Hakka dialects have strong local characteristics. Meixian County is surrounded by Pingyuan, Dabu, Jiaoling, Xingning, Wuhua, Fengshun and other counties. Almost every county has its own Hakka dialect. Each has its own characteristics and can be regarded as an independent dialect. For example: Xingning dialect does not have words ending in [-m] or [-p] sounds, but incorporates them into [-n] and [-t] sounds. For another example, in the Hong Kong accent that is far away from Mei County, the middle vowel [-u-] has disappeared. Therefore, taking "light" as an example, Meixian pronounces it as [ku?44], and the Hakka people in Hong Kong will pronounce it as [k?33], which is similar to the accent of the Hakka people in neighboring Shenzhen.
In different Hakka dialects, the tones are also different. The vast majority of Hakka languages ??have entrance tones, and there are 6 to 7 tones in total. In the Changting Chengguan dialect, the entering tone has disappeared; Dongjiang local dialect (Shuiyuan dialect) and other dialects retain the tonal characteristics of early Hakka in which the tones were removed and divided into yin and yang, while *** has seven tones. The Hakka people in Taiwan migrated from Haifeng and Lufeng. Hailu accent has post-alveolar alveolar consonants ([?], [?], [t?]) that are difficult to find in Chinese. Another mainstream Hakka dialect in Taiwan, the Four-County accent, comes from the four counties of Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Xingning and Meixian in Jiaying Prefecture (now Meizhou City). Initial consonants 1. The initial consonants of the ancient voiced stops and fricatives (Bing, Ding, Qun, Cong, Cheng, Chong), regardless of whether they are flat or oblique, mostly become aspirated voiceless initials.
For example, the initial consonant of "Bie, Bian" is p[p?], the initial consonant of "Di, Enemy" is t[t?], the initial consonant of "Jiu, Ji" is k[k?], The initial consonant of "Yesterday, Jie, Zhuo, Zhu, Zhu" is c[?].
2. The initial consonants of Guxiao and Xiamu are pronounced as f[f].
For example, the initial consonant of "ash, hui, huai, lie, flower, tiger, marriage, return, call" is f[f].
3. In some ancient characters such as Fei, Fu and Feng, the initial consonants b[p] and p[p?] are pronounced with heavy labial sounds in spoken language, retaining the ancient pronunciation of "no light lips in ancient times" Features.
For example, "fly, axe, fat, bark, float, talisman".
4. In ancient times, the initial and fine sounds of the group are mostly pronounced as g[k], k[k?], and h[h] at the base of the tongue.
For example, the initial consonant of "Ji, Ji, Jiu" is [k], the initial consonant of "Bully, Qian, Qiu" is [k?], and the initial consonant of "Xi, Xi" is [h].
5. Most of them have labiodental voiced fricative initial consonant v[v]. It comes from the rhyming words of Guwei, Ying, Mica and a few Xiamu.
For example: "object, service, bowl, frog, prestige, house, bay, nest, king, go, words, yellow, emperor, return". In addition, the ancient metaphor of the third-class word "Hokou" in Western Fujian Hakka (Minxi) also has the [v] initial consonant, for example: "cloud, domain, epidemic".
