ketao wrote "The Spring and Autumn Period of Zhanxiang - Xiongnu Chapter", arguing that Chi You was the title of the Xiongnu in the legendary era, and the Hun Porridge expelled by the Yellow Emperor to the north should be Chi You [11] (a descendant of the tribe).

Sima Zhen's "Historical Records Suoyin" explains the meat porridge: "The other names of the Xiongnu are also called Shanrong in the Tang and Yu Dynasties, also called Xunzhou, Chunwei in the Xia, Guifang in the Yin, [俨]狁 in the Zhou Dynasty, and Xiongnu in the Han Dynasty." , "The Book of Zhou: The First Chronicle of Emperors": "Emperor Taizu Wen kept the Wen family, taboo, with the courtesy name Heita, and was a native of Wuchuan. He first came from the Shennong family of Emperor Yan, who was destroyed by the Yellow Emperor, and his descendants fled to Shuoye." "New Tang Book: Genealogy Table of Prime Ministers" points out: "The Yuwen family is descended from the southern Chanyu of the Xiongnu."

In ancient times, there was the Qiuyou State, which was destroyed by Zhibo of the Jin State in 457 BC. "Historical Records: Biography of Chuilizi" records: "When Zhi Bo attacked Qiu You, he left his Guang chariot behind. Because he followed it with troops, Qiu You died." There are ruins of Qiuyou Kingdom in the northeast of Yuxian County, Shanxi Province today. Qiu You is close to Chi You, and his country may have been founded by Chi You's descendants.

The descendants of the Chiyou tribe who migrated south are unknown, but they have a reputation. The epic poem "Maplewood Song" of the Miao people in southeastern Guizhou says that Jiang Yang (Yan), the ancestor of the Miao people, was born from the heart of a maple tree. Miao scholars related to the "Book of Mountains and Seas: Great Wilderness South Classic": "There are trees growing on Song Mountain, and they are called maple trees. Maple trees, after Chi You abandoned their shackles, are called maple trees." It is argued that the Miao people are descendants of Chi You [12]. "A Brief History of the Miao Nationality" records: "There are Chiyou temples in southern Sichuan and northwest Guizhou, which are worshiped by the Miao people." The legend that the ancestor of the Miao people emerged from the maple tree truly embodies the symbolic meaning of Chi You's reincarnation.

"Shang Shu·Zhou Shu·Lv Xing" compares Chi You with the Miao people: "Chi You only started to cause chaos, which spread to the common people. He was not a bandit and a thief, but he was a treacherous and ruthless person who was pious. The Miao people were useless. Spirit, control with punishment." It is said that "causing chaos" started with Chi You, and extended to the common people, who took people and property in various ways: attacking in groups is called bandits, killing people is called thieves, and being domineering is righteousness; causing disorder outside is called treason, and causing disorder inside is called treason.宄, taking by force is called snatching, stealing is called fighting, defrauding is called correcting, and taking firmly is called piety. "Ling" means good, that is, not teaching with good, but making criminal laws. Accused the Miao people of following Chi You's habits. To this day, the Buyi people still call the Miao people "Buyou". "Bu" of Buyi people means "people" or "tribe". In the temple method, the components are restricted after the central component. "Buyou" means "You clan" and can also be recorded as "You clan". It is consistent with the other name of Chiyou tribe.

"Century of Emperors" records that Emperor Yan Shennong's family collapsed and was buried in the tea village of Changsha. Tea Township is now Chaling County, Hunan Province, on the west side of the Luoxiao Mountains on the border of Hunan and Jiangxi. In ancient times, Sanmiao's settlements also extended to Hunan and Jiangxi. According to "Historical Records: Biography of Wu Qi": "In the past, Sanmiao lived in Dongting on the left and Pengli on the right." Dongting is today's Dongting Lake, and Pengli is today's Poyang Lake. Therefore, the Sanmiao are most likely a group of nomadic farming tribes that developed from the descendants of the Shennong family, or the descendants of Chiyou (a farming tribe). The Miao people generally have a legendary history of long-distance migration. This is inseparable from the production method of maintaining the nomadic agricultural economy for a long time. Of course, there are also political and social reasons.

It should also be noted that just as the Han nationality is formed by diversity, as an ancient ethnic group in southern China, the original ethnic origin of the Miao people shows diversity. The Miao people were called "Miao people" or "Three Miao people" in ancient times. In addition to the above-mentioned Yandi Shennong clan and Chiyou (agricultural tribe) who have a direct ancestry relationship with the "Miao people" and "Sanmiao people", the Jinyun clan, a descendant of the Yellow Emperor, and the Huantou clan, a descendant of Zhuanxu, are also Sanmiao and Miao people respectively. One of the main ethnic origins.

Shaquille O'Neal (1972-), NBA star.

