Fire is the light and heat produced by the burning of matter, and is a type of energy. There must be combustible materials, ignition points, and oxidants to make a fire. Without any one of the three, fire cannot be made. Fire is a plasma state other than gas, solid, and liquid. Fire is composed of matter in the plasma state, which is the fourth state of matter identified by British physicist Sir William Crookes in 1879 (the other three are solid, liquid, and gaseous).

The process of electrons leaving the nucleus is called "ionization". At this time, the substance becomes a uniform "slurry" composed of positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons. People call it ion slurry. The total amount of positive and negative charges in these ion plasmas is equal, so it is also called plasma.

The fire we usually see is the photon emitted when the ionized electron returns from the excited state to the ground state. Photons of different energies have different energy colors.

Does fire have gravity? The answer is yes, because the shape of fire in a gravity-free space capsule is spherical, and its shape is affected by gravity.

Fire is defined in junior high school chemistry as the phenomenon of heat and light produced during the burning process of substances. So how to explain it? That's because junior high school chemistry explains fire from the perspective of macroscopic phenomena, while modern physics pays more attention to explaining phenomena from the perspective of microscopic particles after entering the microscopic field.

From the macroscopic definition of matter, fire is matter, because from the macroscopic definition of philosophy, the state of matter is also matter, and matter and state are not contradictory.

Fire is the foundation of food and cooking. It should be said that with fire, there is food culture.

Before the birth of fire, the ancestors could only live a primitive, animal-like life. The so-called "eating plants and trees,

the flesh of birds and beasts, drinking their blood, and luxuriating in their hair." As "Han Feizi" said: "People eat fruits, clams, clams, and the fishy smell causes harm

There are many diseases in the stomach and stomach." Since the birth of fire, "fire can be cooked, making people free from abdominal diseases, which is different from animals." Inventor of fire, China. The consistent legend is that the Suiren clan was the one who made fire by drilling the sui. Based on the stone tools used by the Peking Man in Zhoukoudian, archaeologists

preliminarily speculate that Chinese ape man began to consciously use fire about 500,000 years ago.

There are three emperors and five emperors in Chinese history. There are at least four versions of the name of the three emperors. One theory is that they are Fuxi, Shennong

, Huangdi ("Shiben", "Emperor") Century"); one theory is that they are Fuxi, Nufu, and Shennong ("Three Emperors",

"Customs"); another theory is that Fuxifei, Shennong, and Zhurong ("Baihutong") ); there is another saying, that is

Fuxi, Shennong, Suiren ("Baihutong"). The Suiren family must be after Fuxi and Shennong. Because according to Chinese folklore

it is said that after Fuxi, the Dating family ruled the world; after Fuxi, there were Baihuang family, Zhongzhong family, Lilu family and Lilian family

The Hexu family, the Zunjie family, the Zhurong family, the Chaos family, the Haoying family, the Chao family, the Getian family, the Yinkang family, the Zhuxiang family,

Wuhuai family, Suiren family, all He was given the posthumous title of Paoxi (i.e. Fu Yi).

"Zizi": "The Sui people look up at the stars and look down at the five trees to see fire." According to the theory of Yin and Yang and the Five Elements, fire is born from wood, so Sui people use wood to make fire. . "Lu Shi" says that Sui people observe the Qianxiang, observe the Chen heart and produce fire, and make drills. "Chen Xin" is called "Xin Su" according to ancient people, that is, "Big Mars". The so-called "five woods" refer to the five types of wood that were believed to be suitable for making fire at the right time. That is, "elm; willow is green, so it is taken in spring; jujube: apricot is red, so it is taken in summer; mulberry: zhe is yellow, so it is taken in summer; tussah: (wood chieftain) is white, so it is taken in autumn "Sophora japonica"; sandalwood is black, so it is taken in winter."

After the Sui people made drills to make fire, their wood-drilling tools were called Sui. Later generations also invented the use of metal to make fire from the sun, so there was another invention.

Differences between "Wu Sui" and "Yang Sui". "Huainanzi" records: "When Yang Sui sees the sun, it burns and becomes fire. Yang Sui is gold."