6. The differentiation of the initial consonants of Guzhi and Zhaojing groups within Hakka is relatively complex. For example: In most areas of Guangdong, these three groups of initial consonants are combined and pronounced z[?], c[?], s[s]; in some areas, the initial consonants of the Zhizhao (Zhang) group are pronounced d[t], z[?], c [?]. The initial consonants of Zhao (Zhuang) group and Jing group are pronounced [?], [?], [s]. For example: Guxiao, Xisansi and other characters, as well as some Ximu characters, are pronounced with [h] initial consonant in Xingning dialect. For example: Xiao [hiau], Xi [hi], Xu [hi], Xiu [hu], Qi [hi], Qi [hi], abandon [hi]; pronounce y with the alphabet and many shadow and mica characters ( [j] or [i]) initial consonants, such as: sheep [i?], sample [i?], salt [iam], medical [ji], clothing [ji], sound [jim], English [jin], about [i?k], Yuan[ian], Yuan[ian], Yuan[ian], Yuan[ian], Yuan[ian], Yuan[ian], Yuan[ian]. The Hakka dialects of Luchuan, Guangxi (except Wushi dialect in the south), Hexian, and Guixian are generally ancient. The initial consonants of the Jing and Zhao (zhuang) groups are pronounced z[?], c[?], s[s], and the initial consonants of the zhi and zhao (zhang) groups are pronounced. The initial consonants are pronounced d[t], z[?], c[?]. For example: Jin [?in], Zhen [?in], invasion [?im], deep [m], ten days [sun], rope [sun]. The initial consonants of some characters in the ancient Zhi group are pronounced [?], [?], for example: Zhi [?i], pig [?u], bamboo [?u], zhen [?en], Zhang [?a?], medium [], pool [?i], super [?au], draw [?iu]. The initial consonants of some characters in the Guzhang group are pronounced [?], [?], and [s] in Minxi.
For example: paper [?i], Zhu [?u], true [?en], spring [?un], Chang [], snake [sa], book [su]. Meinong Hakka in Taiwan Province combines knowledge, teaching, and excellence. For example: the initial consonants of disaster, zhai, pig, and Zhang are [?]; the initial consonants of guess, bad, ugly, and chang are [?]; the initial consonants of San, Sha, and Shu are [s]. The initial consonants of the ancient Jing group and Zhao (zhuang) group in Taoyuan Hakka are pronounced [?], [?], and [s]. For example: Jing, Zhuang, Cong, Chu, Xin, Sheng; the initial consonants of Zhi group and Zhao (Zhang) group are [?], [?], [s]. For example, pig, chapter, ugly, prosperous, boat, book. Most of the initial consonants of the ancient Hakka characters Zhi, Zhao and Jing in Liangshuijing, Huayang, Sichuan are pronounced [?], [?], [s]; however, the initial consonants of some Jing characters are pronounced [?], for example: relatives, relatives, Sacrifice, spear, death, stabbing. 7. The nasal initial consonants are relatively abundant. In many areas, in addition to the initial consonants [m], [n], and [?], there is also the initial consonant [?]. [?] The initial consonant appears in Guyi, Ni (Niang) mother three and four and other thin-sounding characters and some Japanese characters.
For example: Yu, Yi, Ren, Ox, Year, Ying, Sun, Eye, Mother.
8. Most of the ancient Chinese characters are pronounced with [l] as the initial consonant, but the initial consonants of a small number of characters with ancient Chinese characters are pronounced as [t] in Changting Hakka language of western Fujian. This is very special.
For example: Li [ti], Liu [tiu], Li [ti], scales [te?], egg [t?], deafness [t?], force [ti], two [ti] ?], Lin[te?], Liu[tiu]. Finals: Hakka dialects in most areas do not have the final rhymes Zuokouhu, and Zuokouhu and Qiqihu are pronounced together. For example: fish, language. There are many finals with au[au] or o[?] as the main vowel. For example: good, tall, old, brain. The ancient Liu Kaiyihou, Houyun and Kaisanyou rhymes are pronounced in êu[?u] rhyme in most areas, iu[iu] rhyme in some areas, and ou[?u] rhyme in some areas. For example: Hou, Xiu, etc. The ancient nasal endings [-m], [-n], [-?] and stop consonant endings [-p], [-t], [-k] are preserved to varying degrees in Hakka dialects, among which Guangdong, Guangxi, and Taiwan The places are relatively well preserved. For example: Xingning dialect only retains [-n], [-m], [-t], [-k] rhyme endings, such as: Tuan [t?n], Gan [kam], Pigeon [kak], Duo [t ?t]; Sichuan Huayang Liangshuijing only retains [-n], [-?], [-k] rhymes and endings, such as: rice [fan], put [f?], folder [kiak], pen [pik], Wood [muk]; Western Fujian Changting dialect (Tingbei film) only retains the [-?] rhyme and ending, for example: Gan [ka?], Tuan [t], Ban [pa?], Heng [va?], Pigeon [k?], Bie [p?ie], Bai [p?a]. There are 6 tones in most areas, and 5 or 7 tones in a few areas.
