The Liaodong area is the birthplace of the Manchu people, and it is still where the Manchu people live together. Among the many Manchu surnames in Liaodong, the people in the Manchu settlement areas usually regard the eight Manchu surnames Tong, Guan, Ma, Suo, He, Fu, Na and Lang as the famous surnames of Chen Manzhou, and at the same time, they are also commonly known as "Manchu surnames". Eight surnames." However, the Manchu surnames commonly known as the Eight Major Surnames today are surnames with Chinese characters that have been used or reused since the mid-Qing Dynasty. Historically, they are the direct descendants of the Jurchens and the early ancestors of the Manchus who entered the Liaodong region.

Looking for the origin and evolution of the eight major surnames in Manchuria in Liaodong is an important topic in the study of the history of Manchu social development and an indispensable project in the study of Manchu genealogy. It will shed light on the early social aspects of the Manchu people. Provide a strong historical basis for the situation in this regard. For the above reasons alone, this article will analyze the historical evolution of the eight major surnames among the prominent Manchu families in Liaodong, and ask the Fang family to correct them.

Manchu surnames have evolved frequently over the course of history. "Although Manchuria was first defined, they were all named by surnames later. The eight major surnames of the Manchu people in Liaodong were also changed to Chinese characters in modern times. The "Yangji Zhai Conglu" records: "In all official and private documents, names are not mentioned. , everyone calls him by the first character of his name, and his surname is Ran. The naming may be in Manchu or Chinese; when using Chinese, two characters will be used, and three characters will not be used, so as to confuse it with Manchu. "It can be seen from the above records that in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, various Manchu clans had an extremely irregular trend in the process of naming and changing surnames with Chinese characters. The emergence of this trend even affected the supreme rule of the feudal Qing Dynasty. Emperor Qianlong was also shocked and had to issue the following edict: "The Eight Banners Manchuria and Mongolia have surnames, but over the years, many people have abandoned their original surnames and adopted the Han custom. For example, if Niu is called Niu, or his surname is changed to Lang, even if he refers to the previous character, he should still call Niu. How can he call him "Lang" directly, which is the same as the Chinese surname? The surname is the foundation of Manchuria, and it has a lot to do with it. For the sake of urgency. If we don't follow the rules now, and if we follow them for a long time, our original surnames will be forgotten, and no one will know them anymore. "However, the shock and rectification by the ruling class did not actually play any role in restraining Manchu surnames from using Chinese characters or changing their surnames. Even within the royal family, irregular cases of using Chinese surnames appeared. The descendants of Shuerhaqi, the younger brother of Nurhachi, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, had the Manchu surname Aixinjueluo. However, during this period, a clan actually took the Chinese character Pu as their surname, and this irregular use of Chinese characters has been used to this day. In the fusion of ethnic cultures with surnames and surnames using Chinese characters, the eight major surnames in Manchuria in Liaodong were also named after the original Manchu surnames and changed to surnames in Chinese characters under the above premise. The surnames are: Tong, Guan, Ma, Suo and He. , Fu, Na, and Lang are still used today.

1. The members of the Tong surname in Buddhism are found in every region of Liaodong. The modern and modern place names are Tongjia, Tongjia, and Tongjia. The names of many villages and fortresses are the places where they lived. The surnames Tong and Tong are both Manchu surnames and have different pronunciations. They all originated from the surname Tong Jia in the early Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the Tongjia clan, the Genealogy of the Eight Banners Clan in Manchuria recorded the following record about Tong Yangzheng, a member of the Tongjia clan: “Tong Yangzheng was a native of the Xianghuang Banner and lived in the area of ??the Tong family. During the Ming Dynasty, his ancestor, Dalhan Tumotu, traded with Dongwang, Wangzhaozhou, Suo Shengge, etc., and then lived in Kaiyuan and later moved to Fushun. "In historical records, in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the surname Tong was Tong Jia, which was based on the place name Tong Jia, and many of its clan members were people who entered the Ming Dynasty for trade. As a surname based on the place, it was the Jurchen in the Ming Dynasty A major feature of the surnames is that they are in constant migration, fishing, hunting and gathering, and the same is true for those whose surnames are based on their habitat, such as the Juercha family, Zhangjia family, and Suochuoluo family. These surnames are Jurchen surnames that appeared in the Ming Dynasty. The scope of their surnames is similar to today's Tongjia Village, Zhangjiabao and other modern place names named after surnames. However, these place names named after the Ming Dynasty are not the same. The surname used is not the original surname of their clan.

