Basic knowledge of computer maintenance
Contents: Hardware understanding and assembly, BIOS settings, partition formatting, DOS, WINDOWS98 and driver installation;
Installation of commonly used software and Uninstall
Hardware Troubleshooting
Software Troubleshooting and Review
1. Introduction to Microcomputer Systems
1. Principles of microcomputers
The first computer in 1946 was designed by Yvon Neumann in a "stored program" model
Controller + arithmetic unit + memory + input Device + Output Device
ALU: Arithmetic Logical Unit: Stores Data and Program.
PCU: Program Control Unit interprets and executes instructions and controls I/O.
2． Development history
(46) Electron tubes - transistors in 1958 - small-scale integrated circuits in 1964 - large-scale integrated circuits in 1971
3. Other categories
Mainframe--Minicomputer--Microcomputer
4. Computer system components
Motherboard (circuit board that connects all devices)
CPU (Central Processing Unit) = arithmetic unit + controller
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Memory (internal memory)
Host (internal memory) ROM (read-only memory)
Hard disk (hard drive)
Optical drive (CD drive)
Floppy drive (floppy drive)
Other hardware (sound card, display card, etc.)
Keyboard, mouse, scanner, tablet (input )
External devices
Monitor, printer
System software operating system (DOS, 95, 98, ME, 2000, XP, etc.)
< p>SoftwareApplication software applications (OFFICE2000, typing software); programming (VB, VC)
The concept of multimedia: the ability to comprehensively process various media information, such as text, Pictures, images, animations, sounds, etc.
2. Chassis (generally including power supply)
1. Chassis requirements:
(1) It must have a certain hardness and be able to withstand a certain load without deformation.
(2) Reasonable internal structure makes it easy to install equipment and expand.
(3) It has good electromagnetic screen heat dissipation performance and avoids external electromagnetic wave interference.
(5) The panel switches and indicator lights are reasonably arranged and clearly marked.
(6) Beautiful
2. Chassis classification
(1) From power supply: AT, ATX
(2) From appearance: vertical, horizontal type
(3) From use: dedicated , standard universal
3. Chassis power supply: AT, ATX
(1) ATX power supply output voltage specifications, 20-pin connection, "D" shape, incorrect direction, generally cannot be inserted
(2) AT power supply Connection method: (1) Two black wires are close together.
(3), power supply power AT200W, 220W, 250W, 300W (corresponding to the attached equipment of the microcomputer).
(4) POWER GOOD (PG) signal: It is generated by the "AND" of each DC output voltage detection signal and AC input, voltage fault signal. It is compatible with TTL level. High level indicates power supply. Normal, low level indicates power failure. There is a delay of about 100~500MS from turning on the power to the effective output of the PG signal. Its function is to notify the host to start the system after the power output reaches stability. When the mains power is suddenly cut off, the PG signal will disappear at the DC regulated output. The response is given before the hard drive has enough time to reset the magnetic heads, thus preventing accidental damage to the hard drive. Abnormal PG signals often cause the system to fail to start.
4. Common faults of the host power supply
Judge whether the power supply has voltage output:
A Power supply fan
B CPU fan
C. Host Power indicator light on the panel.
(1) The system crashes.
A Failure of the power supply itself (poor quality or excessive heat generation) makes the DC output voltage unstable.
B The impact of the input AC voltage being too high, too low or suddenly rising and falling.
(2) If the computer suddenly starts on its own while working, it is usually caused by a power failure.
A This is caused by the action of the AC low-voltage protection circuit of the power supply due to a brief power outage or large voltage fluctuation in the AC power supply.
B Due to the poor load capacity of the power supply, when external devices (such as hard disks and floppy drives) start reading and writing data, the output voltage of the power supply suddenly decreases, causing the host to restart.
The internal circuit of the C power supply is not in good contact. Due to vibration, the output DC is temporarily out of order, causing the host to restart.
(3) The power fan does not rotate or the noise is too loud. The fan coil is blown and the screws are loose.
2. Several important concepts
1. Storage unit
bit, Byte, KB, MB (megabyte), GB (gee), TB
2. Clock frequency
Clock: (voltage high and low alternating) 1MH, high and low alternating one million times
ns nanosecond: one billionth. 109
Hz, MH
3. Bus: An information transmission channel that connects multiple devices.
(1) Concept: It is actually a set of signal lines.