The sun is three to four feet high. Hold it toward the sun. There will be more than an inch of dry moxa. If you blow it, you will get fire. "Annotations on Ancient and Modern Times": "The Yang Sui is made of copper. It is shaped like a mirror. If it shines on something, the scenery will be inverted, and it will make fire towards the sun." "

Before the Han Dynasty, the use of Yang Sui to make fire was called "Minghuo", and the use of wooden Sui to make fire was called "National Fire". According to "Zhou Rites"

According to "Da Zhu" and "Da Sikou", the Yang Sui is taken from the sun and is close to the sky, so it is used for divination and sacrifice.

The Sui is taken from the Five Woods and is close to humans. , so it was used for cooking. After the Han Dynasty, the friction between metal and stone could also produce fire, so a simple piece of iron could be used as a yangsui when people went out. Wear a Yang flint on the left and a wooden flint on the right for making fire at any time. There is also a tinder made of moxa and salt water. When friction causes sparks to fall on the velvet and burn, use " "Fa Zhu" can attract fire. The so-called "Fa Zhu" is a small piece made of peeled hemp straw, five or six inches long, with sulfur flowing from the head

, it burns when it encounters fire.

After the fire, there was a stove. It is said that the person who created the stove was Emperor Yan. "Huainanzi" said: "Emperor Yan died of fire and became a stove."

. "Note: "The Emperor Yan, Shennong, ruled the world with the virtue of fire, and died in sacrifice to the Kitchen God. "One theory is that it is the Yellow Emperor: "The Story Begins": "The stove

was placed by the Yellow Emperor. "So "The Original Meeting of Things" said: "The Yellow Emperor built the stove and died as the stove god. "The God of Fire, generally speaking, is Zhu Rong. "Huainanzi Shi Principles" notes: "Zhu Rong Wu Hui was the Huozheng of the Gaoxin family. He died as the God of Fire and held the handle of the stove.

" "Historical Records·Chu Family": "Dong Li served as Emperor Ku and Gao Xin lived in Huozheng. He was very meritorious and could bring light to the world. Emperor Ku ordered him to 'wishes

Rong' . "Book of Rites Monthly Order": "On the month of Mengxia, its emperor Yandi, its god Zhurong, worshiped the stove and worshiped the ancestors." ”

The original form of the stove was to dig a pit in the ground. The stove excavated at the Banpo site in Xi'an today is a double-connected stove, that is, two pits dug

on the surface. There are two fire pits separated from each other on the surface, and two pits are connected underground. One pit is for entering firewood, and the other is for exiting people. The opening between the two pits is the stove door in Xi'an. It has a history of six or seven thousand years, and its inventor should be Emperor Yan rather than Emperor Huang. It is estimated that Emperor Yan was in charge more than 4,600 years ago. Seventy generations before the Yellow Emperor, calculated based on twenty years, it was about six or six thousand years ago. By the Warring States Period, the production of stoves had been very perfect. "Zeng Lianzi" records: "One stove has five protrusions (protrusions: chimney). If there are many smokers, the cooking can be done ten times." ”

Cooking with fire, the ancients immediately noticed the importance of heat for cooking. The first time the ancient text talked about the importance of heat for cooking

It was "Lu Shi Chun Qiu · Edition" "Wei Pian", in which Yi Yin told Shang Tang: "The root of all tastes is water." Five flavors and three materials, nine boils and nine changes, fire is the discipline. The disease will gradually subside, and the fishy smell will be eliminated, the smell will be removed, and the mutton will be eliminated. It will definitely win the battle, and it will not be unreasonable.

When blending, sweet, sour, bitter, pungent, and salty must be used. There are many successive ones, but the differences are very small. They all have their own origins and changes in the tripod.

