The Hokkien language is deeply influenced by the Dong-Taiwan language family. Since Vietnam, Fujian, Guangdong and other places were the areas of the Yue people in ancient times, the ancient Chinese language used by the northern Han people after they migrated south was greatly influenced by the Vietnamese language. In ancient times, Vietnam was China's territory from the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, even from China After the separation, it still maintained close relations with southern China. Vietnam was still a vassal state of China from the Five Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty. In ancient Vietnam, the ancient Vietnamese language, which was a fusion of ancient Chinese and ancient Yue, was used for more than 1,000 years. Modern research has also shown that the Tai-Kadai language family (TAI-KADAI) is also very closely related to the original Sino-Tibetan language family and ancient Chinese. The Dong-Taiwan language family includes the Dong, Zhuang, and Dai ethnic groups in China, as well as Thai and Myanmar Zen languages ??in Southeast Asia.

Usually only dialects belonging to the same language family will have the same "core lexicon" - such as heaven, earth, sun and moon, heart, liver, hands and feet, which are real and innate. The same words between different language families are usually borrowed from one party to the other. They are new things brought by trade or abstract concepts brought by cultural exchanges.

However, Hokkien has so many non-Chinese words that it even includes some core words. The most obvious example is "meat", pronounced [bah] in Hokkien. The Hokkien Chinese in Malaysia spell "Bak Kut Teh" as Bak-Kut-Teh.

In fact, the word "肉" in Hokkien has a second reading of Wenbai, which is [bah] in spoken language, but it is [jiok] in written language. Wendu represents the pronunciation of the official language of the dynasty after it was introduced into dialects. The Wendu [jiok] of "肉" in Minnan dialect exactly represents the pronunciation of "肉" in Middle Chinese. "Rou" in Middle Chinese such as "Guangyun" is the Japanese character, "日屋合三入通", IPA [?juk~?juk] (modern Beijing dialect /rou/, Cantonese /yuk/). But the Japanese character [?~?] cannot be [b-] in ancient Chinese anyway. (The actual spoken pronunciation of the word meat is [hiak8]. This sound exists in urban Quanzhou, most areas of Jinjiang, Shishi, Nan'an and other places. It is pronounced as [hik8]. It can be seen that although [bah] refers to "meat", it is not actually The pronunciation of "肉". The colloquial pronunciation of "肉" in other Hokkien areas has been replaced by [bah] of southern ethnic minorities. I don't know if there is a pronunciation of [hiak8].

Try to compare the non-Chinese pronunciation of South China and Southeast Asia. "Meat"——

Tai-Kadai (Dong Tai): Zhuang Tuzhou dialect: b[¬]k,

Zhuang Guangxi Tiandeng, Debao, Jing West: ba:i, ma:i, w*

Tai (Thai): -Lue: m[a()n, Sui: man (oil), Li: mam*

Austronesian: Indonesia (Indonesia): ge-muk (fat) [root muk]

The pronunciation of "肉" in Dong-Taiwanese, Thai, and Indonesian is the same as the colloquial Hokkien "肉" "[bah] is closer. Obviously, the word "肉" was borrowed from the southern ethnic minorities into the Hokkien dialect. And the core vocabulary "rou" is also borrowed from foreign languages, which shows that the relationship between the Hokkien language and the languages ??of the southern ethnic minorities is very deep. Ancient Southeast Asian loanwords

The Heluo people live at the ocean exit of China, and their interactions with the outside world are much earlier than those of other regions. Moreover, due to the strong colonial tradition of the Heluo people, the Heluo people have great connections with overseas countries, especially overseas. The exchanges with Southeast Asia are extremely close. Accordingly, there are quite a few borrowed words from Southeast Asia in the Heluo language. During the Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, Quanzhou developed into the largest port in the East. From then on, the starting point of the ancient Maritime Silk Road was in Quanzhou. Exchanges with Southeast Asia became more frequent. Overseas Chinese brought foreign languages ??to Fujian. Over time, some loanwords entered the Hokkien language and became part of the Hokkien language.

For example, sat-bûn (soap, Xuewen, Hokkien itself is called "tea hoop"), pa-sat (market), chi-ku-la?t (chocolate), chu-lu?t (cigar) , phia?t-á (dish), tōng-kat (cane), si?p-pán-á (iron plate hand), ba?k-thâu (trademark), àu-sài (out side) (out of bounds) ), te?k-sî (taxi, now mostly pronounced as "taxi" in the Hokkien language in Taiwan), pa-sū (bus, bus, public buses used for daily transportation in Taiwan are pronounced "public buses") *car" trend), má-tih (death), gō?-kha-kī (arcade), ka-po?k/ka-pò?-mî (kapok), ko-pi (coffee).

Modern Southeast Asian loanwords

International academic circles refer to Indonesian, Malay, and modern Malay in Brunei and Singapore as Malay. Looking at the borrowed words from the southern Fujian dialect, it can also be proved that the people of southern Fujian have made valuable contributions to promoting cultural exchanges between China and Indonesia, Malaysia and other countries.

Chinese loanwords in Indonesian and Malay are mainly loanwords from the southern Fujian dialect

Table (1) Chinese loanwords in Malay dictionaries

Dictionary notes The total number of other dictionaries that clearly indicate that they are Chinese loanwords

Indonesian Popular Dictionary 155 89 244

Indonesian Modern Dictionary 99 28 127

Indonesia Language Dictionary 94 43 137

Indonesian Dictionary 17 66 83

Jakarta Dialect Dictionary 29 105 134

Malaysian German-Wanese Dictionary 158 103 261

< p>Modern Malay (Malay-Chinese dual interpretation) dictionary 464 0 464

Malay-English dictionary 305 34 339

It can be seen from Table (1) that in Malay There are a large number of Chinese loanwords.

