Through the documents such as The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Rites, we can know that Confucius drank well, but he didn't like alcohol, not addicted to it, but drank properly when he participated in various social etiquette activities, and he was a little particular about drinking. However, because there are few records about Confucius' drinking in early literature, what we can learn about Confucius' drinking is actually limited. Let's look at how Confucius drank from four aspects:

First of all, Confucius has a good capacity for drinking.

The Analects of Confucius? The sixth chapter of Hometown Party introduces Confucius' views on diet, including drinking. Among them: "Only wine is boundless, not for chaos." It can be seen that Confucius has a good capacity for drinking, so he dares to say this with confidence. Of course, compared with the current brewing technology, the brewing technology in the Confucius era was not high, the alcohol content was not high, and the alcohol consumption would be relatively large. In addition, Confucius once asked himself: "When you leave, you are responsible for your official, and when you enter, you are responsible for your father and brother. If you dare not give up your funeral, why is it for me? " It says, "If you're not sleepy about wine, what's the use for me?" How many things have I done without worrying about drinking? . Confucius is very modest. In fact, he did all these things, and he did a good job, which is an example for everyone to learn. And his "wine is not sleepy" shows that Confucius is very confident in drinking and has a good foundation. It can be said that he is quite good at drinking.

Second, Confucius is good at tasting wine.

Confucius said, "There is no limit to wine, but it is not as chaotic as it is." On the one hand, it shows that he can drink and drink a lot. On the other hand, it also shows that he can control the amount of alcohol well, grasp moderation, don't drink too much, don't get drunk, and won't make trouble. Confucius' drinking practice and attitude also had a great influence on later generations. As we all know, the amount of alcohol consumed varies from person to person. Some people are in good health and drink a lot, while some people are even allergic to alcohol and don't touch alcohol, so we can't take the specific amount as a limit. Confucius rationally used the word "less than chaos" as the setting of drinking measure, that is, the upper limit is unconsciousness and chaos. The best state of drinking is like being drunk but not drunk, being slightly drunk but not drunk, being drunk but disrespectful and being laughed at. The beauty of Chinese wine culture lies in its great artistic creativity when it seems to be drunk but not drunk, such as calligraphy, painting and drunken boxing. This cultural feature is related to the golden mean advocated by Confucius. Confucius himself is very good at wine, that is, he practices the golden mean and is good at grasping the scale and discretion when drinking, so as not to be so chaotic. There is no document that Old Master Q was drunk and misbehaved. I believe that Confucius really realized that freedom later: he did what he wanted without breaking the rules. For drinking, the rule is: don't mess around. Under normal circumstances, anyone who drinks too much can feel it, and whether he can restrain himself after feeling it is the key. If you don't insist on drinking, no one can pinch your neck, so whoever is drunk will be responsible. Tao Kan, Tao Yuanming's great-grandfather, used to be an all-powerful man. Once criticized by his mother Zhan for drinking too much, Tao Kan immediately knelt down and vowed to obey his mother's orders and drink no more than three cups. From then on, Tao Gong never drank more than three glasses of wine, and he was never drunk. This also achieved what Confucius called "never fail".

Third, Confucius celebrated the drinking ceremony.

The Analects of Confucius? Xiangdang is an article that records the daily life of Confucius. Chapter 7 says: If the seat is wrong, don't sit. Villagers drink, and those who insist will leave. It is recorded here that when Confucius attended the banquet held in the village, he didn't go out until all the old people had left. This is a ceremony for villagers to drink and end their banquet. Of course, the Book of Rites records more ceremonies. In fact, many social occasions, including various sacrificial activities, often involve drinking, and everything is done according to etiquette requirements. Confucius is a country of etiquette, and he must set an example first. He does everything according to the etiquette requirements in daily life, and drinking is no exception.

Fourth, Confucius paid attention to drinking.

Confucius is very particular about diet. If he doesn't eat this or that, he should eat what he wants. In the past, he was criticized for being too picky. In fact, it seems reasonable now. He is concerned about food safety and health, food health and science, but it is very cultural. It is wrong to criticize him as in the past. The Analects of Confucius? The sixth section of "Xiang Dang" said: "There is no food in the wine market." That is, don't drink the wine bought in the market and don't eat the dried meat bought. As for why he doesn't drink the wine bought in the market, it may be that he is not at ease about the food hygiene of unknown origin and the shelf life of food is short. Maybe fraud has already happened in the Spring and Autumn Period. Of course, the brewing process at that time was not complicated, and ordinary families could brew. Confucius is particular about drinking, and he won't drink casually. He usually drinks home-brewed or reliable wine.

To sum up, Confucius is indeed a good example for our younger generation to learn, and his drinking method is worth learning and developing!

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Boya Tang Nuo

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