Before the mid-Ming Dynasty, according to the Korean "Long Fei Yu Tian Ge": "There is a surname of Jiawen among the Jurchens." According to historical data, Jiawen is the surname. Jurchen surnames dating back to the Jin and Yuan dynasties are also homophonic to the Jiagu surname. Jiagu was a major Jurchen surname in the Jin Dynasty. There are biographies of more than a dozen people with the surname Jiagu in the "History of the Jin Dynasty". Among them. For example: "Jiagu Qingchen's real name is Abusha, and he is also from Huandu in Huli. He has a majestic appearance and is good at riding and shooting. In the eighth year of Emperor Tong's reign, he attacked his ancestors and arrived at Meng'an. In the thirteenth year of Dading, the female straight Jinshi Examination was established. The fourth person in Hengzhong was a professor of Bu Dongping Prefecture.

" Regarding the surname Jiagu, "Jin Shi·Guoyu" annotated: "Jiagu means Tong." Tong, Tong and Tong are homophones in Chinese characters, and the same surname Jiagu evolved into the name in Korean historical materials. The surname Jiawen was recorded in the history. This surname was used by Nurhachi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and his ancestors. It is also recorded in historical materials, such as "Yilandouman Jiawen Mengge Timur, Tong Fancha, Tong Mingchang, It can be seen from the above that the descendants of the Jurchens in Jianzhou today, with the Chinese surnames Tong, Tong and the same surname, are all Jurchen Jiagu surnames from the Jin Dynasty.

2 ．The Guan surname is a surname that evolved from the Jurchen surname Guarjia in the pre-Qing Dynasty. It means "residence". The Guarjia clan was a clan with a large population and a very prominent historical position in the Liaodong region in the early Qing Dynasty. The clan changed its surname to Guan in the middle of the Qing Dynasty and has continued to use it to this day.

As early as before the Qing Dynasty, when Nurhaci, the founder of the Qing Dynasty, started his business, members of the Guarjia clan of today's Manchu surnames were engaged in the unification of the Later Jin Dynasty. During the Later Jin Dynasty, many members of the clan. Fei Yingdong, one of the founding fathers of the Qing Dynasty, was named one of the five auxiliary ministers by Nurhachi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty. As early as 1588, he and his father Sorguo personally led the 500 households of the Suwanguarjia tribe. At the beginning of the Hou Jin regime, Fei Yingdong was brave and good at fighting, and was awarded the title of first-class minister. In addition, there were many members of the Gualjia clan such as Tu Lai and Gang Lin who became important ministers of the Qing Dynasty. His outstanding achievements have made him famous in history.

