Heishan Jinfeng pear is an agricultural product with geographical indications.
Jinfeng pear was bred by the Fruit Tree Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, using Apple pear as the female parent and Herein pear as the male parent. Jinfeng pear matures in late September and early October in the Heishan area. The average weight of a single fruit is 240 grams. The fruit is round and spherical, with yellow-green skin. After storage, it is golden yellow. The fruit spots are large and obvious. The flesh is fine, crispy, juicy, sweet and sour, aromatic, and contains 135% soluble substances. The quality is good. High quality, durable for storage; the flavor will be better after storage.
Jinfeng pear has yellow-green skin, smooth surface, white flesh, small heart, tender flesh, crispy and juicy, sweet and sour taste, and a single fruit weighs 250 grams. When the apple pear is harvested, its skin is green and yellow. It turns yellow after storage, with a blush on the sunny side. The fruit core is very small, the flesh is fine and crisp, and the taste is sweet and sour. The average fruit weight is 250 grams. Heishan Jinfeng Pear was recognized as one of the Ministry of Agriculture's first batch of geographical indication agricultural products in Announcement No. 1054 issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1996, it was awarded the Gold Medal by the Liaoning Provincial People's Government High-Quality Fruit Evaluation Committee. Pingguo Pear was awarded the Silver Award by the Provincial Government's High-Quality Fruit Evaluation Committee for two consecutive terms in 1996 and 1998. Two brand trademarks, "Fangshan Brand" and "Huangma Brand", have been registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.
Regional Scope
Heishan Jinfeng Pear is produced in Heishan County, Liaoning Province, bounded by Line 102, east of Zhenan Township and Baichangmen Town, Hujia Town, Wu North of Liangdian Town and west of Yingchengzi Township, namely Yingchengzi Township, Xinlitun Town, Fangshan Town, Badaohao Town, Taihe Town, Baichangmen Town, Zhenan Township, Wuliangdian Town, Xuetun Township , Hujia Town and other 10 towns. Heishan County is located in the northern part of the Liaohe Plain, with geographical coordinates of 121°48′45″-122°37′30″ east longitude and 41°27′30″-42°7′30″ north latitude. The lowest point in the county is 5.3m above sea level, and the highest peak is 381m above sea level. The origin of Heishan Jinfeng Pear is mainly located in the northwest of Heishan County, bordering Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County and Zhangwu County to the north, and Beizhen City to the west. The total production area is 6,667 hectares, and the total annual output is 17,325 tons.
Natural ecological environment and human and historical factors
(1) Soil and landform conditions: The soil in Heishan County can be roughly divided into meadow soil, brown loam soil, wind-sand soil, swamp soil, salt soil, There are six types of soil, including paddy soil, with meadow soil being the most common, followed by brown soil, and other soil types only scattered. Soil pH is between 6.5-7.5. The soil fertility is medium, with an organic matter content between 0.8-1.5%. The geological structure of Heishan County is part of the Yinshan Ancient Continent of the North China Continent. The terrain of the county is high in the northwest and low-lying in the southeast, with a slightly sloping shape. The northwest has undulating hills with small plains in between, which is the hilly area of ??Heishan County; the central plain is vast and flat, with isolated hills in between; the southeast is low-lying and was an ancient swamp, which was formed by the two rivers of Raoyang and Dongsha. Alluvial plain.
(2) Hydrological conditions: The main rivers in Heishan County include Raoyang River, Dongsha River, Yangchang River, and 5 small and medium-sized reservoirs. The total drainage area in the county is 2486.5km2, and the average annual surface runoff 129 million m3. Heishan County is rich in groundwater resources, with a total storage capacity of 287 million m3/year. The water quality is clear and pure, making it an ideal water source for industrial, agricultural and domestic use.
(3) Climate conditions: Heishan County has four distinct seasons and belongs to the warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate. The spring is dry and rainless, with rapid temperature rise and high evaporation; the summer is hot, with concentrated rainfall and high humidity; the autumn is cool and rainless, with sufficient sunshine and a large temperature difference between day and night; the winter is cold with little snow and the climate is dry. The annual average temperature is 7.9°C, the average annual rainfall is 568.4mm, and the total annual rainfall is 1.293 billion m3. The average annual sunshine hours are 2785 hours, and the total annual solar radiation is 136.7kcal/cm2. Southwest wind prevails throughout the year, with an average annual wind speed of 4.3m/s. The average first frost is on October 1, the last frost is on April 21 on average, and the average frost-free period is 163 days. Heishan County has abundant sunshine and moderate rainfall during the growing season, and the thermal conditions are sufficient for the growth of Jinfeng pear.
(4) Humanistic and historical situation: Heishan County has a long history and there are many ancient ruins in its territory. During the War of Liberation, Heishan County was the main battlefield of the famous Heishan Blockade and the Battle of Western Liaoning. Since the introduction of Jinfeng Pear to Heishan County, the county party committee and the county government have formulated clear development goals, making the development of Jinfeng Pear one of the four pillar industries in the county, and directly linking it to the performance of the township (town) leadership team. In 2006, Heishan County was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture as a national standardized production base for green food raw materials (Jinfeng pear).
Production technical requirements
(1) Selection of origin: Yingchengzi Township, Xinlitun Town, Fangshan Town, Badaohao Town, Taihe Town, Baichangmen Town, Heishan County , Zhen'an Township, Wuliangdian Town, Xuetun Township, Hujia Town and other 10 towns, the environmental quality of the production areas must meet the requirements of the "Environmental Technical Conditions for Green Food Production Areas" (NY/T391-2000).