In the Changting dialect of western Fujian, there are no sounds in Liancheng and Qingliu. The remaining flat tones are divided into yin and yang, the falling tones are divided into yin and yang, and the upper tones form their own tunes into 5 tones. Hakka in eastern Guangdong has yin and yang in the flat tone, but no yin and yang in the upper tone, and has six tones; Yongding dialect in western Fujian Hakka, Shanghang dialect retains the two tones of yin and yang, and also has 6 tones. Shuiyuan tone and Hailu accent (including mainland China and Taiwan) are divided into yin and yang, with a total of 7 tones. Take Meixian dialect as an example: the inheritance of ancient words.
The ancient words commonly used in daily spoken language include Suo (rope), He (rice), Wu (black), Mian (face), Shi (eat), Neck (neck), Hungry (hungry) , morning (morning), day (noon), walking (walking), boiling (boiling), etc.
Some of them are ancient words that are uniquely retained by Hakka. For example: 卍[?iau] (chew), nudge [n?] (to rub hands together), [puk] (a layer of white mold that grows on the surface of food when it becomes moldy), [s?u] (sour), 薮[t?u] (nest), He [kai] (shoulder carry), 晡[pu] (afternoon or evening), Ao [au] (fold), [tsi] (thin and small), annoyed [nau] (hate ; don't like), "quan' [k?ian] (Niubi Zhonghuan), etc. Innovation of dialect words.
Due to the unique natural environment, historical conditions, customs and habits, local specialties and different dialects of dialect areas, The habit of coining words has formed a large number of dialect words, such as Xuezhi (popsicle), rice cake (a cake made of rice flour), pak jian (a kind of meatball), and Dajiu (a superstitious activity). , Leicha (a drink), etc. Borrow words from other dialects or foreign languages.
Some are borrowed from Cantonese, such as: 山 (just, well-matched), Liang (beautiful, wonderful), 呖 (smart, capable), etc.; some are borrowed from English, such as: shirt shirt (shirt shirt) , wave in wave beads (ball ball), mark (mark trademark, logo); some are borrowed from Malay, for example: kissing is called needle [?im] (zim); adding "fan" to the name of items imported from foreign countries ", "foreign", "red hair", "Dutch", etc., for example: fanbei (foreign), fanpian (foreign), fan (soap), yangzha (umbrella), red mud (cement), snow pea (A kind of flat and thin legume, which can be eaten with the pod) etc. Differences in word meanings.
Some words have synonyms with Mandarin, such as: cry (cry), mian (face), hot head (sun), fire snake (lightning), heart uncle (daughter-in-law), etc.; some words have synonyms with Mandarin. Homographs have different meanings, such as classical (story), shooting (shooting); some words have the same form as Mandarin, but have different meanings, such as "lip". Mandarin refers to the muscles around the mouth of people or some animals, and Hakka also It also refers to the mouth and edge of the utensil, such as: the lip of a pot, the lip of a table; "rice" in Mandarin generally refers to rice and the seeds after removing the shell or skin, such as: glutinous rice, peanuts, sorghum rice, in Hakka it only refers to rice, etc. etc.; some words have the same form as Mandarin but have overlapping meanings, such as "light", "bright", and "ming". They are synonyms in Hakka and Mandarin and have the same usage, such as: firelight, light, Shining, showing off, bright and clear, but where Hakka uses "light", Mandarin often uses "bright" or "ming", such as moonlight (moon), lamp Taiguang (lamp too bright), and "thin" and Words such as "little", "night" and "night", "day" and "day", "broken" and "rotten" all have overlapping meanings and different usages. Differences in grammatical meaning (i.e., the grammatical function of words).
