Under the blue mountain, my boat and I meandered along the green water. Until the river bank widens at low tide, and no wind blows my lonely sail. ... night gives way to the ocean of the sun, and the old year melts in freshness. How to reach a rural book, geese, and return to Luoyang?
Although this poem is about homesickness in the journey, it has no bleak mood. Clear feelings, magnificent weather, happy feelings, the early arrival of the sea sun and Jiang Chun, as if driving away "last night" and "the old year", all indicate to us the arrival of a new era, in which a more healthy, high-spirited, optimistic and growing era mood is clearly infiltrated. This shows us an extraordinary beginning.
2. Zhang Shuo (667-730) was born in Luoyang. Official to the secretariat, seal the duke of Yan. At that time, Su was made by Xu Guogong. Both of them were good at writing, and the great works of the imperial court were also written by two people, because they were called "great works". He was prominent in the literary world at that time, and many scholars got his support and gathered under his door. Xuanzong was once called "a model of dynasties and a generation of literati." Because he served as prime minister three times in his life, and in order to save money, he demoted Yuezhou to a border town. Therefore, in addition to a large number of poems to be written, there are many simple and sad works, especially those relegated to Yuezhou, which are sad and affectionate, and people call them "the help of mountains and rivers." In his works, the poem Ye Duyin is generous and tragic, with the charm of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and seven ancient times. In the poem, he praised Yedu and Cao Cao's heroic achievements, and pinned his ambition on him. Shen Deqian once commented on the cloud: "The tone is getting louder and louder. To Wang Yang and Luo Lu, the road is long." ("Tang Poetry"), so he is also an important writer who formed the poetic style in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
3. Zhang Jiuling (678-740) was born in Qujiang, Shaozhou (now Qujiang, Guangdong). Ren Zhongshu, a bachelor of Jixian Academy, moved to Zhongshuling in the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, and was a rare celebrity in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. After being rejected by Li, he was relegated to Jingzhou in the 25th year of Kaiyuan and died in Qujiang in the 28th year. Qujiang Collection has 20 volumes and more than 200 poems.
Zhang Jiuling's position in the development of Tang poetry is noteworthy in two aspects. First, he was a good prime minister, which played a great role in the formation of the elegant situation of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. From the early years of Kaiyuan, he and Zhao Dongxi, who stayed to fill the vacancy, presided over the examination and selection of the official department, which was called detailed, fair and equitable several times. In the next twenty years, he selected many talents for the imperial court, most of them were literati, and many outstanding poets were closely related to him, such as Meng Haoran, Lv Xiang and Wang Wei. Because he promoted and rewarded a group of talents who can write poetry and prose, he also became a de facto literary leader, and then formed a good literary atmosphere in the poetry circle. Secondly, his creative practice of reversing the glory of Qi and Liang Dynasties with the pen of simplicity is consistent with Chen Ziang's effect of attacking the Six Dynasties with simplicity. Hu Yinglin's poem "Shi Pin" commented: "In the early Tang Dynasty, Liang Sui was the inheritor, Chen Ziang was the sole source of elegance, and Zhang Zishou advocated light learning. Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Chu Guangxi, Chang Jian and Wei, the successors of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, were also elegant people in Qujiang. Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling, Li Wei and Meng Yunqing are also proud of quaint books. " Shen Deqian said in "On Tang Poetry": "In the early Tang Dynasty, the five ancient characters were gradually organized, but the style was not high. Chen Zhengzi declined and the poem began to be positive, followed by Zhang Qujiang, but the poem was mellow. " There are 12 articles in his Feeling, which he wrote when he relegated Jingzhou. Similar to Chen Ziang's "encounter", they are all satires. For example:
Lan Ruochun is luxuriant, and autumn osmanthus is bright. Life in the world is full of vitality, which naturally conforms to the beautiful season. However, why do you think that a forest hermit is attracted by the sweet wind and content with beauty?
The fragrance of vegetation comes from nature, how to ask the viewer to decompose it!
Comparing Lan Ruo Qiugui with her down-to-earth and lofty character, we can really see her simple style. Another example is looking at the moon and thinking about a distant one:
The moon, at this time is at sea, over the end of the world. People who love hate long nights and sleepless nights and miss their loved ones. Put out the candle to love this moonlit room, and I wander in the deep night dew in my clothes.
You can't have beautiful moonlight, just want to meet you in your dreams.
The memory of acacia is sincere and rich, but elegant and clear.
