CPU is the abbreviation of Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is the most important part of a computer and consists of an arithmetic unit and a controller. If you compare a computer to a person, then the CPU is the human brain. The development of CPU is very rapid. It only took less than twenty years for personal computers to develop from 888(XT) to the Pentium 4 era.
in terms of production technology, the original 888 integrated 29, transistors, while the PentiumⅢ III integrated more than 28.1 million transistors. The running speed of CPU, in MIPS (millions of instructions per second), 888 is .75MIPS, which has exceeded 1MIPS when it is running at high energy. No matter what kind of CPU, its internal structure can be summarized into three parts: control unit, logic unit and storage unit. These three parts coordinate with each other, analyze, judge and calculate commands and data, and control the coordinated work of all parts of the computer.
CPU has a history of more than 2 years since its initial development. During this period, CPU can be divided into 4-bit microprocessor, 8-bit microprocessor, 16-bit microprocessor, 32-bit microprocessor and 64-bit microprocessor under construction. It can be said that the development of personal computers is advancing with the development of CPU.
Intel 44
In 1971, Intel introduced the world's first microprocessor 44, which was the first four-bit microprocessor that could be used in a microcomputer. It contained 23 transistors, and then Intel introduced 88. In 1974, 88 developed into 88, becoming the second generation microprocessor. 88 is used in various application circuits and equipment as a device to replace electronic logic circuits.
The second generation microprocessors all adopt NMOS technology, with an integration of about 9, transistors, and the average instruction execution time is 1 μ s ~ 2 μ s. They are programmed in assembly language, BASIC and Fortran, and use a single-user operating system.
Intel 886
The 886 produced by Intel Corporation in 1978 was the first 16-bit microprocessor. This is the starting point of the third generation microprocessor.
886 microprocessor has a maximum clock speed of 8MHz, a 16-bit data channel and a memory addressing capacity of 1MB. At the same time, Intel also produced a math coprocessor i887, which uses compatible instruction sets. These instruction sets are collectively called x86 instruction sets. Later, Intel successively produced the second and third generations of more advanced and faster new CPUs, but they were still compatible with the original x86 instructions. Moreover, Intel followed the original x86 sequence in naming subsequent CPUs, until later, due to trademark registration problems, it gave up naming them with Arabic numerals.
in p>1979, Intel developed the 888. Both 886 and 888 use 16-bit data transmission inside the chip, so they are both called 16-bit microprocessors. 888 operates at 6.66MHz, 7.16MHz or 8MHz, and integrates about 29, transistors.
shortly after the advent of p>886 and 888, Intel began to improve them, and they integrated more functions on the chip, thus giving birth to 8186 and 8188.
in p>1981, the American IBM company used the 888 chip in its PC, thus creating a brand-new microcomputer era. It was also from 888 that the concept of personal computer (PC) began to develop all over the world. Since 888 was applied to IBM PC, personal computers have really entered people's work and life, which also marks the beginning of a new era.
Intel 8286
In 1982, based on 886, Intel developed 8286 microprocessor, which integrated about 13 transistors. The maximum frequency of the microprocessor is 2MHz. 8286 is significantly improved over its predecessors in the following four aspects: supporting larger memory; Able to simulate memory space; Can run multiple tasks at the same time; And the processing speed is improved.
886 ~ 8286 is the era when personal computers started. At that time, few people used or even saw PC in China, and it was a mysterious thing in people's minds. It was not until the early 199s that computers were popularized in China.
Intel 8386
In the spring of 1985, Intel had become a first-class chip company. On October 17th, Intel's epoch-making product, 8386DX, was officially released, which contained 275, transistors, the clock frequency was 12.5MHz, and then gradually increased to 2MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz, and finally there was a small amount of 4 MHz.
the internal and external data buses of p>8386DX are 32 bits, and the address bus is also 32 bits. The most classic product of 8386 is 8386 DX-33 MHz, which is what we usually refer to. Due to the powerful computing power of 32-bit microprocessor, the application of PC has been extended to many fields, such as business office and calculation, engineering design and calculation, data center and personal entertainment. 8386 makes 32-bit CPU the standard of PC industry.
