Nikola Tesla was born in a village in Smiljan (English name Smiljan, now part of the city of Gospici, Croatia), to Serbian parents. His birthplace belonged to the vicinity of Gospici in the Lika District of the Austrian Empire (now the Republic of Croatia)[4]. His baptismal record proves that he was born on June 28, 1856 [July 10 in the Gregorian calendar]. His father's name is Rev. Milutin Tesla, a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Sremski Karlovci Diocese. His mother's name is ?uka, the daughter of a Serbian Orthodox priest and she is very good at making household hand tools. She could recite many Serbian epics, but never learned to read.[5] His godfather, Jovan Drenovac, was an army captain who defended the military frontier. Tesla was one of five children, with a brother (Dane, who died in a riding accident when Nikolai was five years old) and three sisters (Milka, Angelina and Marica) [6]. In 1862 his family moved to Gospici. Tesla attended school in Karlovac, Croatia, and studied electrical engineering at the Technical University of Graz in Austria in 1875. There he studied the applications of alternating current. There are at least two sources indicating that he received his bachelor's degree from the University of Graz[7][8]. However, his school claimed that he had never received a degree. He only attended the first semester of his freshman year and stopped attending classes during that period.[9] Others claim that he was forced to drop out of school because he could not afford the first semester's tuition.[10][11] According to his college roommate, Tesla did not graduate[12]. In 1878, he left Graz and severed all ties with his family. He went to Maribor, Slovenia, where he was first employed as an assistant engineer for a period of one year. During this period he suffered from neurasthenia. His father had been urging him to return to the Charles Ferdinand University branch of the University in Prague, so he went there to study for the summer semester in 1880. However, after his father died, he left the university after only one semester.[13]

Explanation of the Alternator Principle

Tesla was an avid reader of various books. Like a camera, he can record an entire book [14]. Tesla recounted every detail of his inspiration in his autobiography. In his early years, he suffered from one illness after another. Suffering strange pain, blinding flashes of light often appeared before his eyes, accompanied by hallucinations. Most of the time, these visions involved a word or an upcoming thought; just by hearing a word, he could imagine the specific details of the object. Tesla was able to experiment in detail and create the ideas that once flashed through his mind. This is a skill now known as visual thinking. Tesla also frequently recalled events that had occurred in his early life, something that had already occurred in his childhood. [15]

Tesla’s alternator was used to transmit electricity over long distances

France and the United States[edit]

In 1882 he went to France In Paris, he worked as an engineer for the Edison Company, designing and improving electrical appliances. In the same year, Tesla invented the induction motor and began to develop various devices using rotating magnetic fields (patented in 1888).

Soon after, Tesla hurriedly left Paris when he learned that his mother was critically ill. His mother died a few hours after arriving in April 1882. Her last words before her death were: "At last you are here, Nikolai, my pride." When she died, Tesla fell ill. He spent two or three weeks recuperating in Chats and Gospi?, his mother's birthplace.

In 1884, Tesla set foot on the United States for the first time and came to New York. He had almost nothing except a letter of recommendation from his former employer, Charles Batchelor. This letter was written to Thomas Edison and stated: "I know of two great men, one of whom is you, and the other is this young man.

"Edison hired Tesla and arranged for him to work at the Edison Machinery Company. Tesla began to design simple electrical appliances for Edison. He made rapid progress and was soon able to solve some of the company's very difficult problems. Tesla was fully responsible. In 1919, Tesla wrote: "If he completes the improvement of the motor and generator, Edison will offer him a staggering $50,000 (as planned). (Adjusting inflation, the equivalent of one million dollars today (2006)). Tesla said his work lasted nearly a year and redesigned almost the entire generator, allowing the Edison Company to reap huge profits and New patent ownership. When Tesla asked Edison for $50,000, Edison broke his promise by replying: "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor."[16][17] The amount of the bonus was equivalent to the company's founding capital, and with Tesla's salary of $18 per week at the time, he would have to work for 53 years to earn it. When Tesla asked for a salary increase to $25 per week, he resigned.

Tesla finally found that he was just selling his physical strength in Edison's company, but during this time, he began to focus on the design of alternating current systems.

Middle-aged[edit]

In 1886, Tesla founded his own company, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. Investors disagreed with Tesla's plans for an alternating current generator. And he was eventually dismissed from his post. From 1886 to 1887, Tesla worked as an ordinary laborer in New York, both to make ends meet and to accumulate funds for his next engineering project. In 1887, he assembled the earliest drone. brushless alternating current induction motor, and demonstrated it to the American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1888. In the same year (1888), he developed the principle of the Tesla coil and began working at Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing. Working with George Westinghouse at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's laboratories in Pittsburgh, Westinghouse heard his ideas for transmitting alternating current over long distances using a polyphase system. p>In his early research, Tesla built many experimental devices to produce X-rays. Tesla believed that with his circuit, "My instrument can produce X-rays with more energy than ordinary instruments can." What is produced is much larger. "[18]

He also discussed the hazards involved in working with his circuits and single-node X-ray generating equipment. In his many records investigating this phenomenon, he attributed the causes of skin damage to Many reasons. He believed that the early skin damage was not caused by X-rays, but by the production of ozone and contact with some nitrous acid. Tesla mistakenly believed that X-rays were longitudinal waves.

