Zhang Zhongjing is a legendary figure. With his "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases", he tenaciously penetrated the tunnel of history, spread, became famous, helped the world, and saved people. Moreover, "the Taoism became more glorious after thousands of years" and finally became a generation of medical saints. Nanyang, Henan is the hometown of the medical saint. Among Nanyang's many cultural resources, Zhang Zhongjing's medical culture is the advantageous resource with the highest market value and the strongest industry driving force. It can be said that the "Medical Saint" brand is a huge asset for the development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry in Nanyang.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the situation was turbulent, wars were frequent, people were in dire straits, and disasters were raging. Thousands of people were devoured by the disease, causing an unprecedented disaster with ten houses and nine empty houses. Wang Can, one of the seven sons of Jian'an, described the tragic scene at that time in "Seven Sorrowful Poems": "There was nothing to see when I went out, and the bones were covered in the wild. There was a hungry woman on the road, with her child abandoned in the grass. When Gu heard the howl and cried, he shed tears alone. Don't return. I can't bear to hear this." Cao Zhi wrote in "Speaking of Epidemic Qi": "Every family has the pain of zombies, and every household has a cry of mourning or death. The family is mourned."

This is the era when Zhang Zhongjing, a native of Nanyang, lived. According to historical records, Zhang Zhongjing served as the governor of Changsha. He was born in the first year of Heping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (150) and died in the 24th year of Jian'an (219). His family originally had more than 200 people, but two-thirds of them died of the epidemic in less than ten years, so he determined to learn medicine. At first, he became a disciple of his uncle Zhang Bozu, who was from the same clan. Because he was extremely intelligent and diligent in research, he soon excelled in his studies. However, after he became famous, he was still eager to learn and tireless. As long as he learned that a certain doctor had excellent medical skills, he would travel long distances to do it. Come and ask for advice.

It is widely circulated that Zhang Zhongjing was once the governor of Changsha. The Preface to "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" edited by Lin Yi and others in the Northern Song Dynasty notes: "Zhang Zhongjing was born in Nanyang. He was famous. Zhongjing is his given name. He was a filial and honest man, and he became the prefect of Changsha." In 1981, at the Nanyang Medical Shrine An ancient tombstone was discovered - this stele was later designated as a national second-class cultural relic. Behind the base of the stele are the four characters "Xianhe 5th Year" in official script. In the middle of the stele are the inscriptions "The Tomb of Zhang Zhongjing, the Grand Administrator of Han Dynasty" and "Xianhe 5th Year". "It's 330 AD.

It is said that when he was the prefect of Changsha, he would stop working on the first and fifteenth day of the lunar month and set up cases and diagnose diseases in the lobby, which was called "sitting in the hall", so the pharmacy is still called "tang". , Tongrentang, Changchun Tang, Hu Qingyutang, etc.; the doctors attending the pharmacies are "sitting doctors". Later generations respectfully called Zhongjing Zhang Changsha, and his square was Changsha Fang, which also originated from the saying of the prefect.

There are many legends about Zhang Zhongjing’s outstanding medical skills, the most famous of which is undoubtedly his diagnosis of Wang Can (Zhongxuan), "Zhongjing met his attendant Wang Zhongxuan, who was more than 20 years old. He said : You are ill, and your eyebrows will fall off when you are 40 years old. You can avoid death by taking Wushi Decoction. Zhongxuan thought that he was disobedient, so he refused to take the soup. After staying for three days, he saw Zhongxuan and said: "Take the decoction." No? He said: "I have taken it." Zhong Jing said: "Sexhou is definitely not the diagnosis of taking the soup. How can you take your life lightly?" As it is said, "Chinese medicine knows life and death, and its skills are amazing. But since "Five Stone Soup" is so magical, why there is no description in Zhang Zhongjing's medical book cannot help but make people suspicious. However, this incident reflects Zhang Zhongjing's view that "don't treat the existing disease, treat the non-disease", and that prevention is worse than treatment. This anecdote has been recorded in different versions in "Jiayi Jingxu" and "Taiping Yulan".