Each signal line can pass signals representing "0" and "1" respectively.
(2) Multi-bus structure
Computers are usually multi-bus structures (National Transportation Network)
(3) System bus: (***Same as speed)
(4) Common external buses
ISA: Industrial standard system 16-bit 8MH black long slot
PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect 32-bit 33MH white Short slot 133MBPS
AGP: (generally used to plug in graphics cards) graphics acceleration port 32-bit 66MH (1X, 2X, 4X)
Brown short slot 266MB/S. . . . . .
4. Cache - buffer memory (Cache)
Full speed, half speed
Level one, level two (larger and slower than level one) L1, L2
Three , CPU (Central Processing Unit) central processing unit
1. History
Intel, AMD, and Cyrix all have products with the same name
8086 16-bit in 1978
In 1981, 8088 8-bit IBM's first PC CPU was soldered on the motherboard
80286 16-bit 20MH in 1982
80386 32-bit 33MH cache in 1985 (on the motherboard)
80486 32-bit 33MH in 1989 has cache, and times appear Frequency technology
Reasons for not using 586 and 686
1. U.S. Trademark Law stipulates that pure numbers cannot be used as trademarks
2. Get rid of the name confusion
Intel AMD
93 Pentium 66-166 66MH K5 66-166 66MH
96 Pentium MMX 166-233 66MH K6 166-233 66MH
PII 1998 233-333333-450 66 MH100MH K6-2K2-III 233-450400-550 100MH100MH
Celeron 233-450 66MH
1999 PIII 450-933 100MH133MH K7 Velociraptor Thunderbird 500-850850-1.4G 200
Celeron II 533-733 66MH K7 Duron 550-850 100
Cyrix 1996 6X86 133 -233 (66MH)
MII300 (66MH) in 1998
Now acquired by VIA, VIA Cyrix III was launched.
2． Choose the performance parameters of the CPU
(1) Main frequency, FSB and multiplier (such as the capacity and outlet of the reservoir)
(2) Cache speed and size
(3) Instruction set
MMX: Enhanced multimedia effects (Intel)
3D NOW! : Improve three-dimensional image processing performance (AMD)
SSE: Streaming SIMD Extensions (Intel is the same as the previous two)
(4) Operating voltage: 1.6~3.5
(5) Packaging method (interface with motherboard)
Socket 370: square socket (zero insertion force)
Slot: strip straight slot
(6) Working mode
Real mode (8086~80386)
Protection mode (virtual mode)
(7) Overclocking
A. Improve system performance
B. Be stable
C. Consider the safety and lifespan of the CPU
D. Other devices must be able to keep up
p>
Classification of motherboards:
1. According to CPU
2. According to I/O bus type.
USB.
IEEEB94, commonly known as "FIRE WARE"
3. Control chip components according to logic.
LX early P60 and 66.
NX: P75 and above, very popular before 430FX.
FX (430, commercial microcomputer)
VX (430 is optimized and streamlined for ordinary multimedia applications and has been replaced by IX)
TX
TX p>
GX, KX450 series, GX--server, KX--workstation and high-performance desktop PC.
MX (430) Pentium-class chip for laptops.
Non-INTEL companies
VIA Taiwan VIA, ALI Taiwan Silicon Systems, OPTI Taiwan OPTI.
4. According to structure:
AT
BABY AT is smaller than AT motherboard (the integrated motherboard of many original machines)
ATX
ALL IN ONE--original brand
NLX
3/4BABY AT
Purchase of motherboard:
A. Performance factors, including speed, stability, compatibility, expansion capabilities, and upgrade capabilities.
B. The selection of motherboard components is embodied by the components on the motherboard. Such as chipset, cache speed and size, etc.
C. Price.
D. Other factors.
Special requirements for motherboards from non-INTEL (PENTIUM-class CPU) companies:
A. Bus frequency
B. Chipset
C. Voltage and frequency settings
PENTIUM MMX motherboard selection
A. CPU support, ordinary PENTIUM uses SOCKET or SOCKET7 slots, but only SOCKET7 supports both PENTIUM and PUNTIUM MMX, PENTIUM MMX's lowest clock speed is also 166.