< Tesla completed some experiments before Roentgen confirmed his findings (including taking X-rays of his hands, which he later sent to Roentgen), but did not make his findings known, and most of his The research data was destroyed in a laboratory fire on Fifth Avenue in March 1895.

Tesla's generator was improved in 1895, taking into account liquid air. You know, according to Kelvin's discovery, liquid air absorbs more heat when it reliquefies and can be used to drive things than theoretically produced.

Tesla confirmed it as early as 1891. Wireless energy transfer, the Tesla effect (in honor of Tesla) is the term used to describe this type of electrical conductivity application (i.e. the movement of energy through space and objects is not just like the movement of electricity through a conductor).

U.S. Citizen[edit]

On July 30, 1891, the 35-year-old Tesla became a U.S. citizen. In the same year, he established his own laboratory on Fifth Avenue in New York.

After this, he established his own laboratory on Houston Street in New York. There he conducted mechanical vibration experiments using an electromechanical oscillator. He caused vibrations in some surrounding buildings, attracting police complaints. As the speed increased, he used the instrument to reach the highest vibration frequency of the house. Later, he discovered the danger of this experiment and was forced to demolish his house to terminate the experiment. At this time, the police had just arrived. [19] He wirelessly lit up the lights in some places in New York, providing evidence for the possibility of wireless transmission. [20]

Some of Tesla’s close friends were artists. He met Robert Underwood Johnson, editor of The Century Magazine. At the same time, he was also influenced by the philosophers of Vedic philosophy (i.e. Indian philosophy). Later, he came into contact with Hindu Vedic thoughts, so much so that Tesla began to use Sanskrit to name his basic concepts about matter and energy. . [21]

When Tesla was 36 years old, he obtained the patent for a multi-phase power system for the first time. He went on to study the laws of rotating magnetic fields. From 1892 to 1894, Tesla served as vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and a pioneer of the American Society of Radio Engineers, which later became the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. From 1893 to 1895, he was studying high-frequency alternating current. He used a conical Tesla coil to create a million volts of alternating current. He studied the "skin effect" in conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a cordless gas discharge lamp, and wirelessly transmitted electrical energy, creating The first radio transmitter. In 1893, in St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla gave a demonstration on radio communications. He gave a lecture at Franklin College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, detailing his ideas. He said:

Many years from now, human machines will be able to obtain energy at any point in the universe to drive the machines [22].

At the 1893 World's Fair (the Chicago Columbian Exposition), this world-wide exposition opened an exhibition area for electronic exhibits for the first time. Tesla and George Westinghouse historically illuminated the entire exposition with alternating current to introduce visitors to alternating current. At the show, Tesla showed off his fluorescent and single-node light bulbs. One visitor recorded:

“There were two hard rubber panels wrapped in tinfoil hanging in the room. They were about fifteen feet apart. When the power was on, there were no wires connecting the bulbs to the tubes. And the bulb glowed. This experiment had the same effect as Tesla’s experiment in London two years ago” [23].

Tesla made a copper egg (called the Columbus egg) stand on his instrument to illustrate the principles of asynchronous motors and rotating magnetic fields.

Edison[edit]

In the late 1880s, Edison promoted the use of direct current to provide power distribution, which was more efficient than the alternating current promoted by Tesla and Westinghouse. It worked, so Tesla and Edison became competitors to a certain extent. Until Tesla invented the asynchronous motor, the advantages of long-distance high-voltage transmission of alternating current were realized, and it also solved the problem of machines not being able to use alternating current. Due to the "War of Electricity", Tesla and Westinghouse were almost bankrupt, so in 1897, Tesla used his patent royalties to alleviate the crisis for Westinghouse. In the same year, Tesla studied particle radiation, which led him to establish the basic equations for cosmic rays. [24]

When Tesla was 41 years old, he applied for the first radio patent, U.S. Patent 645,576. A year later, he demonstrated radio-controlled ships to the U.S. military, thinking the U.S. military would be interested in something like a remotely controlled torpedo. Tesla claimed to have built the "Art of Telautomatics", which is a robot and a type of remote control technology. [25] In 1898, he demonstrated a radio-controlled boat to the public at an electrical exposition at Madison Square Garden. Tesla called the ship "teleautomation." [26] Radio remote control was still a new thing before the 1960s.

Tesla invented the "electric ignition" or spark plug for gasoline engines (internal combustion engines), and he was granted a patent, U.S. Patent 609,250.