Some words in Hakka are different from Mandarin in grammatical meaning. For example: "bi", in addition to being used as a noun for nose, is also used as a verb to "smell" and "smell"; "love", in addition to being used as a verb, In addition to loving, it can also be used as the auxiliary verb "to"; "burn", in addition to being used as the verb to burn, can also be used as the adjective "warmth" and the noun "firewood". Differences in word formation.
Mainly manifested in the order of morphemes, overlapping forms, additive forms, and single and polysyllabic words. The order of morphemes of some parallel and partial-formal compound words is different from that in Mandarin, such as: Jijia (important), Nuanre (lively), Niugong (ox), Renke (guest), etc.
In terms of the overlapping of words, the range of overlapping of monosyllabic nouns and quantifiers is larger than that in Mandarin. After overlap, it means "every", for example: bowl (every bowl), gun (gun) Every shot), shovel (every shovel). Hakka monosyllabic verbs and adjectives generally cannot overlap alone. If they need to overlap, they must be followed by the suffix -ê, IPA [-?], such as "Xixiê" (small), ê plays a weakening role. However, the monosyllabic adjectives in Taiwanese Hakka can overlap, and the overlapping has a strengthening effect, such as: messy (unkempt), hanhan (silly); some adjectives in Taiwanese Hakka can even be expressed in three stacks to express the superlative. For example: 光光光光 (very bright), kukukuku (very bitter), 热热热热 (very hot). Hakka has a special "XAA" overlapping pattern, which has a strong word-forming ability. The overlapping sounds after each central word are different, and the suffix -ê must be added to indicate a deepened degree, for example: 红zozo ê (red), fat ê (fat).
In terms of adjuncts, the commonly used prefixes in Hakka include "ya" (or "ah") and "老", and the suffixes include "ê[?] (子)", "头", and "公". ", "嫲", "寯", "Brother", "Dou" (etc.), with "晡" in the middle, such as: Yaba (father), Ajie (sister), Laomei (sister), husband ( husband), cover (umbrella), morning head, afternoon head, stone, chicken male, duck male, finger male, toe male, shrimp male, Ya Chen, Ya Di, Ya San, Lao Zhang, Niu Gu, Yanggu, Snake Brother, Myna Brother, Yadou (us), Rudou (you), Qudou (them), Jinyongri (today), Qiuyongri (yesterday), Yeyantou (evening), etc. In terms of the ratio of monosyllabic words to polysyllabic words: Hakka has more monosyllabic words than Mandarin. Some polysyllabic words in Mandarin are monosyllabic words in Hakka, such as: Xing (happy), Shi (knowledge), Pi (skin), Zhu (table), etc.
Take Meixian dialect as an example:
1. The possessive case of personal pronouns can be expressed by changing the rhyme and adding "generous". For example: "your" is expressed as ([?a13]) or "ru" (person)".
2. There are special interrogative pronouns, such as: maige (what), mairen (who).
3. There are special matching relationships between nouns and quantifiers, and verbs and quantifiers. For example: The fish is so big.
4. The position of the double object is relatively flexible: the indirect object can be placed before the direct object or after the direct object. The predicate can be repeated and placed before the direct object and indirect object respectively. For example: Yafenqu has a shirt. (I gave him a piece of clothing.) Yafen gave me a piece of clothing. (I gave him a piece of clothing.) Ya divided the piece of clothing into the ditch. (I gave him a piece of clothing.) (Note: Point is pronounced as bun1[pun44] in the above example)
5. The format of the comparative sentence is A-bi-B-pass-adjective. For example: cows are too big compared to pigs (cows are bigger than pigs).