4. He (659-744) was born in Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Official to prince guests, ministers less supervision. At the beginning of Tianbao, a Taoist priest was invited back to China at the age of 86. For the sake of human nature, he is addicted to alcohol and good at being a grass official, so he named himself "Siming fanatic" (Siming Mountain is in the southwest of Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province 150). There are 19 poems today. The quatrains are very fresh, such as The Return of the Native:
Teenagers leave home, old people return, the local accent has not changed, children meet strangers, and they smile and ask where the guests come from.
I have been away from my hometown for many years, and I have been half-dead recently. Only the mirror in front of the door shows water, and the spring breeze does not change the old waves.
Another example is Liu Yong.
Jasper dressed as a tree, hanging down ten thousand green silk tapestries. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, but the spring breeze in February is like scissors.
5. William Wang (birth and death unknown) was born in Yu Zi and Jinyang (now Taiyuan, Shanxi). During Zhang Shuo's visit to the DPRK, he was recommended as the minister of the DPRK, and his humanity was generous. When he went to the official department to explain the election, he divided the scribes in the whole country into nine grades, which was equal to the East Street of the official department. There are only three people in the first class, except Zhang Shuo and Li Kui. Enjoy drinking and having fun. There are fourteen poems today, which are magnificent words, one of which is Liangzhou Ci.
Wine luminous glass, want to drink pipa right away. Drunk lying on the battlefield, you don't laugh, there have been several wars in ancient times.
The emotion of this poem, or the cloud: "Broadness makes people sad", Shi Buhua's poem "Your Servant" says: "Sadness is shallow, funny is wonderful, and it is understood by scholars."
Second, the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty
The creation of pastoral poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was very prosperous, and there were many works by writers. Later generations listed this writer with a general creative tendency as one school, including Chang Jian, Chu Guangxi, Yun, Zuyong,.
(1) Meng Haoran
1, life file
Meng Haoran is from Xiangyang. He is an old poet in the Tang Dynasty. Born in the first year of Yongchang, Wuhou (689), he died in the 28th year of Kaiyuan (740), older than Wang Wei and Li Bai 13 years old. About his life, the record in Biography of Wen Yuan in Old Tang Dynasty is relatively simple, which reads: "Meng Haoran lives in seclusion in Lumen Mountain and is suitable for poetry. When he visited the capital in his forties, he promised to return to Xiangyang and Jingzhou in Zhang Jiuling Town. The Ministry engages in it, sings with it, or dies if it doesn't reach it. " There are several more records in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, which record that he wrote poems in imperial academy and met Xuanzong in Wang Wei's department, so that the figurines are available. He recited a poem: "I will no longer petition at the North Palace Gate, but go to this shabby house on Zhongnanshan. I have no reason to decide to give up my point of view. My old and many sick friends have stopped practicing. The frequency of white hair is that people are getting more and more every day, and spring is coming to force them to die. So I lay awake and meditated, and the window was empty at night in the moonlight. " One of them, "I was exiled by a wise ruler because of my mistake. I have been ill for so long and have not seen a friend", was deeply dissatisfied with Xuanzong, so I was released. In an interview, Han Chaozong invited him to come to Beijing with him and wanted to recommend him to the court, but he deliberately broke his word, which made Han Chaozong very angry and the capital did not go, and so on. The content is still vague.