B. Chipset, 430LX, NX, FX motherboards cannot be used directly, PENTIUM MMX CPU, but only PENTIUM MMX OVERDRIVE upgraded chips with MMX support can be used.
PUNTIUM MMX CPUs above 233 can only use other chipsets.
New technology on the motherboard.
Asynchronous PCI clock.
Early motherboards usually fixed the PCI bus operating frequency, which was generally half of the CPU bus frequency when using a bus frequency above 83MH2.
The system will be very unstable. In order to solve this problem, most current motherboards can set asynchronous PCI clock frequency. That is, when the motherboard works at a clock frequency above 83MH2, the PCI bus still works below 33.3. Make PCI and IDE devices work properly.
Memory and CPU FSB work at 100MH2, or even 133MH2. The first thing to be severely tested is the memory. Some motherboards introduce some special FSB, so that the FSB does not exceed the PC100 clock limit. Some motherboards have "Memory clock selection" function.
Security technology
ULTRA DMA66 (80PIN)
SB-LINK interface (audio cable)
Enter boot immediately
Anti-electromagnetic radiation function
Desktop management interface DMI technology
Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface technology, (12MB/S transmission)
Memory, computer systems use a variety of memory modes, read-only memory ROM, which is mainly used to store BIOS keyboard adapter programs, etc. In addition, RAM, such as: DRLM SRAM CACHE
The common unit of memory, A bit, O type 1 is a bit, in modern computers, one bit corresponds to a transistor.
B. Byte (B, BYTE) 1 byte = 8 bits, that is, 1BYTE = 8BIT
C. 1KB = 1024BYTE
1MB = 1024KB , 1GB=1024MB, 1TB=1024GB
Memory access speed "-7"--"70NS""-12"--"120NS"
New memory technology.
SORAMⅡ is DDR SDRAM
RDRAM is RAMBUS DRAM.
CDRAM (such as Samsung)
Hard disk:
DMA
40 cores and 80 cores
ultra extreme udma
[ Last edited by liberty0636 on 2004-12-10 at 04:56 PM ]
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Illuminating a life with hope
Moderator
Points 5750
Post 710
Registered 2004-10-3
Status offline (1), monitor
(1) Type A, cathode ray tube (CRT) display (also known as picture tube or CRT) is the earliest display used. It has mature technology, low price, long life and high reliability. The principle is electron beam raster scanning and the structure is similar. For TVs.
B. The LCD monitor looks like a piece of slightly darker glass. This piece of glass is encapsulated by two pieces of glass at the front and back, and is filled with liquid crystal material between the two pieces. The working voltage is several to ten volts, while the working voltage of cathode ray tube is 10KV-30KV.
(2) Main technical indicators
A. Size. (356MM diagonal) 15 inches (381MM) 17 inches (432MM)
B. Dot pitch and grid pitch
C. Resolution
D. , Vertical scanning frequency (field frequency) 60-90 (above 72, flickering is significantly reduced)
E. Horizontal scanning frequency (line frequency)
F. Interlaced scanning and progressive scanning Scan.
G. Bandwidth
H. Electromagnetic radiation standard: MPR-Ⅱ, TCO92
I. Green function
J , Plug and play function
K. Surface treatment, surface etching coating. AGAS COATING anti-reflective, anti-static coating (can be cleaned with ordinary detergent). -CLEAR COATING Super clear coating. (Samsung specific)
L, same screen display
M, CNC and simulation.
N. Screen curvature and display management can be divided into the following three types according to their appearance and structure. (1) Spherical (ordinary) (2), cylindrical (3), plane right angle (FTM)
O. Type of picture tube: shadow mask type, grating type. Samsung's slim neck CRT.
P. Connector
Q. Color temperature (different color temperatures determine the white light of different primary colors, some have more blue light components, some have more yellow light components, national standards, GB/T931-1995 should provide color temperatures of 9600K and 5300K.)