(2) Variety selection: Jinfeng pear was bred by the Xingcheng Fruit Tree Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences using Apple pear as the female parent and Zi pear as the male parent. In 1975, Heishan County introduced Jinfeng pear seedlings and scions from the Xingcheng Fruit Research Institute. The seedlings were planted at Wangdabao Fruit Farm in Fangshan Town. The scions were used to cultivate fruit seedlings in Fangshan Town Nursery and Yangtun Nursery. After the seedlings became mature, they were planted in Orchards throughout the county. The seedlings planted by Heishan Jinfeng Pear must be selected from the base and free from diseases and insect pests.
(3) Production process management: The production process of Heishan Jinfeng Pear must be strictly operated in accordance with the "Heishan Jinfeng Pear Production Operating Procedures". The use of pesticides and fertilizers during the production process must comply with the "Guidelines for the Use of Pesticides in Green Food" (NY/T393-2000) and "Guidelines for the Use of Green Food Fertilizers" (NY/T394-2000).
In order to ensure the quality characteristics of Heishan Jinfeng pear, special attention should be paid to the following aspects. A. Soil, fertilizer and water management. ①
Plow the soil deeply. From July to August, dig a trench 30cm inside the vertical projection of the tree crown. The trench is 50-100cm wide and 60-80cm deep. It is semi-circular. Apply enough manure in the trench and fill it back with topsoil. The trenching direction should be changed every year. Gradually expand outward to create good conditions for root growth. ② Fertilize properly. Combined with deep plowing and soil modification, 3000kg of agricultural fertilizer is applied to each adult pear tree per year; during the blooming period, 300 times borax is sprayed on the leaves once to increase the fruiting rate; during the growth period, 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed to increase fruit coloring and content. ③Water in time. Irrigate the flowers and fruits with water once a year before flowering. Irrigate with frozen water once from late October to early November to ensure the safe overwintering of fruit trees and prevent frost damage. Irrigate in time according to business conditions during the growing season. B. Reasonable pruning. Heishan Jinfeng pear mainly adopts an dispersed and layered tree shape to ensure a plump tree structure, strong light transmittance inside and outside the crown, uniform fruiting, high yield and good quality. The structure of the tree is: trunk height 50-60cm, 5-6 main branches, divided into two layers, upper and lower, with a layer spacing of 1-1.2m. Each main branch has 2-3 side branches, and the tree height is about 4.5m. The pruning characteristics of Heishan Jinfeng Pear are: in addition to shortening the main and side branches, more upright branches, overly dense branches, and overly strong branches should be thinned out, and flat branches and flat and oblique branches should be released slowly to promote the formation of flower buds. C.Flower and fruit management. Artificial flower thinning and fruit thinning are carried out from the time the inflorescence erects to the time of flowering. It is best to thin the flowers when the flowers are not in bloom. The appropriate ratio of flowers to leaves is 1:5. The fruit thinning time is generally from late May to early June, and can be carried out 7 days after full bloom. One fruit is left at 20-25cm, ensuring that one fruit is left for 40-50 leaves. Weak branches can leave relatively few fruits. Strong trees can leave some more fruits. D. Fruit bagging. After thinning the fruit, put it in a special paper bag when setting the fruit (about early June) to allow the fruit to grow and develop in the paper bag to prevent contamination and heart-eating insects from harming the fruit. The paper bags must be opened 20 days before harvesting to facilitate the coloring of the fruits.
(4) Product harvest and post-harvest processing: Heishan Jinfeng pear harvest begins after October 1 every year. After harvesting, the fruits must be graded and packaged. The fruit baskets must be tightly sealed with kraft paper before being packaged. They must be placed in a single layer in the fruit stacking yard for pre-cooling. Be careful to avoid exposure to the sun and rain. The storage time of Heishan Jinfeng pear in the cellar is in early November. According to the weather changes, it is best to enter the cellar before the strong cold wave arrives. Before entering the cellar, the stored fruits must be strictly selected to completely remove diseases, insect pests, bumps, and bruises on the fruits. A layer of 5-10cm thick river sand is placed at the bottom of the cellar. After the fruit basket is sealed tightly with kraft paper, it is coded on the river sand in the shape of "pin". The temperature inside the cellar is controlled between -2-3℃, and the humidity is maintained at 80 to 90%.
(5) Production record requirements: For the entire production process of Heishan Jinfeng pear, field production files must be established, fully recorded and properly preserved for reference.
Typical product quality characteristics and product quality and safety regulations
(1) External sensory characteristics: Heishan Jinfeng pear fruit is nearly spherical, aromatic, green-yellow skin, golden after storage Yellow, thick and shiny wax, large and obvious fruit spots. Single fruit weighs 230-280g.
(2) Intrinsic quality indicators: Heishan Jinfeng pear has thin skin, thick flesh, white flesh, tender, crispy, juicy, sweet and sour taste.
The soluble solid content is 15%, soluble sugar is 13.5%, and soluble acid is 0.25%.
(3) Safety requirements: Black Mountain Jinfeng Pear complies with the "Green Food Temperate Fruit" (NY/T844-2004) standard.
Packaging labeling and other relevant regulations
(1) Grading: Mature Heishan Jinfeng pears are divided into three grades: special grade, excellent grade and first grade.
(2) Packaging: wicker basket packaging, 20kg/basket.
(3) Logo: Users of the logo should uniformly use geographical indications of agricultural products (the combination of the name of Heishan Jinfeng pear and the company’s logo pattern) on their products or their packaging.
(4) Others: The storage and transportation of Heishan Jinfeng pear shall comply with the "Green Food Storage and Transportation Guidelines" (NY/T1056-2006).