Colorado Springs[edit]

In 1889, Tesla decided to move to Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he could conduct high-frequency and high-voltage experiments. s and began research there. Shortly after arriving, he told reporters that he was conducting wireless transmission experiments from Pikes Peak (a nearby mountain) to Paris. Tesla's diary contains his description of experiments on the ionosphere and underground longitudinal and transverse waves. [27]

In the laboratory, Tesla demonstrated that soil is a conductor of electricity and created artificial lightning. [28]

Tesla observed lightning and studied atmospheric electricity through his own receiver. Tesla's receivers and detectors were reproduced to a very complex level (e.g., distributed element models, Q factors, cavity resonators, radio frequency feedback and regenerative circuits). [29]

Tesla studied how to transmit energy and electricity wirelessly. Based on his own experiments and discoveries, he calculated that the earth's oscillation frequency is close to 8 Hz. In the 1950s, researchers confirmed that the cavity resonance frequency of the ionosphere was within this range (later called the Schumann *** oscillation).

Tesla left Colorado Springs on January 7, 1900. The laboratory was dismantled and its contents sold to pay debts. The experiments in Colorado prepared Tesla for his next project, building a wireless energy transmission facility that would become Wardenclyffe Tower. Tesla was awarded U.S. Patent 685,012 for his invention of an instrument that increased the intensity of electron fluctuations.

Later years[edit]

In 1900, Tesla started planning to build Wardenclyffe Tower with $150,000 (51 from John Pierpont Morgan). In July 1902, Tesla's research was moved from Houston Street to Wardenclyffe Tower, which would be used for wireless transmission of electricity around the world. However, the tower was eventually demolished and scrapped during World War I. Newspapers of the time called Wardenclyffe Tower "Tesla's million-dollar building." In 1904, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office revoked the original decision and granted Guglielmo Marconi the radio patent, and Tesla began his battle for the radio patent. In 1906, on the occasion of his 50th birthday, Tesla demonstrated his 200 hp (150 kW) bladeless turbine that ran at 1,500 rpm. Between 1900 and 1911, at the Waterside Power Station in New York, some of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5,000 horsepower.

Field theory[edit]

The 81-year-old Tesla claimed that he had completed the "Dynamic Theory of Gravity". He said the theory "works flawlessly in every detail" and he hopes to announce it to the world as soon as possible. This theory has never been officially published.

Unified field theory is still a difficult problem that theoretical physics is trying to solve. No scientist, including Einstein, has come close to this goal.

Mark Twain in Tesla’s laboratory, 1894

Death and legacy[edit]

Special stamp on the 100 Serbian dinar denomination Tesla

The cover of Time magazine on July 20, 1931 looked like Tesla.

Nikola Tesla died alone of heart failure in Room 3327 of the New York Hotel on January 7, 1943. [30] Tesla was impoverished and died with a large debt after refusing to sell his alternating current patent. Later that year, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to uphold Tesla's patent number. [31]

Although he was an American, after Tesla’s death was made public, the government-affiliated Bureau of Alien Property and Assets Management obtained his research materials and patents. At the time of his death, Tesla continued his research on Teleforce weapons and death rays.

Although he was unsuccessful in selling these weapons to the U.S. War Department. His proposed death ray is believed to be a particle beam weapon. The U.S. government found no safe prototype device. After the War Department contacted the FBI, his research was declared top secret. On the advice of presidential advisors, all of his personal belongings were seized; John Edgar Hoover declared all of Tesla's research top secret due to the nature of Tesla's inventions and patents. [32] One document records that "(he) reportedly had 80 suitcases scattered in different places, which contained his research manuscripts and experimental plans...".

Due to the potential importance of his research, Tesla's family and the Yugoslav Embassy have been working to retrieve the items from U.S. authorities. Eventually, his nephew Sava Kosanovi? took ownership of some of his personal belongings, which are now on display at the Nikola Tesla Museum. [33]

The Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade

Tesla’s funeral was held at St. John’s Cathedral in Manhattan, New York, on January 12, 1943 held. His ashes were interred in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Serbia, in 1957.

Nikola Tesla in popular culture[edit]

Nikola Tesla has appeared in many different popular cultures, such as books, movies, Radio, television, music, theater performances, comics, and video games. The lack of knowledge about him throughout his life makes him a tragic and inspired character perfect for dramatic fiction. Tesla is particularly suitable for science fiction stories about his research. The impact of the technology invented by Nikola Tesla is the subject of many kinds of science fiction. Tesla's Wardenclyffe Science Center Plaque [1] "Father of Military Science: Nikola Tesla" [2] Due to his outstanding achievements, later generations pay tribute to him The evaluation is: "The genius forgotten by the world: Tesla". In the science fiction TV series "Alien Asylum", he is described as a genius scientist with a vampire bloodline. After being injected with the blood of ancient vampires, he awakened as the last vampire (special descendant) in the world. In the game "Red Alert", there is a weapon "Tesla Coil" named after him. The "truth" in the game "Assassin's Creed 2" points out that Tesla owns the No. 4 Golden Apple that can bring advanced technology to mankind, and plans to make the world have endless energy, so Tesla became a Templar. The target of their (Edison and others) attacks.