The Guarjia family is a surname named after the region. This surname was used from the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty. Harjia, but long before the Ming Dynasty, the surname Guan of the Manchu people in Liaodong evolved from the Jurchen surname Gulijia in the Jin and Yuan dynasties to the surname Guarjia. The evolution has been confirmed in the "Research on the Origin of Manchuria" compiled by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The surname Gulijia has been repeatedly recorded in the historical materials of the Jin Dynasty. The 49th chapter of "History of the Jin Dynasty" contains: "Gulijia Stone". Lun, a native of Long'an, ascended the throne through martial arts. "From the surname Gulijia in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties to the surname Guarjia in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it is obvious from the pronunciation that it was formed by a change in sound. But in the Jin Dynasty, Gulijia was a Jurchen clan. The common surname, "Jin Shi Guoyu" annotates: "Guli Jia said Wang", which means the Chinese surname is translated as Wang. Tracing back to the ancestors of the Guan surname of the Manchu people in Liaodong today, they first lived in the vast areas of Heilongjiang and the middle and lower reaches of the Songhua River. In the long history, the tribe migrated several times and lived in various parts of the Northeast. However, as the original residence of the Guarjia tribe, according to research by Mr. Li Lin, a Qing historian, “it was originally the jurisdiction of the Five Kingdoms in the Liao Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty. It was renamed Huli Kaibu, which is within today's Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province." The descendants of the Guarjia clan in today's Liaodong moved to Liaodong during the southern migration. The surname Guarjia used by the descendants of the clan was during the migration and residence. The surname formed by the place of origin. The change from Gulijia to Guarjiayin is a historical coincidence. Historically, the evolution of the surname of the Guan clan in Liaodong should be: Gulijia (Chinese translation) during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Wang surname); Guarjia in the Ming and Qing Dynasties; Guan surname in the middle and late Qing Dynasty to the present day.

3. The Manchu surname Ma. The surnames in the Liaodong area are divided into two different blood groups: the Hanjun Banner people and the Manchu Banner people. Since the two different blood group people have the same surname and live in the Liaodong area, it is very easy to cause confusion in origin. The surname of the army bannermen refers to the original Han ethnic group with the horse surname who joined the Manchu ethnic group due to surrender, surrender or other reasons in the middle and early Qing Dynasty. After they joined the Manchu ethnic group and were incorporated into the Eight Banners of the Han Army. Like the clans of the Eight Banners of Manchuria, they compiled genealogies, and in the process of compiling the genealogy, the character "Jia" was added to their Ma surnames to form the Ma Jia surname, making it difficult for the world to distinguish who were descendants of Jurchens and who were descendants of Jurchens. They are descendants of the Han people in the Central Plains.

The Ma clan is a descendant of the Jurchens in the Eight Banners of Manchuria. In the early Qing Dynasty, their clan name was the Ma Jia clan. Volume 7 of "General Genealogy of Clan" contains: "Ma Jia is the name of a place, so he is considered a surname. Their clans are scattered in Suifen, Majia and other places." In terms of biographies, historical materials have many records of the Majia family's ancestors. "Hedong'e, a native of Xianghuang Banner, lived in Majia for a long time, and came back in the early days of the country. In the early years of the Republic of China, He Dong'e and his younger brother Nima Chan led fifty-five households from Manchuria to return.

"Luo Erji, a native of Zhenghong Banner, has lived in Majia for a long time and came back in the early days of the country." His son Luo Duoli was originally appointed to protect the military academy. "It can be seen from this that the Ma Jia clan in the Eight Banners of Manchuria is a clan that took the surname Ma with Chinese characters after the mid-Qing Dynasty. When they gave the surname, they took the first character of Ma from the original Jurchen surname Ma Jia. The surname Ma, which resembles the Han surname, was formed as a surname.

In the history of Manchu social development, the Ma Jia surname was only the surname of the ancestors of the Ma surname from the middle and early Qing Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, and has been changed from related surnames. It is supported by historical data that it is a surname derived from the region. Regarding this, the "Ma Jia Clan Genealogy Book" also records: "My Ma Jia family originated from Ma Jia, Manchuria, and lived in Jialiku City for many generations. "However, before this, the surname Ma Jia did not appear in historical records. According to the origin of the Ma Jia family genealogy: "My distant ancestor, the original husband, actually belongs to the same family as the ancestor of the Feimo family. One source. Hui suffered family troubles and moved to the Jiali Kumajia area because they thought they were surnames." "Majia and Feimo are actually the same clan." From the above records, it can be seen that the surname Majia of the Jurchens in history was It appeared after the clan suffered a disaster and set aside a branch to live in another place. The original surname of this branch should be the Feimo family in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. According to the "Manzhou Origins" record: "In the old days. Called Pei Manshi. "History of the Jin Dynasty·Guoyu" records: "Pei Man said Ma." "That is, the Jurchen surname Pei Man in the Jin Dynasty was translated into Chinese as Ma. In this way, after the Jin Dynasty, the surnames of today's Manchu Ma clans in Liaodong evolved into: Pei Man (Chinese translation Ma surname) in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties; Fei Man in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties The Mo clan evolved into the Ma Jia clan from the Ming Dynasty to the mid-Qing Dynasty. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the surname was changed to the Chinese character Ma.