R. Display data channel, DDC, supports Microsoft plug-and-play function.
S. Dynamic focus.
T. 89 color control
U. Ultra-black screen
V. No flicker
3. Intuitive identification of the display Pros and cons.
A. To identify the level of scanning frequency, the horizontal scanning frequency should reach 48KH2.
B. Determine whether it is a progressive scan display, connect a graphics accelerator card (the card is equipped with at least 2MB of display cache), and then gradually increase the display working mode. When the resolution reaches a certain ratio (such as , 800*600), the interlaced display will have a flickering feeling, but the progressive display will not. From the instructions, only monitors with a horizontal scanning frequency higher than 48.4KH2 may support progressive scanning at high resolution.
C. Identify video bandwidth.
D. Identify the color index of the display
E. Determine the raster distortion.
(2) The display card is composed of video memory, character generator, display system BIOS, control circuit and interface.
Display mode: The PC display system has two different working modes, character mode A/N and graphic mode APA.
(3) Sound cards, mainly 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit.
Purchase: A. Compatible with ADLIB and SOUND BILSTER (sound blaster card).
B, 16-bit, 44.1KH2 in order to obtain CD-quality digital audio effects.
D. It has reverberation and synthesis capabilities, and has MIDI (Music Digital Interface) function
E. It uses a dedicated digital processor chip.
(4), floppy drive
(5), hard disk
(1), purchase, A. Capacity; B. Interface; C. Speed; D. Cache; E. Brand; F. Price.
(2), installation
(3), hard disk failure: hard failure, soft failure.
FORMAT C:/S/C
O track repair:
(1), DM/M (manual startup)--"P" partition table Function--"N"
(New partition table function--"DOS" category--"ENTER STARTING CYLINDER NUMBER"--such as "3"
(2), DM/M--Divide the cylinder starting from "OO" into areas other than "DOS" such as READ--ONLY OTHER
(3), FDISK--Divide the area starting from O channel. Except for DOS partitions, the basic area is divided into DOS partitions, and then activate the DOS partition--Gaoge
(6), CD-ROM drive
Performance indicators: A. , Average data transfer rate; B. Data buffer and burst data transfer rate; C. Average access time; D. Average trouble-free working time, should be greater than 20,000 hours; E. Speed, CLV CAV, CLV and CAV combined.
Purchase: A. Select according to the interface type of the hard disk; B. Selection of data transfer rate; C. Buffer size; D. Requirements for panel buttons; E. Selection of brand
(7), input devices
(1), keyboard; (2), mouse; (3) other input devices
(8), printer
1. After booting, the screen displays system configuration.
2. Storage capacity unit, BYTE (byte).
1KB=1024B 1MB=1024KB 1GB=1024MB 1TB=1024MB (103 base)
3. Press DEL to enter the CMOS settings when turning on the PC. The CMOS is powered by the backup power supply 3V ( After shutting down)
4. CMOS settings:
(1), STANDARD CMOS SETUP (standard CMOS settings)
(2), BIOS FEATURES SETUP) ( BIOS performance settings)
(3), CHIPSET FEATURES SETUP (chipset features)
(4), POWER MANGEMENT SETUP (power management settings)
( 5), PNP AND PCI SETUP (PCI configuration settings)
(6), LOAD BIOS DEFAULTS (load BIOS default settings)
(7), LOAD SETUP DEFAUTS (load BIOS default settings) Enter SETUP default settings)
(8), SUPERVISOR PASSWORD and USERPASSWORD (password settings)
(9), IDE HDD AUTO DETECTION (IDE hard disk automatic detection)
(10), SAVE&EXIT SETUP (save and exit the SETUP program)+
(11), EXIT WITHOUT SAVING (do not save and exit the SETUP program)
(12), CMOS password forgotten processing method: A. Software clear DEBUG; -070, 10; -071, 10; -q; B. Hardware clear (CMOS battery discharge); C. Universal password method.
Four: FAT: File Allocation Table
Low-level formatting: divide tracks and sectors, mark addresses and information.
Gaoji formatting: FAT16, FAT32, cluster
(1) Why partitioning and formatting is necessary.
The new hard drive must go through processes such as low formatting, partitioning, and advanced formatting before it can be used to store information. Hard drive sellers have already performed low-level formatting on the hard drive. Generally, users must separate and format the hard drive.
