The Olympic Games is called the Olympic Games for short. It includes Summer Olympics, Winter Olympics, Paralympic Games, Youth Olympics and Special Olympics. It is an international sports meeting sponsored by the International Olympic Committee, including a variety of sports. It is held every four years. The Olympic Games originated in ancient Greece (776 BC) and got its name because it was held in Olympia. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, Baron Coubertin of France founded the truly modern Olympic Games. Since 1896, the Olympic Games have been held every four years (interrupted three times in two world wars, in 19 16, 1940 and 1944 respectively), and the duration of the Olympic Games does not exceed/kloc-0. Since the Winter Olympics was founded in 1924, the Olympic Games is also called the Summer Olympics. The Olympic Games has now become a symbol of peace and friendship.
Olympic rings
The Olympic movement has a series of unique and distinctive symbols, such as the Olympic symbol, motto, Olympic flag, anthem, emblem, medal and mascot. These signs have rich cultural connotations and vividly reflect the value orientation and cultural connotation of the Olympic ideal.
According to the Olympic Charter, the property rights of Olympic symbols, Olympic flags, Olympic motto and Olympic anthem belong to the exclusive rights of the International Olympic Committee. The IOC may take all appropriate measures to protect Olympic symbols, flags, mottos and songs at home and abroad according to law.
Nowadays, the most popular symbol is the Olympic rings. With the development of the Olympic Movement, it has become an image representative of the Olympic spirit and culture. Where the five rings "turn", the Olympic movement will take root and sprout.
Speaking of the origin of the five rings, there is an interesting story. 1936 1 1 The torch relay was held for the first time in Berlin Olympic Games. The torch relay route starts from Olympia, leaves northern Greece, crosses Austria along the Danube, and finally enters Germany. In order to set off this symbolic activity, Carl Dim, chairman of the Olympic Organizing Committee, and his colleagues arranged the passing ancient Greek ruins almost completely according to the ancient Olympic scenes.
A special ceremony will be held when the torch arrives at the ancient sports ground in Panacas Mountain, Delphi. At this time, Tim had a whim, and designed and carved the five rings of the modern Olympic Movement on the four sides of a rectangular stone about 3 feet high, and placed them at one end of the starting line of the ancient sports ground. After the ceremony, the torch continued northward, but this stone as a prop was left in the ancient sports ground.
Because few people know the true identity of this stone engraved with five rings (later called "dim stone"), it has been regarded as "the remains of the ancient Olympic Games with a history of 3,000 years" for a long time. It was not until the 1960s that Greek officials in Delphi pointed out this mistake. 1972 In May, this fake cultural relic was sent to another place in Delphi-the entrance of Rome Square.
In fact, the five-ring symbol of the modern Olympic movement comes from Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games. Coubertin thought that the Olympic movement should have its own logo, and this idea lingered in his mind for a long time. 19 13, he finally conceived and designed the five-ring logo and the Olympic flag printed with five rings on a white background, and planned to launch this logo on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the International Olympic Committee.
1965438+June 2004/kloc-0 ~ May 23rd, the International Olympic Committee held a congress at the Sorbonne in Paris, France, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the founding of the International Olympic Committee. At the commemorative meeting, Coubertin took out his five-ring logo and a flag printed with the five rings for everyone to show, and suggested that they should be used as symbols of the Olympic Movement. After listening to Coubertin's explanation, the meeting decided to use the Olympic rings and the Olympic flag as Olympic symbols.
The Olympic five-ring symbol is made up of five Olympic rings nested from left to right, which can be monochrome, blue, yellow, black, green and red. The original explanation was that the five colors represented the colors of national flags, and later the five rings with different colors were interpreted as symbols of the five continents. Official website's suggestion that "each ring represents a corresponding continent" is wrong. (See item "Olympic rings")
The flag is 3 meters long and 2 meters wide with a white background as a symbol of purity. Blue, yellow, black, green and red are interlocking. 19 14, the Olympic flag was raised for the first time at the Olympic Games held in Paris. 1920, the Olympic flag flew for the first time at the Summer Olympic Stadium in Antwerp. After this Olympic Games, the Belgian Olympic Committee presented the same national flag to the International Olympic Committee, which was hung during the Olympic Games and then customized. At the opening ceremonies of previous Olympic Games, the flag was handed over by the last host city and kept by the host city. During the competition, only substitutes were hung in the main stadium. 1952, Oslo presented the flag of the International Olympic Committee for the Winter Olympics, which was handed over, preserved and used in the same way as the Summer Olympics.