4. The Manchu clan Suo clan was born in the late Qing Dynasty. The Chinese surname used in the crown. Previously, the clan's Manchu surname was Suochuoluo. According to the "Suochuoluo Family Genealogy", the clan "originally lived in the Changbai Mountain area and moved to Xiuyan and Xingjing areas in Liaodong during the Kangxi period." However, the "Eight Banners Manchu Clan Genealogy" records: "The Suochuoluo family is originally a place name, so it is considered a surname. Their clans are scattered in Huifa and other places. "Songguotuo (Songwutu), the ancestor of the Suo family in the Liaodong area, is recorded in many historical materials in the early Qing Dynasty: "Songguotuo was a man with a red flag in Manchuria. He lived in the Huifa area for generations and came back in the early years of the country. He entered the customs with the army as an idle white body. Arriving in Shandong, he attacked Linqing City by ladder, took the lead in ascending the city, and was awarded the title of Cavalry Captain. When Ding Ding was in Yanjing, he conquered Shanhaiguan and defeated 200,000 Dashun troops, horse and infantry. He was awarded the title of Yunqi Lieutenant for his merits, and was promoted to the first-class light chariot captain three times when he met the imperial edict. After that, his descendants succeeded him for several generations. "According to historical records, the ancestors of the Suochuo Luo family in Liaodong were originally Haixi Jurchens. They migrated several times with the Haixi Jurchens from the Songhua River Basin to the Huifa River Basin. "Returning at the beginning of the country" merged into Jianzhou The specific time of the Jurchens should be that they returned in 1607 when Nurhaci unified the four Hulun tribes and recovered the Huifa tribe. Before their migration, their original residence was in the lower reaches of the Songhua River, namely in the Ming Dynasty, such as Wuhanhewei, Feihewei, and Uzhewei. , settled in the Huifa River Basin in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and during this period, they were named Suochuo Luo.

According to the textual research of the book "Manchu Genealogy Research", Suochuo was named. Before the Luo family settled in the Huifa River Basin in the mid-Ming Dynasty, their ancestors were from the Nimacha people in Heilongjiang, and the Jurchens who originally lived in "Feihewei and Wuhanhewei were Yidelishi". Yidelishi and Nimacha The same clan as the Cha family. Nimacha is the transliteration of Nimaha in Jurchen language. Nimaha belonged to the Jurchen Nipang tribe in the Jin Dynasty, and its surname was Nimanggu. It should be noted that the Chinese character for the surname in the Jin Dynasty was Yu. What's more, the ancient Chinese translation of Nimaha in the Jin Dynasty is fish, and today's Manchu nimaha is also translated into Chinese as fish. Based on the above, the surname of the Sochuro clan evolved from the Jin Dynasty. From then on, the surnames of Nimaungu, Nimaha, Yideli, and Suochuoluo were successively used. Finally, the first character of the polysyllabic surname Suo was prefixed with the Chinese character surname, and it was continued

So far.

5. The He family is one of the Manchu surnames in the Liaodong area. He and the He family are the same as the Manchu surname Hesheli. The two are homophones. The Hesheli clan lives in various parts of Liaodong, and the clan has a comprehensive family genealogy book, which contains detailed descriptions of the clan's migration and origin.

The He family was given the surname He in the early years of Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty. Before that, his surname was He Sheli. "The surname Hesheli was a surname named after the river after the clan migrated from its original place of residence. The ancestors of the Hesheli family historically lived at the confluence of Songhua River and Heilongjiang. In the Jin Dynasty, they returned to Huli and changed their route. .