Because the historical records are relatively simple, Mr. Chen Yiyun sorted out a clue according to the information revealed in his poems and the records in the preface to Meng Haoran's Collection by contemporary Wang Shiyuan, and referring to the records in two books in the Tang Dynasty. According to these materials, Meng Haoran was born in a small manor landlord family. Before the age of 40, except for a short trip, I mainly lived in seclusion in my hometown of Lumen Mountain in Xiangyang and lived my own life of adapting poems. At the same time, it also solves problems for the village (Wang Shiyuan said that he is "to save the sick and solve the problem in metaphysics, and to water the garden bamboo with nobility." ) During this period, on the one hand, he lived in seclusion, interacting with some Zen masters, master cheng yen, mountain people and hermits, talking about metaphysics with them and getting to know Hyunri. On the other hand, I also study hard behind closed doors to prepare for promotion. He once said: "After studying for 30 years, I closed my door to Jiang Hanyin" ("Bitter rain in the middle of Qin gave Yuan Zuocheng"): "Teenagers are interested in writing" ("Rain in Nanyang"). After a period of hard study, he probably felt confident, so he went to Beijing to apply for a job in the sixteenth year of Kaiyuan (728) and failed. After staying in Chang 'an for a year, I returned to my hometown. A poem said to Wang Wei: "I waited day after day slowly and reluctantly, and now I have to leave." Old friend, how sweet the roadside flowers would be if they didn't mean goodbye. The lords of the kingdom are very hard on us, and the people who handle affairs are not our own kind. You should be lonely and cover your old garden fan. "
Shortly after returning home, he went to wuyue for a long time, probably to relieve the pain of frustration. In his poem "Luo Zhi's Leap", he said: "After thirty years of fear, books and swords have found nothing. Looking for water in wuyue, I hate it all. Swim across Jinghu Lake in a boat and pay tribute to Xie Lingyun. And enjoy the things in the cup, who is famous in the world? " It can be seen that he roamed wuyue with resentment. This roaming, which lasted four years, covered all the famous mountains and rivers in wuyue. It was also during this period that he wrote a lot of landscape poems. Four years later, he returned to his hometown and soon went to Sichuan. In the 22nd or 3rd year of Kaiyuan, a friend, Zhang Zirong, retired from his hometown and gave a banquet in his hometown with Zhang Zirong. In twenty-four years, there was another trip to Jiangxi, Hunan. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling descended to Jingzhou and called it into the tent of meeting. He stayed in the curtain for a while. Probably in the curtain, Zhang Jiuling told him the truth that led to the failure of state affairs, and he devoted himself to seclusion. In the 28th year of Kaiyuan, Wang Changling visited Xiangyang. At that time, he suffered from "back rash" and died of "eating fresh food" at the age of 52.
In the eyes of his contemporaries, Meng Haoran was regarded as a respected master who did not worship Li Rong. Wang Wei once painted a portrait for him. According to Zhang Yue's inscription, it is "tall and long, steep and thin, dressed in a white robe", which is a hermit's expression. Shiyuan Wang said that he was "handsome in appearance and handsome in spirit". Li Bai said in a short message to Meng Haoran, "Master, I sincerely praise you as a romantic place. In the rosy youth, you gave up the importance of hats and chariots and chose pine trees and clouds; Now whitehead. Drunk moon, sage of dreams, bewitched by flowers, you turned a deaf ear to the emperor. Mountain, how I long to reach you, it is a pure fragrance. " Mr. Wen Yiduo said in Meng Haoran's Comments on Tang Poetry: "Seclusion is a general tendency of that era, but it is only an expectation for others, and at most it is only a temporary adjustment or overdue compensation, but it is a complete fact for Meng Haoran." In addition, he also said, "In the Tang Dynasty, the philosophers were lofty and detached, but in the late Tang Dynasty, due to unclear politics, they often liked to use Meng Haoran as a shield, so they fabricated the rumor that Haoran Ouchi's poems were lost and turned this charming man into Don Quixote in the Oriental Vanity Fair. This is a rare insult and slander since he became a poet. "
In fact, this view only sees one aspect. We say that in Meng Haoran's thoughts, there is indeed a yearning for seclusion, which can be seen from his poems describing hermits such as Hui Yuan and Pang Degong. However, as can be seen from his poems, he has a strong desire to enter the official career or to serve the world. For example, the bamboo pavilion in Xiran: "I have been friends with Ersanzi for a long time. Everyone has ambition, and * * * has a heart. " "Pastoral Poetry" said: "The sky is full of envious swans, vying for food. Looking at Jinmamen, I will take the road of firewood. Country songs have no confidants, and eventually no friends or relatives. Who can write Ganquan Fu for Yang Xiong? " Therefore, his life was actually spent in the contradiction between seclusion and being an official.