Table (2) South Fujian dialect loan words in Malay dictionaries

Dictionary Chinese loan words among which South Fujian dialect loan words are proportion of South Fujian dialect loan words

Eight dictionaries 511 456 89.2%

Indonesian Popular Dictionary 244 218 89.3%

Malaysian German-Wanese Dictionary 261 231 88.5%

The Chinese loanwords referred to in the eight dictionaries At least one dictionary indicates that it is a Chinese loanword.

From eight Malay dictionaries, 511 Chinese loanwords were found, among which there were at least 456 loanwords from the southern Fujian dialect, accounting for 89.2% of all Chinese loanwords.

If we add up the Chinese loanwords in Indonesian and Malay newspapers, literary and artistic works, and dictionaries, there are at least 1,046. Table (3)

Statistics of Chinese dialect loanwords in Indonesian and Malay

Number of dialect names

Chaozhou dialect loanwords 3 0.3%

Minnan dialect loan words 952 91%

Guangfu (Guangzhou) dialect loan words 8 0.8%

Hakka dialect loan words 8 0.8%

Both Guangfu Dialect and Hakka dialect loanwords 4 0.3%

Unidentified Chinese dialect loanwords 71 ??6.8%

Total 1046 100%

Why Indonesian and Malay dictionaries Among the Chinese loanwords included, do southern Fujian dialect loanwords account for the majority? This has its historical, social and other reasons. In recent centuries, among the overseas Chinese and Chinese in Indonesia and Malaysia, Southern Fujianese have accounted for a considerable number. After the Yuan Dynasty, the number of Fujianese going to Indonesia and Malaysia increased day by day. According to Zhou Zhizhong's "Exotic Chronicles", during the Yuan Dynasty, there was "constant exchanges" between Chinese maritime merchants going to Java. In the Ming Dynasty, more people from southern Fujian went to sea. Xu Fuyuan's "Dredging the Sea and Forbidden Dredging" pointed out: "...you can see that the southeast coastal areas have made a living by selling the sea. They have been here for a long time, and Fujian is even more so. Fujian's Fu, Xing, Quan, and Zhang (Fuzhou, Fujian, etc.) Putian, Quanzhou, and Zhangzhou) are bordered by mountains and seas. There is not enough farmland for farming, and there is no way for non-market merchants to provide food and clothing. Their people are indifferent to the waves and care about life and death. This is also due to their habits, and this is even more true in Zhangzhou.

...However, people's sentiments tend to be favorable, just like water flowing into gullies. It is very easy to resolve it, but very difficult to block it. ” ⑥ Xu Xueju also said in his article “First Report on Hongmao Fanshu”: “Mostly, the disciplines of Fujian Province are very bad and everyone is confused, which is a real danger. "Zhang and Quan are in exile, and the black goods are not enough." ⑦ This reflects the historical situation that Fujian has many mountains and little land, and a large number of Fujian people went to sea to make a living.

The most serious period of population outflow in southern Fujian was in the Qing Dynasty. Peasants The failure of the uprising was one of the important reasons. In the 1870s, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, Gao Qizhuo, and others reported to Emperor Yongzheng: "About sixty-seven out of ten people who went abroad were from Fujian Province, and three out of ten from Guangdong and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. 4". ⑩ After the Opium War, our country became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country. A large number of bankrupt farmers and urban poor had no way to make a living and were forced to travel across the ocean to make a living. The number of overseas Chinese and Chinese in Southeast Asia increased sharply. Modern Japanese Borrowing words

From a cultural point of view, the Japanese and the Heluo people have many similarities, and the exchanges between the two places are extremely close. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Heluo people vigorously colonized Japan. In modern times, Taiwan was colonized by Japan, and Fujian has long been under Japan's sphere of influence. Therefore, the two languages ??have borrowed words from each other. Most of the Japanese loan words in Taiwanese were abandoned during the "de-Japanization" movement after World War II. Not many have survived to this day, but some are still very vital, such as bento, medieval car, asari, town, wild ball, flying machine, turtle, etc. Many people think that these words are only used on the island of Taiwan, but in fact they are only used on the island of Taiwan. , with the integration of Heluo culture, these words have long been active in Heluo people from all over the world. Modern English loanwords

English is the world's lingua franca, and there are many English loanwords from Hokkien, such as Outside, boycott, Sibai, etc.

In addition to borrowed words, there is also a very special multilingual fusion word in the Hokkien vocabulary, which is often mixed with Mandarin, Japanese, and Hakka. , LKK, Ada, ATO, no food, etc.

It is worth mentioning that the borrowing of vocabulary is often mutual. There are a large number of Hokkien loanwords in Japanese and Southeast Asian languages, such as "Wow" in Mandarin. Thiem, working hard, getting ahead, lao KO KO (meaning old, usually refers to the elderly, and is often used to describe a person's age), bad head shell, robbing mad, ATO, even, Subusu, etc. are also made in Taiwan , the pronunciation of Tea in English is similar to that of Hokkien. Many borrowed words are borrowed many times, such as Xue Wen, Hokkien is borrowed from Indonesian, and Indonesian is borrowed from French. Because of their long usage, it is difficult to detect them. foreign identities, such as kiss (pour), holding hands, etc. which are said to be borrowed from the aboriginal language.