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Hesheli family began to migrate together with the Jianzhou Jurchens with other surnames. During the migration, they migrated to Xufen River Basin, Tumen River Basin and Changbai Mountain area, and finally settled in Suzi River and Hun River Basin.

After the Hesheli clan settled in the Suzi River and Hun River basins, members of the clan made outstanding contributions to the creation of the Hou Jin regime before the Qing Dynasty. "Shuose Bakshi, a native of the Zhenghuang Banner, the seventh son of Governor Mu Hulu, and the grandson of Tehena. In the early days of the country, he returned with his younger brother Xifu Bakshi. Emperor Taizu Gao used Shuose to be a master of Manchu, Han and Mongolia. His son Sonny, who was also proficient in Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian writing, was given the name Bakshi and was awarded the title of Qixinlang of the Ministry of Civil Affairs by the first-class bodyguard. He was awarded the title of Captain of Cavalry, and he followed the army on expeditions and performed meritorious deeds. "It can be known from the historical records of the migration of the Hesheli family in the pre-Qing Dynasty that this surname was adopted in the early Ming Dynasty. Before that, their ancestors should be traced to the Jurchen He Shilie tribe of the Jin Dynasty. During the migration at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, their tribes lived separately in the Bulha River, Tangwang River and Longwu River basins of Yanbian today. The people of the Heshilie tribe in the Jin Dynasty had the surname Heshilie, which was based on the tribe. He Shilie's surname is translated into Chinese as Gao. The surname of He Shilie is recorded in "History of the Jin Dynasty: Biography": "He Shilie was at the end of the Hengduan period. On the southwest road, Hu Lun and the Song Dynasty cut and defeated the people. He attacked his brother Yin Shu and planned to defeat them. Taihe attacked the Song Dynasty, marched thousands of households, and defeated the Song army of two thousand. In Caizhou, General Jia Yiwu crossed the Huaihe River from Shouzhou and defeated the Song Dynasty's 15,000 cavalry at Yaoziling, and then defeated Anfeng's army."

It can be seen from the historical records of the Jin Dynasty. It is noted that the Jurchen He Shilie clan was already a clan with numerous clans as early as the Jin Dynasty. Due to the large number of clans, long before the Heshel clan adopted the surname Heshel, there were other clans. The middle crown of Shi Lie's family was separated with a new surname, and the branch of He Shi Lie's crown with the Chinese translation of Gao's surname was separated in this way. At this point, the evolution of the surnames of the He family of the Manchu people in Liaodong today are as follows: during the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the He Shilie surname (translated into Chinese as Gao); from the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties to the mid-Qing Dynasty, the surname Hesheli; from the late Qing Dynasty to the present , Hershey.

6． Rich surname clan. The Fu family and the Fu family among the Manchus in Liaodong today are descendants of the Fucha family from the same original Manchu surname. Fu and Fu are just homophones that appear when the Chinese characters are used in the title. The Manchu Fucha surname was a surname in the late Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty. Following the cultural customs of the Han nationality, the first syllable of the Manchu polysyllabic surname was Fu and Fu, and the crown was given in Chinese characters.

Early before the mid-Ming Dynasty, the ancestors of today’s Fu family lived in the Ash River and Omin River basins in today’s Yitong County, Jilin Province during their migration. Fucha is a surname named after a place. "Eight Banners Manchu Clan Genealogy" records: "Fucha is a place name, so it is a surname. Its clans are very complex, scattered in Shaji, Yehe...Changbai Mountain and other places." "Fucha's ancestor Wangjinu He was a Manchurian Xianghuang Banner who had lived in the Shaji area for a long time. In the early years of the Later Jin Dynasty, he led his tribe to return. Nurhaci, the Taizu of the Qing Dynasty, organized the tribe into half assistant leaders and was led by him. "In the unification war of various Jurchen tribes, there were many tribesmen. Achievements, as many as ten people have been reported in historical materials.