It is said that Zhang Zhongjing went to Tongbai Mountain to collect medicine, and met a man who asked for a diagnosis, saying: "My wrist has animal veins, why?" The man actually told him: "I am an old ape." Zhongjing said Take the pills in the bag and you will be healed once you take them. The old ape knew how to repay his kindness, and the next day he carried a piece of wood and gave it to Zhang Zhongjing, saying: "This is a ten thousand year old tung tree, let me repay you." Zhongjing used this piece of wood to make two guqins, one named "Old Ape" and the other "Old Ape". Thousands of years. Diagnosis and Treatment of Emperor Huan

"Shenxian Tongjian" records: In the winter of Yuan Jiadong, Emperor Huan felt cold and sick, and called Ji (machine) for treatment. After seventeen days of illness, Ji (named Zhang Zhongjing) examined the patient and said it was typhoid fever. It is planned to take one dose, but the taste is often two, and it will be so dense that you will sweat like rain, and your body will feel cold. Ji was left as a servant. Seeing that the government was deteriorating day by day, Ji sighed and said: "The king's illness can be cured, but the country's illness is difficult to cure." Then he hung up his crown and fled.

Zhang Zhongjing enjoys great honor in the history of Chinese medicine and is respected as the "Medical Saint" by the world. He is the author of "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases", which is the earliest clinical diagnosis and treatment book in China that combines theory and practice.

A book has its own independent destiny from the day it is born, and even its creator cannot do anything about it. For a masterpiece, its fate is as wonderful and as moving as its content.

At the beginning of the 3rd century AD, Zhang Zhongjing read a lot of books, collected many prescriptions, and concentrated his life's efforts to write the book "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases". What Chinese medicine calls typhoid fever is actually a general term for all external diseases, including infectious diseases such as plague. The book was written around AD 200 to 210. In an era when paper was not widely used and printing was not invented, this book was probably written on bamboo slips.

In 219, Zhang Zhongjing passed away. Without the author's protection, "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases" began its journey in the human world. In that era, the dissemination of books could only rely on hand-copied copies, which was very difficult to spread.

Time came to the Jin Dynasty, and the first key figure in the fate of "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" appeared. The imperial physician named Wang Shuhe came across this book by chance. The book was in fragments and fragments. Wang Shuhe was extremely excited as he read this fragmentary and strange book. Taking advantage of his status as an imperial physician, he worked hard to collect various manuscripts of "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases", and finally found all the parts about typhoid fever, organized them, and named them "Treatise on Febrile Diseases." "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" contains 22 articles, describing 397 treatment methods and 113 prescriptions, totaling more than 50,000 words. However, there is no trace of the miscellaneous diseases in "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases". Wang Shuhe's contribution, in the words of Xu Dachun, a famous doctor in the Qing Dynasty, is that "without Shuhe, this book would not exist".

Wang Shuhe had a deep relationship with Zhang Zhongjing. He not only compiled medical books for him, but also left us the earliest written records about Zhang Zhongjing. Wang Shuhe said in the preface to "Mai Jing": "The purpose of medicine is to determine life and life. The wonders of He Ming and Magpies can only be thought about; Zhong Jing will review it carefully and wait for physical evidence. If there is any doubt, he will examine it for verification. ."

After that, the book gradually spread among the people and was highly praised by doctors. Tao Hongjing, a famous doctor in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, once said: "Zhang Zhongjing is the most important author of all prescriptions." It is conceivable that this foundational and peak work made people recognize its author, and promoted the author to the lofty status of a medical sage. status.

The Song Dynasty, 800 years after Zhang Zhongjing’s death, was a dynasty where the Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases was rejuvenated. During the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, a Hanlin scholar named Wang Zhu discovered a "moth-eaten bamboo slip" in the library of the Hanlin Academy. Part of the content of this book is similar to "Treatise on Febrile Diseases", and the other part discusses miscellaneous diseases. Later, when the famous doctors Lin Yi, Sun Qi and others were ordered by the imperial court to revise "Treatise on Febrile Diseases", they compared it with "Jin Gui Yu Han Yao Lue Prescriptions" and found out that it was written by Zhong Jing, so they changed its name to "Jin Gui Yu Han". Published in the world, "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber" contains 25 articles and 262 poems. At this point, several key figures in the fate of "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" have all appeared.

Both "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" and "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber" were revised and published in the Song Dynasty. What we see today is the revised version in the Song Dynasty. Except for repeated prescriptions, the two books contain 269 prescriptions and 214 flavors of medicines, basically summarizing the commonly used prescriptions in various clinical subjects. These two books, together with "Huangdi Neijing" and "Shen Nong's Materia Medica", are known as the "Four Classics of Traditional Chinese Medicine" - four classics, and Zhang Zhongjing alone accounts for two. (There is another saying that the four major classics of traditional Chinese medicine are "Huangdi Nei Jing", "Difficult Classic", "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases", and "Shen Nong's Materia Medica".)

"Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" is the later treatise on It is a must-read classic work for medical practitioners. It has been highly praised and praised by doctors of all ages. It is still one of the main basic courses offered by traditional Chinese medicine schools in my country and is still the source of traditional Chinese medicine learning. During the SARS period last year, the book and Zhang Zhongjing once again became the focus of attention. This is unimaginable in Western medicine, because it is impossible for any anatomy book from the 19th century to be used as a textbook today, and it is impossible for current Western medicine treatments to be based on the ancestors from hundreds of years ago.

In this work, Zhang Zhongjing created three world firsts: he recorded artificial respiration, drug enema and biliary roundworm treatment methods for the first time.

Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases has been written for nearly 2000 years and has always had a strong vitality. It is recognized as the originator of Chinese medical prescriptions and is praised by the academic community as a book that pays attention to dialectical treatment. It is the most influential clinical classic work of its own. Most of the prescriptions listed in the book are well-combined, and many of them have been confirmed by modern science. Later generations of doctors used them according to the law, and they can always achieve good results. In history, four to five hundred scholars have explored its theoretical prescriptions, leaving nearly a thousand monographs and monographs, thus forming a brilliant and unique school of Typhoid fever school in the academic history of traditional Chinese medicine.

According to statistics, as of 2002, nearly 2,000 books had been published just for the study of "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases".

"Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" has not only become a must-read book for doctors of all generations in my country, but has also been widely spread overseas, such as Japan, North Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia and other countries. Especially in Japan, there was a school of ancient prescriptions dedicated to Zhang Zhongjing in history. To this day, the Japanese traditional Chinese medicine community still likes to use Zhang Zhongjing’s prescriptions. In some famous traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical factories in Japan, prescriptions for typhoid fever generally account for more than 60%.

According to relevant records, in addition to "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases", Zhang Zhongjing also wrote the following works: "Zhang Zhongjing's Prescriptions for Treating Women" in two volumes; "Zhang Zhongjing's Prescriptions" in fifteen volumes; "Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Oral Teeth" ; One volume of "Zhang Zhongjing's Essential Prescriptions for Disease Evaluation" and so on. The various bibliographies mentioned above may be separate versions of some of the contents decomposed from Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases, and may not necessarily be stated otherwise.

"To the east of Nanyang City, to the west of Renji Bridge, by the Wenliang River", upon hearing this location, the personalized image of the Medical Holy Temple emerged in the minds of Nanyang people and people in the field of traditional Chinese medicine at home and abroad. Zimuque, gate.

"There are temples to the Medicine King all over the world, but only Nanyang has temples to the Medical Saints." Who would have thought that the birth of the only medical sage temple in China would actually depend on a strange and unreliable dream of a Confucian scholar.

In the first year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, Feng Yingao, a student from Lankao Village, contracted wind and cold and almost died. One night at midnight, a divine man in yellow clothes and a golden crown touched Feng with his hand, and Feng "lived every day of his life." He asked: "Who gave birth to me?" The god called himself Zhang Zhongjing of Nanyang. His tomb was "about four miles east of Nanyang Mansion".

When I first heard this story, in addition to feeling magical, I also felt that Zhang Zhongjing's behavior was quite suspicious of "market favor". Feng Yingao's narration does not bring glory to Zhang Zhongjing, but seems to discredit him. Reading this story again this time, I feel that relying on such supernatural events to attract attention will be helpful in raising funds to repair the temple and establishing Zhang Zhongjing's authority.

Feng Yingao once carved the "Lingying Stele" to record this dream. The stone tablet now exists in the Temple of Medical Sage.

According to the stone tablet record, after Feng Yingao recovered from his illness, he traveled thousands of miles to Nanyang and saw a temple at the place mentioned by the god---it was not dedicated to Zhang Zhongjing, but to Fuxi, Shennong and the Yellow Emperor. Among the ten famous doctor statues inside, there is Zhang Zhongjing, well-dressed and handsome, and Feng Ying'ao, who "seems to be like a dream soul." Feng Yingao also learned that there was indeed an ancient tomb stone behind the temple. As time passed, it became a vegetable field. Feng Ying'ao went to the Zhu family, the owner of the land, and asked to buy the land near the original tomb. The Zhu family thought his request was nonsense. There were 40 acres of vegetable land, and he only bought a small piece of it." Is there anyone in the world who buys silk brocade and cuts it to size?" He refused his request.

A few years later, a gardener dug a well into the ground and found a tablet more than two feet high, which read "The Tomb of Zhang Zhongjing, the Grand Administrator of Han Dynasty". Various strange things happened while digging the well, and people gradually believed that Feng Yingao’s statement.