Exquisite and subtle, the words cannot be spoken, and the aspirations cannot be expressed. If the shot is subtle, the yin and yang change, and the four seasons are counted. Keep it for a long time without harm, be cooked

but not rotten, sweet but not flavourful, sour but not cool, mature but not diminished, pungent but not strong, bland but not thin, fat but not [Yuehou] . ”

The general meaning of this passage translated into vernacular is: the root of all tastes, water is the first. Cooking is carried out based on the five flavors of sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty and the three materials of water, wood and fire. Nine times of boiling in the cauldron will produce nine changes. This depends on the control and adjustment of fire. Sometimes strong fire is used, and sometimes slow fire is used to remove the fishy, ??smelly and smelly smell. The key is to control the heat. Only by mastering the rules of using fire can the smell be transformed into fragrance

The five flavors of sweet, sour, bitter, pungent and salty must be used for seasoning, but the combination of the order of seasoning and the amount of ingredients used is very subtle

.

The changes in the cauldron are also subtle and subtle, indescribable. Even if you know it in your heart, it is difficult to explain clearly. Just like riding a horse and shooting arrows, you need to practice your cooking skills until you are good at it. Like the natural combination of yin and yang, like the natural change of the four seasons, cooking skills can make it possible to cook for a long time but not fail, be cooked but not rotten, sweet but not overly sweet, sour but not strong, and cooked but not cooked. Astringent in the mouth, pungent but not irritating, light but not boring. , fat but not greasy.

Yuan Mei later included a special section on heat in "Suiyuan Food List". He believes that the key to cooking food is to control the heat. When frying, you must use a high fire. If the fire is insufficient, the fried food will be weak; when simmering, you must use a warm fire. If the fire is too strong, the simmered food will become shriveled. , you should use strong fire first, then warm fire. If you are anxious and keep using high heat, the food will be burnt on the outside but undercooked on the inside. He believes that the more cooked they are, the more tender they become, such as kidneys and eggs, while the more tender they become if they are cooked too much, such as fresh fish and clams. The pork must be cooked when it is cooked. In this way, the color will be red, and it will turn black if it is cooked a little later. If you cook fish too late, all the live meat will become dead. When cooking, if you open the lid too many times, the dishes will be more frothy and less fragrant. If the fire is put out and then burned again, the vegetables will lose their oil and taste. Yuan Mei said that it is rumored that Taoists must go through nine cyclic transformations before they can refine the true elixir. Confucianism is based on the principle of not overdoing it but also achieving perfection. The chef must correctly control the heat and operate it carefully before he can basically master cooking. A chef who has mastered cooking should make fish that is as white as jade when eaten, and the meat is condensed but not scattered. This kind of meat is alive meat. If it is as white as powder, loose and not sticky, it is dead meat.

The ancients believed that fire can be divided into new fire and old fire. Stone fire, charcoal fire, bamboo fire, grass fire

, Ma Gai are used for warming wine and cooking meat. Shangcao prefix Xiahai] fire (Ma Gai fire: fire burning with hemp roots) has different smells. In "Tiao

Ding Ji·Huo" written by the Qing Dynasty, various types of fire are listed with various foods. Cooking: "mulberry firewood: boiling and eating it is beneficial to people. Also cooking

old duck and meat can make it extremely rotten and can detoxify all poisons. Dirty firewood is not suitable for food. Rice ear fire: Cooking rice can soothe the soul

Mai Sui Huo: Cooking rice can relieve thirst and moisturize the throat, and facilitate urination. Pine firewood: Cooking rice can strengthen bones and muscles. It is not suitable for making tea

. Oak firewood: cook pork and eat it without wind, cook chicken, duck, goose, fish and other fishy things. Bamboo fire: suitable for frying all nourishing medicines. Charcoal fire: suitable for frying tea, which is delicious but not turbid. Bran fire: cooked food with rice bran fire. The ground stove can be used to hold two pots. It is mostly used by southerners. It costs half as much as firewood. In the spring, there are insects in the chaff, which will harm the lives of things. However, Jia Ming of the Yuan Dynasty said in "Instructions on Diet": "It is advisable to eat." It is better to use the sun fire beads to catch the sun's true fire, and secondly to drill the locust tree to make fire." He believes that "it is better to use iron tools to strike flints to make fire. Yamu's fire is unavailable

Yamu: Pine wood is difficult to treat (祥: disease, meaning: it is difficult to recover from illness with the fire of pine wood), and cypress fire is harmful to the mind

Excessive sweating. , mulberry fire damages the muscles, zhe fire damages the Qi pulse, jujube fire damages the internal organs and vomits blood, tangerine fire damages the Yingwei meridians, elm fire damages the bones and causes loss of will, and bamboo fire damages the tendons and eyes.”