Look up the migration footprints of the Fucha clan before the Ming Dynasty. Their original residence was in the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang. The clan gradually moved southward following several large-scale migrations of the Jurchens in history. During the long history, many ruins where clans lived were left behind during the migration, and Feiyou City recorded in the family genealogy book is one of them.

As far back as the Jin and Yuan dynasties, the Fucha clan's clan surname was Pucha, which was the Jurchen surname of the Jin Dynasty and was also a prominent family in the Jin Dynasty. "Jin Shi Biography" records the biographies of more than a dozen members of the Pucha clan. "Pu Chaqi, whose real name is Ah Lian and whose courtesy name is Zongqing, is from Yangxin in Dizhou. He is a member of the Ministry of Punishment." "Pu Chaqi, whose real name is Monk, is from Suhe, Shangjing. He is the father of the empress. He has a profound nature and a clear understanding of it. , knows Khitan and Chinese characters, and is good at official affairs. "The Pucha family was in the Jin Dynasty. According to the annotation of "History of the Jin Dynasty, Guoyu": "Pucha is called Li", which is translated into Chinese as Li. It can be seen from this that the evolution of today's Manchu Fu surname (Fu surname) in Liaodong has undergone phonetic changes since the Jin Dynasty, but there has been no change in translation meaning. Therefore, it has formed from Pucha surname - Fucha surname - The entire evolution of the Fu family.

7. That surname is clan. The Manchu clan named Na is the seventh of the eight major surnames among the Manchu clans in Liaodong.

The surname Na comes from the phonetically shifted polysyllabic Manchu surname Nala. The Nala family is named after the Nala River basin, where the clan historically lived.

Although the Nala clan is a surname native to Manchuria, in the Ming Dynasty the clan was scattered in Yehe, Wula, Hada, Huifa and other places. Historical records record the surname Nala as: "Although they have the same surname, each of them is a clan." In this way, historical records confirm that the Jurchens with the surname Nala in the Ming Dynasty were not from the same clan.

The Na clan Manchu clan in Liaodong is the descendant of the Na La clan with the first ancestor Naqib as the ancestor as recorded in the clan genealogy, that is, the two Na La clans of Hada and Wula in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. clan. In addition, the Nala clan in other Jurchen tribes in Haixi has no blood relationship with this Nala clan. For example, the Nala clan of the Huifa tribe used the title of their surname in the "Nala clan genealogy book" of Liaodong. "The ancestors of Huifa were originally from Nimachadi, Woji District, on the east coast of Heilongjiang. Their original surname was Yike Deli. Their ancestors, Anguli and Xingjili, made money from Zaimu plantation in Heilongjiang and moved to Chalu Juyan! In the Chalu area, there were two people named Gayang'a and Tumotu of the Hulun country who had a surname of Nala. They had always had a close friendship. They both moved from Chalu to Zhangdi. The four of them made an appointment to make peace. Anguli and Xingjili became Attached to his surname. He slaughtered seven cattle to sacrifice to heaven and changed his surname to Nala. The province opened the original boundary of this northern paddock, and then destroyed the Hulun Kingdom. The village where Zhang Di lived was named Nala. The historical data of the Nala clan have clearly explained the blood relationship of the Nala clan. That is, among the four Haixi Jurchen tribes, the Nala clan of the Huifa and Yehe tribes, and the ancestors of the Nala clan of the Hada and Ula tribes, do not belong to the same family. Same clan. From historical records, it can be known that the ancestors of the Nala clan of Hada and Wula originally lived in the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang. They carried out two large-scale migrations at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. They moved to Xingxing at the end of the Ming Dynasty. Beijing area.