Nickname: Big Shark

Number: 32

Position: Center

Birthday: 3/06/72

Height: 2.16M

Weight: 147.4kg

Graduation school:

Louisiana State University

Graduated in 1993

One of the "50 greatest players in NBA history"

Won the NBA championship 4 times

Won the NBA Finals 3 times" "Most Valuable Player" title (2000, 2001, 2002)

In the 1999-2000 season, he won the title of "Most Valuable Player" in the regular season

Selected to the NBA 8 times "All-Pro" (1997-98, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 season), 2 "Second Team" (1994-95, 1998-99 season), 3 times to the "Third Team" (1993-94, 1995-96, 1996-97 season)

Two times selected to the NBA "Second Defensive Team" (1999-2000, 2000-01 season) )

Selected to the "All-Star Team" 14 times (1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007)

Won the 2000 The "Most Valuable Player" title of the NBA All-Star Game, scoring 22 points and 9 rebounds

Two times the regular season "scoring champion" - 1994-1995 season (average score 29.3), 1999-2000 Season (average scoring 29.7)

In five seasons, ranked first in the NBA in field goal percentage (1993-94, 1997-98, 1998 -99, 1999-2000, 2000-01 season)

Won the title of "Best Rookie" in the 1992-93 season and was selected into the "Best Rookie Team"

Won the 1996 Olympic Basketball Championship; the 1994 World Men's Basketball Championship

Up | Down

Past season averages

Rebounds per game

Season team's starting time: shots, 3 points, free throws, offense, defense, assists, steals, blocks, turnovers Foul points

92-93 Magic 81 81 37.9 .562 .000 .592 4.20 9.60 13.90 1.9 .74 3.53 3.79 4.00 23.4

93-94 Magic 81 81 39.8 .599 .000 .554 4.70 8.50 13.20 2.4 .94 2.85 2.74 3.50 29.3

94-95 Magic 79 79 37.0 .583 .000 .533 4.20 7.30 11.40 2.7 .92 2.43 2.58 3 .30 29.3

95 -96 Magic 54 52 36.0 .573 .500 .487 3.40 7.70 11.00 2.9 .63 2.13 2.87 3.60 26.6

96-97 Lakers 51 51 38.1 .557 .000 .484 3.80 8.70 12.50 3.1 .90 2.88 2.86 3.50 26.2

97-98 Lakers 60 57 36.3 .584 .000 .527 3.50 7

.90 11.40 2.4 .65 2.40 2.92 3.20 28.3

98-99 Lakers 49 49 34.8 .576 .000 .540 3.80 6.90 10.70 2.3 .73 1.67 2.49 3.20 26.3

99-00 Lakers 79 79 40.0 .574 .000 .524 4.30 9.40 13.60 3.8 .46 3.03 2.82 3.20 29.7

00-01 Lakers 74 74 39.5 .572 .000 .513 3.90 8.80 1 2.70 3.7 .64 2.76 2.95 3.50 28.7

01-02 Lakers 67 66 36.1.579.000.555 3.50 7.20 10.70 3.0.61 2.04 2.55 3.00 27.2

02-03 Lakers 67 66 37.8.574.622 3.90 7.20 11.10 3.1 .57 2.37 2.93 3.40 27.5

03-04 Lakers 67 67 36.8 .584 .000 .490 3.70 7.80 11.50 2.9 .51 2.48 2.91 3.40 21.5

04-05 Heat 73 73 34.1 .601 .000 .461 3.50 6.90 10.40 2.7 .49 2.34 2.78 3.60 22.9

Career 882 875 37.4 .579 .050 .531 3.9 8.0 12.0 2. 8 .68 2.50 2.88 3.40 26.7

Playoffs 171 171 39.8 .562 .000 .515 4.3 8.2 12.5 3.0 .57 2.30 3.02 3.50 26.6

All-Star 9 7 24.8 .528 .000 .453 3.1 5.4 8.6 1.0 1 .33 1.89 1.89 2.40 17.6

Season/career record

2004-05 career record

Points 40 12/13/04 vs. Wizards 61 03/06 /00 vs. Clippers

16 shots made 01/11/05 vs. Suns 24 03/06/00 vs. Clippers

25 shots 01/14/05 vs. Clippers 40 03/22/96 vs. Wizards

No three-pointers made 1 02/16/96 vs. Bucks

No three-pointers made 20 times

15 free throws made 01/14/05 vs. Clippers 19 11/19/99 vs. Bulls

Number of free throws 28 01/14/05 vs. Clippers 31 11/19/99 vs. Bulls

Offensive rebounds 9 11/23/04 vs. Trail Blazers 14 3 times

Defensive rebounds 15 2 times 25 03/21/04 vs. Bucks

Total rebounds 21 11/12 /04 vs. Spurs 28 11/20/93 vs. Nets

10 assists, 9 2 times

Steals 3 04/14/05 vs. 76ers 5, 3 times

Blocks 7 01/03/05 vs. SuperSonics 15 11/20/93 vs. Nets

Playing time 51 01

/14/05 vs. Clippers 55 01/24/00 vs. Jazz

Personal introduction

In Islam, his name Shaquille Rashaun means "little warrior"

Published 5 albums: "Shaq Diesel", "Shaq Fu: Da Return", "You Can't Stop the Reign",

"Respect" and Greatest Hits

Played roles in the films "Kazaam", "Blue Chips" and "He Got Game" respectively

The label for records and clothes is "TWIsM"

At Christmas and Easter, Buy toys and give them to poor children

There is no comparison between the two!!!!