1June, 979, the International Olympic Committee officially announced the meaning of the Olympic flag and the five rings: according to the Olympic Charter, the meaning of the Olympic flag and the five rings is: symbolizing the unity of the five continents and the gathering of athletes from all over the world in a fair and frank competition and friendly spirit at the Olympic Games.
The origin of the Olympic Games
Legend: The ancient Olympic Games was a regular sports activity to worship Zeus. Another legend is related to Hercules, the son of Zeus. Heracles is known as "Hercules" because of its great strength. He finished the task that ordinary people couldn't finish in Elis city-state, and cleaned the king's cowshed full of cow dung in less than half a day, but the king didn't want to honor his promise of giving away 300 cows, so Herakler drove the king away in a fit of pique. To celebrate his victory, he held a sports meeting at the Olympic Games.
The most popular story about the origin of the ancient Olympic Games is Pelops's marriage. In order to choose a husband who is both civil and military for his daughter, Elis, the king of ancient Greece, proposed that the candidate must compete with himself in the chariot. In the competition, 13 youths were killed by the king's spear, 14 youths were Pelops, the grandson of Zeus and the sweetheart of the princess. Encouraged by love, he bravely accepted the king's challenge and finally won with wisdom. To celebrate this victory, Pelops and the princess held a grand wedding in front of the temple of Zeus in Olympia. At the meeting, chariots, gladiators and other competitions were arranged. This was the original ancient Olympic Games, and Pelops became the legendary founder of the ancient Olympic Games.
The origin of the Olympic Games is actually closely related to the social situation in ancient Greece. In the 9th-8th century BC, the Greek clan society gradually disintegrated, and the city-state slave society gradually formed, and more than 200 city-states were established. City-states are fragmented, there is no unified monarch, and wars between city-states continue. In order to cope with the war, every city-state actively trains its own soldiers. The children of the Spartan city-state were raised by the state from the age of seven, engaged in sports and military training, and lived a military life. War needs soldiers, soldiers need strong bodies, and sports is a powerful means to train soldiers who can fight. The war promoted the development of Greek sports, and the events of the ancient Olympic Games also had obvious military brand. The people are disgusted with the continuous war and generally long for a peaceful environment to recuperate. Later, the King of Sparta and the King of Elis signed the "Holy Truce Month" treaty. As a result, preparing for military training and sports competitions has gradually become a game of peace and friendship.
In 776 BC, the Greeks stipulated that the Olympic Games should be held every four years. During the Games, all Greek athletes and nearby citizens gathered in Olympia, a beautiful town in southern Greece. In 776 BC, the first Olympic Games was held here, and Dorian Klose won the 192.27 meter sprint. He became the first winner of the first event in the International Olympic Games.
Later, the scale of the ancient Greek Games gradually expanded and became a grand event to show the national spirit. The winner of the competition can get a wreath of laurel, wild olive and palm. From 776 BC to 394 AD, after 1 170 years, * * * held the 293rd ancient Olympic Games. It was banned by the Roman emperor in 394 AD.
1875 ~ 188 1 year, Kutius in Germany excavated cultural relics in Olympic sites, which aroused the interest of the whole world. Therefore, Pierre De Coubertin, a French educator, believes that it is of great significance to restore the tradition of the ancient Greek Olympic Games to promote the development of international sports. Under his advocacy and active running, the first international sports conference was held in Paris in June 1894. The International Sports Congress decided to call the world-wide comprehensive games the Olympic Games, and held the first modern Olympic Games in Athens, once every four years, in turn in all member countries.
By 2004, 28 Olympic Games had been held. In 2008, the 29th session will be held in Beijing, China.