According to historical records, in the 25th year of the Jiajing reign of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1546), the Tang vassal king took the initiative, and Confucian doctors Yue Kui, Shen Jin and others founded the Sanhuang Temple. This place should be where Feng Ying'ao recovered from his illness. The place where Wan saw the portrait of Zhang Zhongjing. 110 years later, in the 13th year of Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1656), Zhang Sanyi, the Prime Minister of Nanyang Prefecture, raised funds to build the Medical Holy Temple, and the name of the Sanhuang Temple was no longer mentioned. At that time, Feng Ying'ao, who passed the imperial examination and became a tutor in Ye County, came to Wan again. He set up a stone to record the whole visit to the tomb and re-engraved the Lingying stele.

Wu Youxing, also known as Youke, lived from the 1680s to the 1760s. He was a native of Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province. He was a famous medical scientist in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and one of the important representatives of the febrile disease school. Wu Youxing lived in an era where wars were frequent and febrile epidemics were prevalent. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, in 1641 AD, when Wu Youxing was 49 years old, a febrile epidemic spread throughout Shandong, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei and other places.

Febrile epidemic is equivalent to an infectious disease in modern medicine. It is very harmful to humans. Under certain external environmental conditions, it can spread among the population and cause an epidemic. When febrile epidemics are prevalent, the onset is rapid, the symptoms are severe, a large number of people are affected, and the scope of influence is large, seriously endangering the lives and health of the people.

Infectious diseases continued to spread in ancient my country, causing large numbers of deaths. Especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it occurred in large numbers. According to statistics, there were 64 infectious disease pandemics in the 276 years of the Ming Dynasty, and 74 in the 266 years of the Qing Dynasty. This shows how frequent infectious disease epidemics were. Doctors in the past dynasties of our country have attached great importance to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Famous medical works such as "Huangdi Neijing", "Treatise on Febrile Diseases", "Treatise on the Causes and Symptoms of Diseases", "Qianjin Prescriptions", and "Waitai Secret Essentials" all have records of experience in preventing and treating infectious diseases, but these records are not systematic. . In Wu Youxing's time, febrile epidemics were prevalent, and many doctors still could not find a good treatment. They adhered to the typhoid method to treat febrile epidemics, and the treatment effect was very poor. Wu Youxing witnessed with his own eyes the tragic scene in some areas where infectious diseases were endemic at that time: "There are more than a hundred families in an alley, and no one is immune; there are dozens of people in a door, and no one is left alive." So he studied hard, regardless of his own safety, and went deep into the field of infectious diseases. Endemic areas for medical practice. He deeply felt that since ancient times, medical science had focused on typhoid fever and neglected febrile epidemics. He identified the prevalent diseases at that time as febrile epidemics and treated them according to the epidemic, and he achieved great results. Through repeated detailed research, meditation and reasoning, combined with his own rich treatment experience, analysis, summary, organization and development, he finally wrote the first monograph on epidemic diseases in the history of the development of medicine in my country in the 15th year of Suizhen (1642 AD). ―"Treatise on Warming Epidemics".

"On Epidemic Warmth" is Wu Youxing's only work handed down from generation to generation. ***Volume Two. Volume 1 contains 50 papers, mainly elucidating the etiology, pathogenesis, syndromes and treatment of febrile epidemic, and discussing the difference between febrile epidemic and typhoid fever. Volume 2 contains 30 papers, focusing on describing the various symptoms and treatments of febrile epidemics. It also contains a number of articles on the questioning of the correctness and error of febrile epidemics and the debates on the syndromes and treatments of epidemic diseases.

The book "On Epidemics of Warmth" proposed that the cause of "epidemic", the name for infectious diseases at that time, was that "it has its own qi at the wrong time." "Treatise on Warmth and Epidemics" believes that diseases such as typhoid fever are caused by sensing the normal qi of heaven and earth, while "epidemic diseases" are caused by "feeling the qi of heaven and earth". "Treatise on Warm Epidemics" distinguished "plague" from other febrile and venereal diseases, thus breaking through the constraints of the predecessors' "six-qi theory" on the cause of infectious diseases. "Treatise on Warm Epidemics" established for the first time in my country a new argument that the body's poor disease resistance function and infection with hostility are the causes of disease.

"Treatise on Warm Epidemics" points out that the infection route of "violent qi" is through air and contact, entering through the mouth and nose and causing disease. "Treatise on Warm Epidemics" also points out that violent qi has specificity, and only a specific violent qi can cause corresponding infectious diseases. The book also believes that surgical diseases such as sores and back hair are caused by miscellaneous gas infection, not due to "fire". "Treatise on Warm Epidemics" classified the causes of surgical infectious diseases and infectious diseases into the same category for the first time.