Intel 8386SX
In 1989, Intel introduced the quasi-32-bit microprocessor chip 8386sx. This is a cheap and popular CPU introduced by Intel in order to expand its market share. After the introduction of 8386SX, it was widely welcomed by the market, because the performance of 8386SX was much better than that of 8286, and the price was only one third of that of 8386.
Intel 8486
In 1989, the 8486 chip that we are all familiar with was introduced by Intel. The greatness of this chip, which has been developed for four years and invested by 3 million dollars, is that it actually broke the boundary of 1 million transistors for the first time, integrated 1.2 million transistors and used a 1 micron manufacturing process. The clock frequency of 8486 is gradually increased from 25MHz to 33MHz, 4MHz and 5MHz. The performance of 8486 is four times higher than that of 8386 DX with 8387 math coprocessor.
Intel Pentium
In 1993, a new generation of 586 CPU came out, which completely surpassed 486. In order to get rid of the confusion of microprocessor names in the 486 era, Intel Company named its new generation of products Pentium to distinguish AMD and Cyrix products. AMD and Cyrix also introduced K5 and 6x86 microprocessors respectively to deal with chip giants, but because Pentium microprocessors have the best performance, Intel gradually occupied most of the market.
Pentium's primary CPUs are Pentium 6 and Pentium 66. Early Pentium 75 MHz ~ 12MHz used .5 micron manufacturing process, and later Pentium with frequency above 12 MHz used .35 micron manufacturing process.
Intel Pentium MMX
The official name of Pentium MMX is Pentium with MMX technology, which was released at the end of 1996.
The multi-functional Pentium has been greatly improved on the basis of the original Pentium. With the addition of 57 MMX multimedia instructions, the multi-functional Pentium is much faster than the Pentium CPU with the same frequency even when running non-MMX optimized programs. These 57 MMX instructions are specially used to process audio, video and other data. Pentium has 4.5 million transistors and consumes 17 watts. Supported working frequencies are: 133MHz, 15MHz, 166MHz, 2MHz and 233MHz.
Intel Pentium Pro
The core architecture of Pentium Pro (high-energy Pentium, 686-level CPU) is code P6 (which is also the core architecture to be used by PⅡ and PⅢ in the future). This is the first generation product, with a secondary Cache of 256KB or 512KB and a maximum of 1MB. Working frequencies are: 133/66MHz (engineering sample), 15/6MHz, 166/66MHz, 18/6MHz, 2/66MHz.
Intel Pentium II
The Chinese name of Pentium II is "Pentium II", which is manufactured with Klamath core and .35 micron process, with 7.5 million transistors integrated inside, and the core working voltage is 2.8V.
on April 16th, 1998, Intel's first CPU supporting 1MHz rated external frequency was officially launched. PentiumⅡ microprocessor with new core is manufactured by .25 micron process, and its core operating voltage drops to 2.V The supporting chipset is mainly Intel's 44BX.
from 1998 to 1999, Intel introduced Xeon (Xeon microprocessor), a CPU with more powerful functions than PentiumⅡ II. Xeon microprocessors are mainly oriented to servers and workstation systems that require higher performance.
Intel Pentium Ⅲ
Just after the Spring Festival in 1999, Intel released a new generation of microprocessor-Pentium Ⅲ with Katmai core. The microprocessor is manufactured by .25 micron process, with 9.5 million transistors integrated inside and Slot 1 architecture. Besides, it also has the following new features: the system bus frequency is 1MHz；; P6 microarchitecture, the sixth generation CPU core, is adopted, which is optimized for 32-bit applications and has dual independent buses. The first-level cache is 32KB, and the second-level cache is 512KB. There are 7 new instructions and instruction sets that can enhance audio, video and 3D graphics. The starting frequency of PentiumⅢ is 45MHz.
like Pentium ⅱ Xeon, Intel has also introduced a high-performance CPU for server and workstation systems-Pentium ⅲ Xeon microprocessor.