6. Expression methods of various aspects of verbs: Add "正[tsa?53]" before the verb to indicate that the action has just begun, such as Yazheng eating (I have just eaten). Adding "waiting [t?n31]" after the verb indicates that the action is ongoing or continuing, such as: "waiting for rice" (I am eating), "waiting for rice" in your hand (what are you holding in your hand). Adding "ê[?]" (矣) or " Guoê ([?])" after the verb indicates that the action has been completed, such as: Ya Shi Ye (I have eaten). Adding "Intuit [t?t1]" or "End" after the verb indicates the past perfect, for example: He ate forty kilograms of rice in one month (he ate forty kilograms of rice in one month). Adding "吂" before the verb means that the action has not started, such as: Ya Cang eats rice (I haven't eaten yet). Adding "turn" after the verb indicates an action reply, such as: You turn your cotton-padded jacket around (you put your cotton-padded jacket back on). Adding "下子" after the verb means giving it a try, such as: Kanxiazi (take a look), Tingxiazi (listen to it). 7. Express the near and far fingers by changing the tone. For example: ['k ] (here) [k? '?] (there) (here, ' represents the accent, the same below) ['k?] Bian (this side) [k?] 'Bian (that side) 8. The dispositional tense only uses the preposition "jiang" instead of "bar", for example: you moved the table here (you moved the table back), you broke the bowl ê (I broke the bowl).
9. Some words have different word orders in the sentence. For example, the scope adverb "TIAN" in Meixian dialect is equivalent to "Zai" in Mandarin, but the two have different positions in the sentence. The former is placed after the predicate. Or at the end of the sentence, the latter is placed before the predicate. For example: listen to some music and add (listen to the music again), and take a photo (take another photo). The "more" and "less" used as adverbs are placed after the verb, such as: take more and lose ê (take more), use less and lose ê (use less). The "dao" in Meixian dialect is equivalent to the "dao" in "can do" in Mandarin, but their positions in the sentence are different, such as: Learn a lot of knowledge ê (learn a lot of knowledge). In Meixian dialect, "go" and "lai" are placed before the object. For example: Amu went to Guilin (my mother went to Guilin), but Ajie did not come to the factory (my sister did not come to the factory). Sometimes the words "go...lai" in such sentences should be used together, such as: Where have you been? (Where have you been?)
10. There are different ways of expressing the degree of description. For example: an adjective is used alone to express a general degree. If the adjectives overlap and are followed by "ê[?]" (affected by the previous syllable, ê has a sound change in the same part), it indicates a weakened degree. For example: sour nê (sour), add "[kuat5]" before the adjective to express the degree of intensification, which is equivalent to "very". For example: [kuat5] sour (very sour); add "无知多" before the adjective and "ê[?]" after the adjective, indicating the highest degree, which is equivalent to "very", such as: 无know acid nê (very sour) ; Adding "tuit" before the adjective means that the degree is too much, which is equivalent to "too", such as: Too sour (too sour).
Regarding the issue of the ancient phonetic system, some scholars believe that the New Rhyme of Hakka and ancient Chinese have certain similarities and certain corresponding rules. For example, when it comes to initial consonants, Hakka does not have fully voiced initial consonants [b], [d], [g], [z], [dz], only the affricates [?], [?], and the fricative [s]; among the thirty-six letters, they belong to the essence, voiceless, and heart consonants, and there are no supraglossal consonants [?], [ ?], [?], [?], so in Hakka language, "know" means "low" (IPA [ti], guest pin (di)), and "know" means "worthy" [ti t?t] etc. are all ancient pronunciation. Qian Daxin, a master of music in the Qing Dynasty, mentioned in "Shi Jia Zhai Yang Xin Lu" that "in ancient times there was no distinction between the tongue and the tongue" and "looking for the ancient sounds is no different from Duan, Tuo and Ding". What this means is that , in the ancient pronunciation of the thirty-six letters of the rhyme "zhi, che, cheng", they all read "duan, tou, ding", which is how people today pronounce "zh", "ch" and "sh" In ancient times, some words with a back initial consonant were pronounced as the tip of the tongue initial "d" or "t". Hakka language conforms to this rule. Qian also said that "there was no light lip sound in ancient times" and believed that "all the light lip sounds were pronounced as heavy lip in ancient times" and "all the sounds that people today call light lip sound were pronounced as heavy lip before the Han and Wei dynasties." It is said that all the words with the initial consonant [f][v] in later generations are pronounced as heavy labial consonants or [p] or [m] in ancient pronunciation. This is proved by the Hakka language. For example, "fei" is said to be "humble". , say "negative" as "generation", say "divided" as "run", say "dung" as "stupid", say "axe" as "make up", say "nothing" as "grind", etc., this is The ancient pronunciation is still preserved in modern Hakka.