The surname of the Nala clan during the Ming Dynasty was changed from the sound shift. This surname is a sound shift produced by Nalan. Before that, the Nalan surname of the Jurchens in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties was Naci, and their tribe name was Nahe. The Nahe tribe once lived in the Yehe River Basin of present-day Jilin Province. In the Jin Dynasty, the Jurchen surname of the Naci family was translated into Chinese as Kang. It can be seen from this that the surname of the Na family of the Manchu people in Liaodong today has evolved according to the sound shift method of the original surname until the mid-Qing Dynasty when the surname was crowned with Chinese characters.

8. Lang clan. The Lang Manchu clan is a surname with Chinese characters derived from the Manchu surname Niuhulu. The first time they took the surname with Chinese characters is recorded in their genealogy during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. The surname Lang evolved from the Manchu word niohe, which was translated as wolf in Chinese, and evolved into Lang, which was used as a surname. This surname is the Chinese translation of the Manchu surname.

Niuhulu, "originally a Manchu place name, because it was a surname." The clan lives in Changbai Mountain, Ying'e and other places. In the Qing Dynasty, there were "difficult to enumerate official officials" among the members of the Niuhulu clan. The founding father of the Qing Dynasty, Fu Yidu, was a member of the Niuhulu clan.

The Niuhulu clan was the first Jurchen clan in Jianzhou to enter the Suzi River and Hun River basins. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, they moved from their original residence in the middle and lower reaches of the Heilongjiang and Songhua Rivers and experienced three great changes. A large-scale migration came to Foala area. Among them, the Changbai Mountain area recorded in historical records was only an intermediate residence for their clan during their migration southward.

In the Jin Dynasty, the surname of the Niu Hulu family was Nv Xilie. According to the "History of the Jin Dynasty·Guoyu": "Nv Xilierilang", which is the Chinese translation of the Jurchen language as the surname Lang. In the official historical material of the Qing Dynasty, "Manchuria Origins Examination", it is recorded that "the old daughter of the Niu Hulu family is the Xilie family". It can be seen from the above records that today's surname Lang has not undergone many changes in history like other Jurchen clan surnames. Instead, it has been translated into Chinese as Lang since the Jin Dynasty. As far back as the Jin Dynasty, the female Xilie family was recorded in official historical materials, such as "The female Xilie came out of the service and served as governor of Zhizhou. She was ordered by the province to move the people of the state to Jinshengbao." Also, "The daughter Xi Lieshouyu, whose courtesy name is Zhonghui, whose real name is Huli, changed her family name, and she is a straight-up and fierce-knocker on the road to Zhendingfu." In the Jin Dynasty, due to the large size of Nv Xilie's clan, the imperial court named the disciple army formed by Nv Xilie's clan after their family surnames.

The Lang surname of the Manchu people in Liaodong has evolved from the Jin and Yuan surnames to the present day. It was only the female Xi Lie who evolved into the Niuhulu surname in the early Ming Dynasty. The Niuhulu surname was then translated into Chinese and given the title of Lang This is the surname.

Manchu surnames before the mid-Qing Dynasty, in addition to inheriting the Jurchen surnames of the Jin and Yuan dynasties, most of the Manchu surnames recorded in the "Eight Banners Manchu Clan Genealogy" adopted the name of the place. The eight major surnames of the Manchu people living in Liaodong do not exceed this category.

In the process of Manchu clans inheriting the surnames from the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, due to the influence of various factors of social environment development in various historical periods, almost all the original surnames have undergone homophonic changes. The essence of these changes is closely related to the social and natural environment. The original surnames of the Jurchens are mostly Jurchen phrases with compound syllables. In the historical process of the continuous development and improvement of the Jurchen language, its pronunciation is also gradually changing. By the early Qing Dynasty, due to the influence of national cultural integration, the degree of pronunciation changes was even more intense. But the ending of the change is only reflected in the homophony of language syllables, and does not produce changes in the essence of language. This is reflected in the comparison of the Jurchen surnames recorded in the Jin Dynasty. Although various surnames were given in the historical years since the Jin Dynasty, there were many people who were given surnames randomly and separated from the original clan surnames

, such as Tong Jia among the eight surnames. , Guarjia, Majia, Sochuro, Hesheli, Fuca, Nala and Niuhulu. However, most of these surnames based on land have homophonic similarities with the original surnames.