2. Characteristics of poetry creation
Today Meng Haoran wrote more than 260 poems. Generally speaking, his poems are mostly landscape poems, and pastoral poems only account for a small part. As far as landscape poetry is concerned, most of his poems are about what he saw and felt during his travels. Some of them were written when he climbed Wanshan Mountain, Xianshan Mountain and Lumen Mountain in his hometown, and some were written when he was roaming in wuyue, which can be called traveling landscape poems. This kind of landscape poetry is different from Wang Wei's landscape poetry, mainly in the way of looking at things. He looks at the scenery from a traveler's perspective, and natural images often have a sense of fluidity in his poems. As the poet's eyes gradually appear, unlike Wang Wei's observation of the scenery in a static state, he has a relatively stable perspective. Secondly, when Meng Haoran writes poems, he often "on a whim" and "sings when he meets the scenery, but does not catch strange things". When commenting on Meng Haoran, Yin Yun said that he "restored the original image without paying attention to it" and attached importance to "image", which can be said to be a universal feature of Meng Haoran's poems. The so-called "towards the star" means that the poet's emotion and spirit control the image, making it integrate with the poet's spiritual vibration, thus gaining life, individuality and vitality. His poems are often based on "Xing" and "Xiang", highlighting the main emotional feelings and unifying them to construct a complete artistic conception. Therefore, his poems often have no surprising words and no particularly hard sentences in them. However, because the poet is "on a whim" and writes out of his understanding of natural scenery, his poems look very good as a whole. Therefore, Mr. Wen Yiduo said that his poems "are not tightly built in a couplet or a sentence, but are diluted and evenly spread throughout the whole article, making the poems invisible." Thirdly, as far as style is concerned, Meng's poetry is diluted and the realm of poetry is light. He often uses line drawing, which has a natural taste but a mellow charm. Shen Deqian, a poet in A Qing, said that he "speaks lightly but not lightly", which is to express this feature of his poems. Meng Haoran's poems also have magnificent works under the plain theme. Pan Deyu, a poet in A Qing, pointed out that some of his poems are "vigorous and powerful, overlooking everything, and should not be viewed only by the clear words", while Hu Zhenheng's Tang Yin Gui Qian quoted Pu Yin as saying that his poems are "diluted and rich". These comments are quite enlightening for us to fully understand the style characteristics of Meng's poems.
(2) Wang Wei
1, life file
Wang Wei was born in the first year of Chang 'an after Wu (70 1) and died in the second year of Shangyuan (76 1). His ancestral home is Taiyuan Qi (now Qixian County, Shanxi Province) and he moved from his father to Pu (now Yongji, Shanxi Province). Wei and his younger brother are both precocious geniuses. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty says, "When I was nine years old, I knew my subordinates, and I was just as famous as my brothers, and I was a filial friend." "Taiping Guangji" quoted "Ji Yi Ji" as saying: "The year is not weak, the article name. Sexual leisure temperament, wonderful pipa, roaming among princes and nobles, especially the king. " Around the age of fifteen, he and his younger brother came to Chang 'an and Luoyang from their hometown for activities. Because they were able to write poems, understand music, be good at painting, and have various artistic talents, they were deeply welcomed by the aristocratic society at that time, so they often went in and out of the doors of dignitaries such as princes and Xu Ma. In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (72 1), he was a scholar at the age of 21. According to "Tai Ping Guang Ji", he entered the Princess House with Wang Qi, and was relieved by playing "Yu Lun Pao". It may not be credible, but it is true that he is proficient in music, and he was appointed as the Great Music City after winning the prize. However, he was soon demoted as the treasurer of Jeju (now Changqing County, Shandong Province) to join the army because the actor jumped the yellow lion. Ten years later, Kaiyuan returned to Chang 'an in 21 or 2 years, when he was thirty-three or four years old. Wang Wei returned to Chang 'an as an official because of Zhang Jiuling's appreciation and promotion. His poem "Dedicate the Beginning to Prosper the People" is a tribute to Zhang Jiuling. In the poem, Zhang Jiuling is praised: "If you smell a gentleman, you will ask the party for revenge. I don't sell public tools, I moved to make a living. " He also said that his dedication was not out of "personal interest". Zhang later asked him to pick it up for you. After Zhang Jiuling kicked out Li's strike, his mood was very low. He said in "To Jingzhou Prime Minister Zhang": "What are you thinking? I am very disappointed in Jingmen. There are no acquaintances in the world, and I miss my old kindness all my life. Jiang Fang and agricultural nurseries, art planting in old Yuan Qiu. Now that you have seen the geese in the south, why send a message! " He said he would resign and retire, but Wang Wei didn't dare to break with Li publicly, so he didn't really resign. In March of the 25th year of Kaiyuan, Cui was sent to Hexi as a judge. This time, he witnessed the strange frontier scenery and wrote frontier poems such as To Frontier fortress. Two years later, he returned to Beijing as a consultant. In the twenty-eighth year of Kaiyuan, he went to Xiangyang to preside over the South Election Examination, and wrote poems such as