The first Olympic Charter initiated and formulated by Coubertin was adopted at the Paris International Conference in June 1894. It involves the basic purposes, principles and other related matters of the Olympic Movement. 192 1 The Olympic Games in Lausanne formulated the Olympic Law, including the Olympic Charter, the Constitution of the International Olympic Committee, the Rules and Protocols of the Olympic Games, the General Rules for Hosting the Olympic Games and the Rules of the Olympic Parliament. Over the past decades, the Olympic Law has been revised and supplemented many times, but the basic principles and spirit formulated by Coubertin have not changed.
1900, at the second Olympic Games held in Paris, 1 1 women broke the ban and appeared on the sports ground. After several arguments, the International Olympic Committee finally passed the resolution to allow women to participate in the Olympic Games at the 22nd meeting of 1924. Since then, women's events have become an indispensable part of the Olympic Games, and more and more female athletes have participated in it.
With the development of the Olympic Movement, the International Olympic Committee has formulated many regulations. 19 13, according to Coubertin's idea, the International Olympic Committee designed the Olympic flag with a boundless white background and five interlocking rings in the middle. The colors of the five rings are sky blue, yellow, black, green and red. The five rings symbolize the unity of the five continents, and athletes from all over the world gather in the Olympic Games with fair and frank competition and friendly spirit. 19 14 to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the restoration of the modern Olympic movement, the Olympic flag was used for the first time in the Olympic Games held in Paris. 1920 during the Antwerp Olympic games, the first five-ring flag was raised in the stadium. Since then, the flag handover ceremony and flag-raising ceremony have been held in the opening ceremonies of previous Olympic Games. In order to publicize the Olympic spirit and encourage athletes, Coubertin proposed in 19 13 and was approved by the International Olympic Committee, taking "swifter, higher and stronger" as the Olympic motto. 1908 When the London Olympic Games was held, the Archbishop of Pennsylvania in the United States said in his sermon at the religious ceremony of the Olympic Games held in St. Paul's Cathedral that "it is important to participate in the Olympic Games, not to win". Coubertin appreciated this sentence very much and quoted it many times in the future. Therefore, many people think that this sentence should become an Olympic ideal. Athletes' oath will be implemented from the 7th Olympic Games of 1920. 1968 Olympic Games added the oath of referee. At the 1936 1 1 Olympic Games, the IOC officially stipulated that the Olympic flame symbolizing light, friendship and unity should be lit at the main venue. Since then, this activity has become one of the indispensable ceremonies for the opening ceremony of each Olympic Games. Before the Olympic Games, the torch was lit by the sunlight gathered by concave mirror near the temple of the Greek goddess Hera (the wife of Zeus) in Olympia, and then carried on the torch relay and arrived in the host city the day before the opening of the Olympic Games. At the opening ceremony, the athletes of the host country lit the flame on the tower with the last stick, and the flame went out at the closing ceremony.
Olympic torch
1. Ancient Torch Relay
As a sacred symbol, the history of fire can be traced back to prehistoric times. In Greek history, fire represents creation, rebirth and light. In Greek mythology, fire is a sacred symbol of hephaestus and a gift that Prometheus stole from Zeus.
In the center of every ancient Greek city-state, there is an altar burning with eternal flame, and every family in the city-state also has eternal flame to worship the kitchen goddess Hestia. In ancient Greece, the torch relay was originally held at night as a religious ceremony. Soon after, it gradually evolved into a group competitive sport that first appeared among teenagers, and eventually evolved into one of the most popular sports in ancient Greece.
There is an altar dedicated to Hestia in the assembly hall of ancient Olympia. The sacred flame of the altar is lit by focusing sunlight on a concave disk or mirror. The flame will never go out. The process of collecting the flame is very simple, but it can leave a deep impression on people. The concave smooth plane can focus the sunlight on the focus, and the priestess can extend the torch to the focus and light it.
