the origin of "antique architecture"
China is one of the ancient civilizations in the world. Ancient China architecture, ancient Egyptian architecture, ancient West Asian architecture, ancient Indian architecture, ancient Aegean architecture and ancient American architecture are juxtaposed as six major components of the world's ancient architecture. China's architectural culture has a long history, unique formation, beautiful building shape, rigorous structure, exquisiteness in grandeur and elegance in solemnity. The term "antique architecture" officially originated in the 195s, but it was not until the end of last century that the academic circles discussed it in theory, and there were different opinions. It can be said that it experienced a bumpy process of production, development and maturity. "Antique architecture" is almost the same as ancient architecture, but it has completely broken away from the specific type. If we only stay in the understanding of the type, it is inevitable to copy the traditional architecture, which is also a prejudice against the antique architectural form. Therefore, the comprehensive and accurate expression of the word "antique architecture" is to imitate the external manifestation of ancient architectural design.
what is "antique architecture"?
There are two kinds of antique architectural forms: broad-sense antique architectural forms refer to the re-creation of ancient architectural forms in line with traditional cultural characteristics by using modern building materials or traditional building materials; narrow-sense antique architectural forms refer to the restoration of ancient buildings in a specific range by using traditional building materials, which strictly belongs to the category of cultural relics restoration. This paper only discusses broad-sense antique architectural forms. Generally speaking, modern construction technology is used to reflect the shape of ancient buildings, but we know that there is no high-rise structure in ancient buildings due to the limitations of ancient building materials and theories; Therefore, today's antique buildings are mainly single-storey and multi-storey. As we all know, modern multi-storey buildings are mostly masonry structures and frame structures. Therefore, the application of reinforced concrete structure occupies a dominant position in antique buildings.
what are the characteristics of antique buildings?
The ancient architecture in China is characterized by using wood as the main building material and keeping the principle of framing. In order to protect wood, the surface needs to be painted. In the long-term development and evolution, China ancient architecture has formed a unique color painting system, which has amazed the world. In view of the poor fire resistance and short service life of wood structure, it is no longer advocated in today's buildings; The structural form of frame system is very similar to the existing reinforced concrete frame structure: the way of force transmission is clear, and the main load-bearing structure and enclosure structure are separated. This shows that the frame structure is the structural form that can best reflect the essence of ancient buildings. This also creates conditions for the flexible layout of indoor space. In ancient buildings in China, various kinds of covers, hangings, partitions and screens were often used to divide indoor space freely and flexibly. However, in today's reinforced concrete structures, this form of color painting system can only be achieved through decoration means such as sticking or painting.
The ancient buildings in China created and used the bucket arch structure. The bucket arch is a unique shape in the ancient architectural system in China. It is not only a structural component that transfers loads between beams and columns and undertakes earthquake resistance, but also becomes the main decorative component of the building with its beautiful and gorgeous shape. The essence of integrating structural function and decorative function. With the development of modern structural forms and building materials, the bucket arch, an important structural component, has lost its original substantive function when applied to antique buildings, and only serves as an ornamental decorative component. But it is indispensable as a representative component of ancient buildings.
Most ancient architectural groups in China take courtyards as combined units: single buildings are arranged along the periphery, enclosing the middle courtyards. The overall style of this courtyard is introverted: the interior is open and varied, and the appearance is closed. According to China's feudal etiquette concept, the courtyard emphasizes the symmetrical layout of the central axis to highlight the main building and achieve the overall balance. It is precisely because of this concept that the single architectural form of ancient architecture is highly unified, whether it is a palace, a temple, a residence, etc., regardless of its size, the appearance and shape are composed of three parts: the platform, the house body and the roof. These characteristics are inevitably monotonous, which also limits the diversity of ancient buildings to a certain extent, while ancient architects make multi-level layout from building groups along the axis, thus making the courtyard colorful. However, these characteristics are not obvious in the design of ancient gardens, because the ancient garden buildings in China are based on the principle of "learning from nature" and are extremely free and flexible. This is the kind of gardens that we are familiar with now.
what are the design points of antique buildings?
among the ancient buildings in China, the Soviet-style garden buildings in Ming and Qing dynasties are the most representative and well known. Therefore, in the form of antique buildings, imitation of Soviet-style ancient buildings in Ming and Qing dynasties is the main one. The main mechanical components of ancient buildings can be roughly divided into: columns, beams, trusses, purlins and rafters. The direction of force transmission is: roof → rafters → purlin → truss → beam → column; The way is clear and the force is simple. The beams in ancient buildings are simply supported beams, which is very unfavorable to the earthquake resistance of buildings, so the bucket arch is born; However, in the reinforced concrete structure frame, the beams and columns are rigid, and the beams bear the seismic action, thus overhead the bucket arch; At present, most roofing projects adopt cast-in-place integral type, so purlins, rafters and other components have also become non-essential components and can be cancelled. This will have an impact on the facade, so the roofing project of antique buildings has become a key node in the whole project.
The roof styles of ancient buildings in China are very rich and varied. Those with low grades have hard peaks and hanging peaks, while those with high grades have Dian Ding and Xie Ding. In addition, there are pyramidal roof, shed roof, fan roof, helmet roof, _ roof, hooked roof, flat roof, dome roof and cross roof. The Dian Ding, Xieding Peak, pyramidal roof and so on have single eaves and double eaves, while pyramidal roof has round, square, hexagonal and octagonal forms. Among these forms, Xieding Mountain is the most widely used in Soviet-style architecture. "Xieshan" is a Qing-style name. Before the Qing Dynasty, it had different names such as "Cao Dian", "Han Dian" and "Xialiangtouzao". The rest-hill roof has one positive ridge, four vertical ridges and four ridges. The roof of Xieding Peak is located at the gable on both sides, which is not like the hard mountain type and the hanging mountain type, and the gable is vertical downward from the positive ridge. The main ridge of the rest-hill roof is shorter than the distance between the gables at both ends, so the rest-hill roof is a triangular vertical area formed by the main ridge and two vertical ridges at the upper part, which is called "mountain flower". Under the mountain flowers is a trapezoidal roof, which is covered by roofs at both ends of the ridge. In ancient buildings, the roof structure is mostly made of light materials such as wood and tiles, and the relative load of the two vertical ridges is small. However, in the design of reinforced concrete roof with heavy weight in modern buildings, beams should be set at four vertical ridges and four ridges to establish reliable support, so as to clarify the force transmission path of the roof at the mountain flower part. This is similar to the "peach-pointed beam" in ancient wooden works. However, due to the cancellation of rafters in modern technology, the form of "flying rafters" can only be realized through the strong plasticity of concrete.
So much for the features and pictures of antique architecture design. After reading so much, do you know what antique architecture is? In fact, antique architecture is the imitation and substitution of ancient architecture style. In fact, there are many essence features in ancient buildings. However, with people attaching importance to western science and technology and neglecting China traditional culture, many Chinese cultures and essences are lost. The appearance of antique architectural design is also a kind of inheritance of ancient housing architectural culture.