Mr. Zhang Taiyan said in "Guo Gu Lun Heng": "The ancient sound has a mud button on the tip of the tongue, followed by another branch, then there is a Niang button on the tongue, and a Ri button on half the tongue and half teeth. In ancient times, they were all made of clay. "Niuye." This means that today's people pronounce the word with the initial consonant "r", which is proved by the Hakka language. The guest says "Ru (ru)" as "You (ngi) IPA[?i]", which is pronounced as "Ru". (ru)" is "neng (nên) IPA [n?n]", and "ruo" is pronounced as "no (no)", etc. These all show that there is no "Ri Niu" in Hakka, and Ri Niu is in the ancient pronunciation The system should be a thirty-six-letter "mud button".
The rhyme finals of Hakka have preserved part of the ancient rhyme. As Luo Yun said in "Hakka Dialect·Automatic Preface", "Today's examination of Hakka's Yin-yin characters with clear rhyme and Yin-sound characters is the same as that of Zhen-rhyme Yin characters." There is no difference between the Qingyun's emotion, Zhen, Cheng, Ying and Cheng, and the Zhenyun's Qin, Zhen, Chen, Ren and Chen. The pronunciation of Yun is the same as that of Qing; the Zhenyin of Zhenyun is the same as Jing, just like Gu (note: Gu Yanwu) said that it is not the correct pronunciation of Sanbai Pian, but it is also the ancient pronunciation of Qin and Han Dynasties. "This passage illustrates the finals of Hakka. The system has many similarities with the ancient rhyme department. The saying that "it is not the correct pronunciation of the Three Hundred Chapters, but also the ancient pronunciation of the Qin and Han Dynasties" is consistent with the facts. Hakka finals have the characteristics of entry-tone endings [-p], [-t], [-k] and Yang-tone endings [-m], [-n], [-?], which are consistent with the "Guangyun" system, but The final [-?] becomes [-n] after [?] and [i], the final [-k] becomes [-t] after [?] and [i], "hen" (IPA[h?n] ]) is different from "true" (IPA[?n]). Retention of Ancient Chinese Words Hakka retains a large number of ancient Chinese words. The famous phonetic master Mr. Zhang Taiyan did some research on the Hakka language system and wrote "Lingwai Sanzhou Dialect" attached to "New Dialect". He selected 63 Hakka words and used them in "Wen" and "Er" "Ya", "Dialect", "Book of Rites", "Mao Shi", "Warring States Policy", "Laozi" and other ancient classics have been confirmed, explaining the etymology and origin of Hakka, and it has long been the language of the Han nation. . Here are a few examples from "Lingwai Sanzhou Dialect" as follows:
(1) "Dialect" says: "Hun, Fei" are both Xun Sheng, Guo said: "Men, Hun, Fei, Man" "Ye", "Zou Yang Zhuan" says "soil" is a child, and the soil is full, so today the three states call the boy Manzi. Note: In Hakka today, the youngest son (the youngest among children) is called "Manzi", and the youngest daughter is called "Mannv".
(2) "Xia Gong" "Gui Ren" Note: "The words Xiu Zhi are powerful and good." Good and beautiful agree. The three states call beauty and strength, and they also call it production. "Guang Ya": "Pure, good." It is also called Zimei. Zheng Gongsunqiao's character Zimei is also called Zimei. Mingmei and Zhen have the same training.
Note: The word "jin" is pronounced [kin] in Hakka language, which means beauty and beauty; the word "Jing" is pronounced [?ia?] in Hakka language, and is generally written as "jing", which means beauty and whiteness. It is used to refer to things, such as "Lean meat" is said to be "clean meat" (lean meat) (note: in a general sense, the word "clean" is pronounced [?ia?]); in Hakka language, the word "clean" is pronounced [?an], which mostly refers to a person (child) who is beautiful. It can also refer to things (note: in a general sense, the character for 生 is pronounced [?an] or [san]).