The ancient Greeks held a torch relay competition, and the participants had to hold the torch until the end. The religious ceremony of the torch relay in ancient Greece was held every four years to commemorate the goddess Athena. The power of the torch is transmitted by the torchbearer in the fastest way. The torch relay began at the altar of Prometheus and ended at the altar of Athena, the goddess of the Acropolis in ancient Athens. At that time, the torch relay was completed by 40 young people from 10 Athens tribe, and the whole distance was1* * 2.5 kilometers.
The lighting ceremony of the modern Olympic flame is the same as that of ancient Greece. A priestess in Olympia also lit the torch and read the oath of the athletes. Then the Olympic flame will be awarded to the first torchbearer, which also marks the official start of the torch relay. Today, the power of the Olympic torch relay still touches the hearts of thousands of people in Qian Qian.
2. The start and revival of the modern Olympic torch relay
Today's torch relay and the Olympic flame, since there is no ancient Olympic club, where should we start? In fact, it has something to do with both world wars. The Olympic flame was first lit in 1920 to commemorate the heroes who died in another world war. During the period of 1928, the International Olympic Committee took lighting the Olympic flame as the prescribed action of the opening ceremony.
However, the torch relay of the modern Olympic Games is still due to Nazi Germany. 1936 Before the Berlin Olympic Games, inspired by Hitler, the Nazi leader who worshipped ancient Greece, especially Spartans, Dr. Karl Dimei, the head of the Berlin Olympic Organizing Committee, combined two customs of ancient Greece and created a set of Olympic torch relay and flame ceremony that is still in use today.
1936 On July 20th, under the arrangement of Nazi Germany, Greek priests and 14 local boys and girls stood in the stadium of the ancient Olympic Games in traditional costumes and concentrated sunlight on a piece of wood with the reflection of a mirror until the wood became hot and caught fire. The virgin is singing: "Oh, sacred flame, light it in an ancient and sacred place, and start your running."
Krupp, the largest Nazi arsenal (where the famous Krupp cannon was produced), also contributed to the Olympic torch relay, and all the torches were marked with Krupp's trademark. After a brief ceremony, the flame passed through Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria and Czechoslovakia, and arrived at the torch platform of the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Germany on August 1 day.
Nazi Germany propaganda machine also publicized the torch relay ceremony. In the large-scale documentary "Olympia" released by Hitler's famous female directors leni riefenstahl 1938, the most famous scene is a Greek relay hand, holding a torch slowly in the Aegean Sea at dusk.
Although life is closely related to Nazi aesthetics, because of her classical and lofty sense of ceremony, it continued to be handed down even after the collapse of Nazi. 1948, London, which was repeatedly bombed by the Nazis, hosted the first Olympic Games after World War II, and followed a series of ceremonies such as the lighting of the old site of Olympia and the torch relay. Today, the torch relay has become a symbol of global solidarity, and people have long forgotten its Nazi origin.
3. The graphic origin of the Beijing Olympic torch relay: the dragon and phoenix robe handed down from ancient times.
The phoenix pattern used in the torch relay comes from the embroidered python phoenix shirt in Qin Liangyu, Ping Jin in the Ming Dynasty. Qin Liangyu, a famous female general in Ming Dynasty, led the white-armed soldiers to be a diligent king in Beijing. The dragon and phoenix robe is a royal gift from the emperor. The torch relay pattern is based on the core pattern of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games and the traditional phoenix pattern of China.
Olympic anthem
1958 At the 55th plenary meeting held in Tokyo, the IOC finally decided to use the Olympic anthem as the Olympic anthem. Its music score is kept in ioc headquarters. Since then, this melodious ancient Greek music can be heard at the opening and closing ceremonies of every Olympic Games. The lyrics of this song are as follows:
Ancient immortal gods,
Beautiful, great and upright father.
Pray for arrival to appear,
Let eye-catching heroes appear in the sky of this earth,
As a witness to your glory.
Please light up the running, wrestling and throwing events.
These all-out noble competitions.
Present the winner with a crown made of olive branches,
Create a steel torso.
Valleys, mountains and oceans shine with you,
Like a temple built of colored rocks.
This huge temple,
People from all over the world came to worship,
Ah! Immortal ancient gods.