(2) Partition and format
A. Partition FDISK.
If the partition program FDISK is DOS7.0 or above (that is, included with WIN98), a prompt will appear, Do you wish to erable large disk support (Y/N)...? (Y)
If in FAT32 mode, then Y; if in FAT16 mode, then N;
Select N and press Enter - Partition menu.
1. Create Dos partition or Logical Dos Drive. Create a DOS partition or DOS logical drive.
2. Set active partition. Set active partition.
3. Delete partition or logical drive. Delete a partition or logical drive.
4. Display partition information. Display partition information.
The first item, 1. Create primary dos partition. Create the primary DOS partition.
2. Create extended dos partition. Create an extended DOS partition.
3. Create logical dos drives in the extended DOS Partition. Create a logical drive in the extended partition.
Press ESC to return to the previous menu.
The second item, when there is more than one partition, the active partition must be set.
The third item. 1. Delete primary dos partition. Delete the main DOS partition.
2. Delete Extended Dos Partition. Delete extended Dos partition.
3. Delete Logical Dos Drivels in the Exterded Dos Partition. Delete the logical drive in the extended DOS partition.
4. Delete the non-DOS partition.
Note: When creating a new DOS partition, start from 1--3. When deleting a DOS partition, go from 4--1.
B. Format (FORMAT)
After partitioning, each logical disk must be formatted separately. The C drive must have the /S parameter to make it a boot disk.
(1) Preparatory work before establishing the system.
1. Create a DOS6.22 boot disk.
Under DOS6.22 system, format a floppy disk (with /S) and copy the corresponding files into drive A.
Create CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files (in the root directory of drive A).
Create the optical drive driver.
2. Create a WIN98 boot disk.
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Light up your life with hope
Moderator
Points 5750
Post 710
Registered 2004-10-3
Status offline 2. Create a WIN98 boot disk.
On a machine with WIN98 installed, start--Settings--Control Panel--Add. Delete the program - create a boot disk. (Of course, the WIN98 installation disk must be inserted during the creation process)
(2) Install WIN98
Method 1: Insert the boot disk to start the computer. --Modify the startup sequence option in CMOS settings, A is the first. Read the WIN98 installation CD. Switch to the WIN98 installation directory (depending on the situation), and enter the serial number and other information when prompted.
Method 2: Insert the boot disk to start the computer.
Copy the installation program of the WIN98 installation disk to a directory on the hard disk, and start the installation command SETUP from the hard disk.
Method 3: Start the computer from the CD-ROM (the motherboard must support it and the CD is bootable)
Start SETUP from the CD or copy the program to the hard disk and start SETUP from the hard disk. /p>
(3) Related commands used.
DIR……/S
1. Computer optimization
1. Hardware assembly, motherboard jumpers
2. CMOS settings (some motherboards can be operated under WINDOWS)
(1) Soft jumper
(2) Quick self-test
(3) Startup sequence
p>(4) Cache settings
(5) Other hardware devices
(6) System monitoring settings
(7) Software breaks CMOS password
In DOS state
DEBUG
O 70 10
O 71 01
Q
3． Reasonable partition format
Software classification storage
4. Operating system
(1) 98 has the first version and the second version
(2) WINME and WINDOWS2000 personal version
(3) Driver (Motherboard, display card, sound card, etc.; derectX7.0 or above)
5. Antivirus software
Home use: kv3000 (international deluxe version and domestic upgraded version); Rising 2001
Enterprise: KILL; Norton; MYCUFFE, etc.
(1) Antivirus (Questionable software)
(2) Install real-time monitoring (firewall) (no virus itself)
6. Commonly used software for office, entertainment, study, etc.
(1) office2000, wps2000, Wubi font
(2) Jieba, WINNAP; POWER DVD, REAL PLAY
< p>(3) Tool software such as defragmentation, security protection, download programs, etc.7. Backup
BIOS (AWORDF); partition information (KV300); registry; C drive
8. Regularly disinfect, organize and clean
9. Usage environment and habits
(1) Do not turn on and off repeatedly
(2) Do not remove the disk when reading the disk
(3) Operate without power
(4) Use shortcuts as much as possible
2. Fault classification
1. Hardware failure
(1) Poor contact
(2) CMOS setting error (such as main frequency, etc.)