Jianghan Lintiao. After returning to Beijing, I began to live as an official and a hermit. He first hid in Zhong Nanshan, and then found another job in Linchuan, Lantian. After the renovation, as a place for his mother to worship Buddha, he also lived in seclusion here. After his transformation, Wangchuan has more than 20 scenic spots such as Mengcheng 'ao, Huazigang, Wenxing Pavilion and Chai Lu. And he lived in seclusion here with his good friend Pei Di, "frankly communicating, playing the piano and composing poems, and singing all day long". Wang Chuan Ji is his chorus with Pei Di. * * * includes 20 poems by him and 20 poems by Pei Di, mainly singing about 20 scenic spots in Wangchuan, all of which are five-character quatrains. During this period, he also created representative landscape poems, such as Weishui Farmhouse, Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains, Looking at the Sunny Evening, Leave a Message from Wangchuan, etc. In the 14th year of Tianbao, "An Shi Rebellion" broke out. In the second year, the rebels attacked Chang 'an, Xuanzong went to Shu, and Wang Wei and other officials were caught by the rebels and awarded fake officials. Wang Wei pretended to be ill, but he didn't dare to resist. One day, An Lushan gave a big banquet in Ningbichi, Luoyang, and invited all the men in the pear garden to join in the fun. All the men cried. After visiting Wang Wei and telling him about it, Wei was so sad that he wrote a four-line poem: "Every family is sad to have wild smoke, and a hundred officials will go to heaven again." Autumn flowers fall into the palace and orchestral strings are played in the pool. " After the recovery of Chang 'an, Wei was imprisoned after being convicted by a pseudo-official. As a result, the poem missed the court, spread to the line, and was praised by Su Zong. In addition, his younger brother made a contribution to pacify the chaos, and he was willing to cut his own official for his younger brother's atonement. Because of his forgiveness, he was responsible for granting the prince authority, and later moved the illegitimate son of the prince, Zhongshu Sheren, and so on. In the end, you Cheng, a senior official, was later called Wang Youcheng. However, after this major political change, he felt deeply guilty, more depressed, and had no intention of seeking honor or disgrace. "Old Tang Book" said that he "lived in Beijing for more than a dozen monks and took pleasure in mysterious conversations. There is nothing in his den but a teapot, a mortar, scriptures and a rope bed. After retiring from the DPRK, I burned incense and sat alone, taking meditation as my career. " It is a portrayal of life in this period. A few years later, this outstanding poet and painter passed away.
2. Wang Wei's creation
The Collection of Wang Youcheng (Zhao Diancheng's Notes on Wang Youcheng's Collections in Qing Dynasty and Chen Tiemin's Notes on Wang Wei's Collections) contains about 400 poems written by Wang Wei all his life. Generally speaking, Wang Wei's life can be divided into two periods with Tianbao as the boundary. In the early stage, Wang Wei had a positive attitude towards life, yearned for enlightened politics, enthusiastically pursued fame and fortune, and exposed some unreasonable phenomena in society. Because this period was the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, all aspects of social life showed a vigorous atmosphere, so many of his poems reflected the unique spirit of the times in that period and were called "the weather of the prosperous Tang Dynasty". The poem is full of a positive spirit, such as the heroic ranger, the general's bravery, the national prestige of the Tang Dynasty, the hardship of garrison, the joy of triumph and so on. For example, his "A Boy's Journey": "Xinfeng has a thousand wines, and Xianyang has a ranger for many years. Hui Ling drinks for the king, Gao Ma. "The heroism of the young ranger in the poem actually reflects the mental outlook of people in a specific era. In the later period, due to the increasingly serious negative thoughts, Wang Wei's political initiative in the early stage turned into passive retirement, and his works were different from those in the early stage in content and style. Especially his semi-official and semi-secluded life in his later period turned his creative focus to the theme of landscape and pastoral. Although these works are not as warm, bright, optimistic and enterprising as his previous works, they have made outstanding achievements in art, making him one of the best writers in China's pastoral poetry school.
At that time, Wang Wei was called "a generation of literati". His poetry themes are also comprehensive, including frontier poems, farewell poems, women's poems, pastoral poems and so on. Representative frontier fortress poems include "Going to Frontier Fortress" and "Joining the Army", poems on women's themes include "A Song of a Girl in Luoyang", farewell poems include "Yuan Shi Er An Xi" and "Sending Shen Zifu to Jiangdong". Only lovesickness is like spring scenery, and Jiangnan Jiangbei will send you home. However, among these themes, frontier poems and pastoral poems are the most prominent, and it is his pastoral poems that have established his position in the history of Tang poetry. These poems not only best reflect his artistic creativity, but also reach the highest achievement of China's pastoral poems. Mr. Wen Yiduo said: "Wang Wei has established a tradition of authentic China poetry for China's poetry, and most people in China will take this as the standard in the future, that is, to recuperate their temperament and enjoy nature", which roughly refers to his kind of poetry. As far as artistic features are concerned, Wang Wei's poems have the following characteristics.