"On Epidemic Warmth" also attaches great importance to the importance of the body's resistance. The book believes: "Wood Qi is full and evil cannot enter." If the body's resistance is strong, although there is a possibility of contact infection, it is unlikely to get sick. If "the original Qi is deficient, external evils will take advantage of it during the breath", the body's resistance will be reduced, and it will be infected again, and the disease may occur.

"Treatise on Warm Epidemics" also proposed that the transmission route of infectious diseases is "there is a natural way to receive it, and there is a contagion." "Tian Shou" means airborne infection, and "infection" means contact infection. Therefore, it is stated in the book that "everyone's mouth and nose are connected to the weather" and "external evils can take hold during breathing." "Treatise on Warm Epidemics" believes that the epidemic form of infectious diseases can be pandemic or sporadic.

"Treatise on Warm Epidemics" contains a large number of scientific discussions on the origin and etiology of infectious diseases, as well as immunity and epidemics. Especially before the emergence of bacteriology in the middle of the 17th century, "Treatise on Warm Epidemics" proposed: "The disease caused by warm epidemic is neither wind nor cold, nor heat nor humidity, but a different kind of peculiar smell in the weather." This peculiarity Qi means "violent energy". This theory is very advanced. The discussion on the immunity of warm epidemic in "Lun on Warm Epidemic" is indeed very admirable. The book says: "As for invisible qi, it affects animals, such as cattle plague, sheep plague, and chicken plague; duck plague is not just a human disease. However, cows are sick but sheep are not sick, chickens are sick but ducks are not sick, and humans are sick. Although animals are sick, their injuries are different because of their different qi." This is a wonderful explanation.

"Treatise on Temperature" records many new methods for treating infectious diseases. For example, the book holds that it is advisable to use Da Yuan Yin at the beginning of an infectious disease, and wait until the disease is advanced; when the so-called "evil poison invades the body", it is not tired of "acute syndrome and rapid attack". These methods laid the foundation for the treatment of infectious diseases in later generations. "Lun on Wen Epidemic" had a great influence on later generations. Some famous doctors in the Qing Dynasty, such as Dai Beishan, Yang Lishan, Liu Songfeng, Ye Tianshi, Wu Jutong, etc., all more or less developed their own theories based on "Lun on Wen Epidemic". Play and create something. Doctors of all generations in our country created the febrile disease theory in the practice of fighting infectious diseases. The theory of febrile diseases originated from the "Nei Jing" and was conceived in "Treatise on Febrile Diseases". It was produced in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties and matured in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the development process of the theory of febrile diseases, "Treatise on Febrile Diseases", as my country's first monograph on the treatment of infectious diseases, made a great contribution.

To this day, our country has applied the principles, methods, prescriptions and medicines of febrile disease theory to treat some infectious diseases, such as Japanese encephalitis, influenza, measles, scarlet fever, dysentery, etc., and has achieved high curative effects. Many of them inherit and carry forward the theories and experiences of "On Epidemics of China". Of course, Wu Youxing, like all the great medical scientists in history, has limitations that cannot transcend the times. For example, although he invented the "violent qi" theory, which is an eternal masterpiece, he made the basic characteristics and pathogenic characteristics of epidemic factors There are many correct descriptions, but they are not microbial science in the true sense, and can only be a scientific hypothesis; he proposed to find targeted drugs, but the whole article still reflects the syndrome differentiation and treatment with the main purpose of conquering and eliminating evil, so it can only be a scientific hypothesis. An ideal that inspires future generations, these should not be demanding. The book also mistakenly classifies non-communicable diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and stroke in the elderly into the category of epidemic diseases. Although there are correct opinions against indiscriminate use of cold and cold medicines, Coptis chinensis can only clear "original heat" but not "evil heat". The understanding against using Coptis chinensis to treat epidemics is not correct. It is also inappropriate to "rectify the names" of "febrile disease", "febrile disease" and "plague" without distinction. There is a broad and narrow sense difference between febrile disease and febrile disease. Febrile disease includes febrile disease, while febrile disease is just a febrile disease. kind of. Wu's treatment methods for epidemic diseases are still lacking, and he especially talks little about preventive measures. Although Wu has some erroneous arguments, prejudices and shortcomings, his flaws cannot be concealed. With his medical practice, intelligence and innovative spirit, Wu left an extremely important and indelible glorious chapter in the history of the development of Chinese medicine and even the world's medicine.

Reference:/zb/2004-09/20/content_2902006.htm