(3) "Shuowen": "Praise, white is good." That's right. Three states say that people are white and good and praise them. Note: Like, pronounced in Hakka [?an], it means very good and expresses approval for things. It is often said as "like the strange woman" or "like the strange woman" (Jiaoling).
(4) "Shuowen": "桄, Chongye" is ancient and clear. "Legends of Music" "Heng is used to establish horizontality, and horizontal is used to establish martial arts." "Notes": "Heng means full. It means that Qi is full." "Explanation": "Heng means ancient Kuangqie." Huan and Heng have the same character. The three prefectures were called Kuoda Manchu and were transferred to the Geng tribe. According to "Huan" and "Heng" have the same character, but the pronunciation of the modern Hakka pronunciation is different; from the perspective of Fanqie, the ancient pronunciation of "Huan" should be pronounced as [kua?], but in modern Hakka pronunciation, "Heng" is pronounced as [va?], which is lost. Medieval dental sound (tongue root sound). In today's Hakka language, a bag that is full of things is called "桄桄gurt" [kua? kua? ku ku]. Zhang's "Lingwai Sanzhou Dialect" can prove the long history of the formation of Hakka. Since the beginning of poetry and writing, it has been the language of the ancestors. However, with the development of the times and the changes in the ancestors' residences, it is not completely the same as today's Hakka. This is consistent with the evolution law of language development, so the formation of Hakka language should be in parallel with the same language of the Chinese Han people without contradicting it.
(5) Hakka still retains a large number of the suffix habit of "ye", for example:
1. Where are you? --Customer Pin: ngi2 coi1 nai4 ya1?
2. Where are you making things? --Interpretation: What are you doing again (a little impatient)?
3. Mo (not good) is not good, what is good? --Interpretation: Stop doing this, okay?
4. It’s fast, no procrastination day and night. --Interpretation: Hurry up, don't keep procrastinating like this.
5. What kind of knowledge do you have on the cliff? --Interpretation: How do I know?
This point more completely reflects the preservation of ancient Chinese by Hakka. Inheritance and sound changes of ancient pronunciation Hakka is an authentic language branch, so Hakka still retains a lot of ancient Chinese features or may have evolved.
For example, the first-person character "卬" in "The Book of Songs" has the same origin as the original written word "我 (我)" in the first-person spoken Hakka language "廻雅". Because the pronunciation of the Hakka word "Qianya" is classified as Niuyun [?] and Baiyun [ai], which coincides with the Yangping tone Yiyun [?] and Laiyun [ai] in "Central Plains Phonology". However, the colloquial form of "Qianya" is [?a], which means calling out with a Yangping tone. The Hakka pronunciation of "I" belongs to the nian mother [?], and in the "Guangyun" system it belongs to the Yayin doubt mother [?]. The rhyme part is the twelfth song of the upper tone [?], and the ancient pronunciation belongs to the Hou part [?]. ], therefore, the pronunciation of "I" is [?], which is in line with the pronunciation of modern Hakka. But in daily spoken language, we do not say [?], but say [?a], which is used as a subject pronoun, such as saying "my book" [?a k? su] here, the ancient sound belongs to the fish department, and "Guangyun" belongs to the hemp family. The rhyme "Jia, Ma" in "Central Plains Phonology" rhymes with "Jia" and "Ma". Wang Rongbao's "On the Ancient Reading of Ge Ge Yu Mo" says: "In the Tang and Song dynasties and above, all characters with the rhyme of Ge Ge have the [a] sound, not the [?] sound. ; In the Wei and Jin Dynasties and above, all the characters for Yuyumo are pronounced with [a] sound, not [u] sound or [y] sound." Although the word "wu" cannot be rhymed in modern Hakka, in fact it is Another written form of the word "I" in spoken language, such as the above-mentioned "Wu" in ancient times was the fish part, and the actual pronunciation is [?], "I" is in the seventeenth part of Duan's ancient pronunciation, and "Wu" is in the sixteenth part, and it is pronounced in harmony closest. It can be seen that the "I" and "wu" in today's Hakka written language should both be [?a] in ancient pronunciation. Therefore, the Hakka words "任 Cliff", "I" and "我" have the same sound and meaning, and are respectively three different writing forms and pronunciations in spoken language, written language and materialistic pronouns. The Hakka word "I (我)" ([?a]) is the result of the change in the rhyme and ending of "Renshe Yanfou" in "Poetry·Beifeng", that is, "I (我)" ([?a]) (yin tone ) with a nasal ending is "卬" ([?a?]) (yang sound), and without a nasal ending it is "我 (我)" ([?a]). This is the ancient sound preserved in Hakka language.