Among the Jurchens whose surnames are based on the land, there are still some Manchu clans who, due to the influence of the Han culture in the Central Plains, translated their surnames from Manchu into Chinese and continued to use them. This type of Chinese-translated surnames appeared as early as the Jin Dynasty and have continued to develop. The same surname was translated from the Jurchen surname of the Jin Dynasty, the surname Wang was translated from Gu Lijia, the surname Ma was translated from Pei Man, the surname Gao was translated from He Shilie, and the surname Li was translated from Pucha, all confirmed Got this.

The historical evolution of the eight Manchu surnames in Liaodong is the inevitable result of the social development of the Manchu people. From the Jin and Yuan dynasties, the changes in the surnames of the Manchu ancestors in different historical periods and the emergence of new surnames due to the fission of blood groups within the clan show that the evolution of the surnames of the Manchus and their ancestors is complicated. As early as the Jin and Yuan dynasties, the ancestors of the Qing royal family had always had the surname Jiagu, and Zeyi had the same surname. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, they adopted the surname Aixinjueluo. The ancestors of the Ma Jia family were renamed the Fei Mo family from Fu Yimo. After that, they took Di as their surname and used Ma Jia as their surname. As a result, the appearance of some surnames has become random and non-standardized. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, among the surnames of various Manchu clans with Chinese characters and the change of surnames with Chinese characters, this trend developed more complicated and irregularly. When the various branches of the Niuhulu clan had Chinese surnames, their surnames

had been translated into Chinese as Lang as early as the Jin Dynasty. However, during this period, some clans changed to use the Chinese character Niu. It is a surname, and some people change the Chinese character ox into their surname. In addition to using the first syllable of the original surname Suo as the surname of the Suo Chuo Luo family, some clans changed their surname to the Chinese character Cao, and there are many more.

In the process of the evolution of Manchu surnames, the adoption of given names also caused many obstacles to the evolution of Manchu surnames. The random surname makes it impossible for people to understand the true historical nature of their surname for a while. For example: the problem of the surname Nala of the Huifa tribe in the Nala family (as briefly mentioned above), without the support of folk genealogy materials, it is impossible to trace the origin of this surname. In the middle and early Qing Dynasty, as the Manchu ethnic unity was at its peak development period, many Central Plains Han people and members of other ethnic groups joined the Manchu ethnic unity. Some Han people were incorporated into the Eight Banners of the Han Army. Some of the Eight Banners clans of the Han Army deliberately named their clan names after the surnames of the Manchu Eight Banners clans when compiling their genealogy books. For example, the surname Li was renamed Li Jia, the surname Kang was renamed Kangjia, and the surname Ma was renamed Ma Jia. Even Shang Kexi, a descendant of the Ming Dynasty, also changed the family name to Shakodahara when compiling the genealogy. Some clans of the Eight Banners of the Han Army in the Manchu national unity not only imitated the surnames of the Manchu Eight Banners clans during this period, many clans also attached themselves to their ancestral origins, and many of them traced their ancestors to members of the Jurchen clan, which made the world It is difficult to identify the origin of his surname.

To sum up, in the area where Manchu people live together in Liaodong, due to different regions, surnames have evolved and had different names in history, and the eight Manchu surnames generally referred to are also different. In some places, Tong, Guan, Ma, Suo, Ye, Fu, Na and Lang are listed as eight surnames. In some places, the surname Ye was replaced by the surname Qi and added to the eight surnames. However, the eight surnames mentioned in this article are the eight representative surnames in Liaodong. They are also the eight Manchu clans formed by the descendants of the Jurchens in the Jin Dynasty, and are regionally representative. They can directly explore the fishing, hunting, gathering and migration life of the Manchu ancestors, reveal the social development conditions of each historical period, and ultimately reflect the inevitable historical results of the integration of national cultures.