Gu Yanwu Ye. He is opposed to using stones to make fire and believes that using flint to make fire will affect his lifespan. But he believed that the fire of wood should be taken according to the changes of the four seasons and five elements. He said: "When people use fire, they must get wood, and then there will be changes in the four seasons and five elements. "Su Wen" Huangdi said: Zhuang

Fire disperses energy, and less fire energizes. "Zhou Rites": Ji Chun The fire is valued for its newness, and the meaning of less fire is that today everything is taken from stone.

Its nature is violent and unpleasant, and the disease will be caused by excessive phlegm and life will be shortened. ”

The ancients called fire the "essence of Yang".

"Later Five Elements Chronicles": "Fire is the essence of Yang, and fire is inflammatory." "He Tu ·

Bianguang Chapter": "The essence of Yang is scattered and distributed as fire." The ancients called people One of the five elements, it is considered to have energy but no substance, and can

live and kill all things, and is infinitely wonderful. The ancients believed that fire alone has two of the five elements, and the others have only one. The so-called two means that fire can be divided into yin fire and yang fire. The ancients also divided fire into three types: heavenly fire, earthly fire, and human fire. They believed that there were four heavenly fires, five earthly fires, and three human fires. There are two types of yang fire in the sky: the sun, the real fire; and the star essence, the flying fire. There are two kinds of yin fire in the sky: dragon fire (

It is said that there is fire at the dragon's mouth) and thunder fire. There are three types of Yang fire in the earth: the fire that drills wood, the fire that strikes stone, and the fire that strikes gold. There are two kinds of yin fire in the earth

: oil fire (the ancients said that oil will naturally catch fire when stored in a certain amount), fire in the water (the ancients called it the rivers, lakes and seas), and the fire in the night

fire). There is one yang fire in a person, Bingdingjunhuo (the so-called Li fire in the heart and small intestine), and there are two yin fires in a person, the door phase fire (which originates from Beihai, is called Kan fire, and travels through the three burners). Located in the liver and gallbladder), the fire of the three flavors (pure yang, dry fire). Total ***

Yang

Fire six, Yin fire six, *** twelve.

China’s tools for making fire have always been very backward. For a long time, primitive "fa candles" were used. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, more sophisticated "fa candles" made of pine wood were developed. "Weixiang Congtan": "Hangzhou people cut pine wood into small pieces, which are as thin as paper. They are sharpened with sulfur and are called 'Fa Zhu'." After the Song Dynasty, it was also called "Huo Cun". "Qing Yi Lu·Utensils

": "There is an emergency at night, and it is difficult to make a lamp. A wise man batches pine strips, dyes them with sulfur, and sets them aside for use. When they meet fire, they get flames

Sui Ran, that is, the god; calls 'fire slave'. Nowadays, those who have borrowed money have changed their name to 'Fire Cun'"

It is said that in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were workshops specializing in making "Fire Cun". Therefore, the Japanese early called matches "Phosphorus Cun".

The inventor of matches is said to be the Swedes. In 1833, they began to use yellow phosphorus to make friction matches. However, yellow phosphorus was highly toxic

and was prone to spontaneous combustion and was unsafe. , Len Tastrom invented the use of red phosphorus instead of yellow phosphorus, and the world's first batch of safe matches began. Matches entered China in 1880, when the British Richard opened it in Shanghai. The first match business office. In 1890, the Swedes opened China's first match factory "Ruishang Foreign Trade Co., Ltd." and China's first match production. The trademark is printed with a bust of Cixi. It is said that the first match in China was produced during Cixi's 60th birthday. Because the matches were imported from abroad, the Chinese called them "matches". /p>

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