(3) Hardware itself failure
A Quality problems
B Abnormalities caused by overloading and overheating
2. Software failure
(1) The hardware driver is incorrect
A The driver is not installed
B Conflicts with other devices (ISA devices)
< p>C program is incorrect(2) Virus
Boot sector virus; CIH; macro virus
A file becomes larger and memory becomes smaller
B file deleted
C crash
D system crash
E damaged hard disk and BIOS (CIH)
Three , Fault judgment and solution
1. Crash
(1) Before entering the OS
Hardware or CMOS settings
(2) Crash after entering the OS
Software
2． Illegal operation
(1) Defects in the software itself
(2) Poor memory quality or poor CPU and motherboard compatibility (AMD, CYRIX, VIA)
3． Black screen
(1) There is sound
A repeated long tone: memory
B one long and two short: display card
(2 )No sound solution process
A Check the line
B Eliminate interference (remove redundant equipment and connections)
C Plug in
D Cleaning (brush, eraser, sandpaper)
E Exchange (use equipment known to be normal)
4. Special fault cases
(1) Repeated restarts or automatic sudden starts: Power supply
A is not in good contact
B output is unstable
C Insufficient power
D Poor quality
(2) The reset switch or power switch fails, resulting in no display or sudden shutdown
(3) The CMOS jumper is not restored , no response
(4) The CMOS battery is dead or damaged, causing it to pause every time it is turned on
(5) The drive interface is broken: shield it in the CMOS and add a multi-function card
p>
(6) The hard disk is damaged, which can be detected, but cannot be partitioned and formatted: bad sectors)
A Low format (motherboard strip or DM)
B Use disk tool For example, NORDUN Disk Doctor Repair
If the zero track is damaged, it can only be used as a data disk and cannot be started.
Troubleshooting.
), microcomputer system fault diagnosis steps and principles.
1. Steps: A. First distinguish whether it is a software failure or a hardware failure. When self-test can be performed when power is turned on and the system configuration after self-test can be displayed, there is basically no problem with the host hardware of the microcomputer system. The cause of the fault is more likely to be caused by software.
B. Then confirm whether it is a system or application fault.
C. Steps for checking hardware faults: First distinguish whether the host fault is a fault or an external device fault, that is, from the system to the device, and then from the device to the component.
From system to device means that after the computer system fails, it is necessary to determine which device has the problem, such as the host keyboard, monitor, printer, hard disk and floppy disk.
Attention should be paid to the faults of related parts here. If the fault of the interface and interface board is in the host, it may appear as an external device fault.
From device to component means that if it is determined that the host is faulty, it should be further determined which component in the memory, CPU clock, CMOS interface board is faulty.
In short, the steps for checking microcomputer system failures are from soft to hard, from large to small, from the outside to the inside, step by step. It is strictly forbidden to rush for success and operate at will.
(2) Principles for detecting microcomputer faults.
A. From the outside to the inside; B. First the power supply and then the load; C. First external equipment and then the host; D. First static and then dynamic; E. First general fault and then special fault; F. First simple and then Complex; G. First public failure and then local failure; H. First major and then minor.
2. Common maintenance methods and tools
(1) How to find software faults:
A. Program faults: We need to check whether the program itself is written There are errors, whether the program is complete, whether the loading method of the program is correct, whether it conforms to the running environment of the program, whether the operating steps of the program are correct, whether there are mutually influencing and restricting software, etc.;
B. System software Failure;
C. Computer virus.
(2) Hardware fault finding method:
A. Hardware fault manual finding method:
(1) Direct observation method;
(2) Percussion and hand pressure method;
(3) Segmentation and reduction method;
(4) Plug and replace method;
(5 ) Static measurement method;
(6) Comparative experiment method;
(7) Heating and cooling method;
B. Software automatic detection method of hardware faults:
(1) ROM BIOS power-on self-test program POST;
POST is solidified in ROM. Once powered on, starting from the hardware core, it sequentially performs the CPU and its basic data paths, Internal memory RAM and I/O interface functional modules are checked. The basic condition for running POST is that the CPU and its basic peripheral circuits, ROM circuits and at least 16KB of RAM can work properly.
(2). Advanced diagnostic program for PC, DIAGNOTICS.
(3), other tool software, such as PCIOOLS, QAPLUS and NORTON, etc.