Another example is the word "Duan". In the ancient phonetic system, it belongs to Duanmu [t], and in ancient times it belonged to Yuanbu [an].
The Hakka word "Duan" belongs to the mother of epilepsy [t] (not aspirated), the rhyme part is huanyun [an], and hekouhu [-u-]. It can be seen that the guest pronunciation of "Duan" is consistent with the pronunciation. "Duan" is the word "掇" in "The Book of Songs". "Poetry·Zhounan·Xingju": "Bo Yan Tuozhi"; Tuo "yin [tuan]", "Guang Ya": "Duo, take it." ", "take" is collectively referred to as "take", "Tuat" [tuat] and "Duan" [tuan] are "yin and yang reverse", and "Tuo" is "Duan". Today, the Hakka language in Meizhou area refers to "take" It means "holding it with both hands" and often means "duan", such as "serve the dish", "serve the rice", "bring it forward", etc. This proves that the ancient phonetic and semantics are preserved in modern Hakka. The word-formation characteristics of Hakka are similar to those of ancient Chinese, and they have inherited and developed ancient Chinese.
(1) Synonymous compound words have already appeared in ancient Chinese, and there are many examples. According to Wang Niansun's "Shu Magazine·Historical Records Fourth" article on "Shu Rang": ""Guang Yun" says: `Shu means concession and responsibility. The number of concessions is the same as the continuous text of punishment. The ancients had their own complex language. Ear. "The so-called "Lianwen" and "Fuyu" are synonymous words used together, that is, synonymous compound words, which have existed since ancient times. In Hakka, the inheritance and application of synonymous compound words can be found everywhere, such as "Yu Du Shi" " (i.e. "Rain wet clothes"), in fact, "Du" means "Shi", and "Shi" is also "Du". This is the ancient phonetic and word formation feature preserved in Hakka, because "Shi" means light lips. , "Du" is a double lip word, and the pronunciation of "Shi" in Hakka is "Du" in the ancient phonetic system. This shows the evolution of ancient and modern Hakka. Modern Hakka has inherited the rule of using synonyms in ancient Chinese, and has It is preserved in spoken language; another example is that the Hakka language has the word "行 marry". In fact, "行" means "marry", and "marry" is also "行", which are synonyms. This can also be proved in ancient Chinese. "Etiquette·Mourning Clothes" Zheng Xuan's note: "When a woman is above the rank of an official, she is said to be married, and when she is a scholar, she is called a suitable person." "Gaotang Fu": "The Red Emperor's daughter Yao Ji died before she could leave. "The word "行" in these sentences all means "marry". In modern Hakka, when a married person comes to the groom's family, it is said to be "marrying". This is the synonymous compound that inherits the characteristics of ancient Chinese. The way of word formation.
(2) The way of word formation with overlapping verbs is the same as that in Hakka. In "Nineteen Ancient Poems", "line line repeats line line, and you are separated from the king". "行" is the overlapping of verbs. It expresses the state of things. In Hakka language, there are examples such as "目毛马(客音[mau])", "眼瞇瀠(客音[ta?])", "眼金金(客音[ta?])" There are many word-formation patterns such as "头爈爈(客音[tam])" and "头瀈爈(客音[tam])".