Research on evaluation of innovative city construction in Beijing
1. The meaning of innovative city
The research team believes that:
“Innovative city "Refers to a city that uses innovation as the main driving force to promote economic and social development. The level of knowledge innovation and technological innovation in the entire city has reached a very high level, and it has the motivation foundation to maintain continuous innovative talents and investment, providing innovative activities. To ensure a reliable and efficient innovation environment.
To put it simply, an innovative city means that a city’s innovation must achieve certain results and must have sufficient motivation and good guarantee conditions.
Among them, innovation effect refers to the direct effect of knowledge and technological innovation and its indirect results on economic and social development.
The power of innovation means that innovation activities are mainly driven by talents and financial resources. Talents and financial resources are the two wheels that promote innovation.
Innovation guarantee refers to the hard conditions and soft environment required for the smooth and efficient development of innovation activities.
2. Research on the Theory of Innovative Cities
The concept of "innovative city" was proposed after the 1990s, but as the origin of the theory of "innovative city", As early as 1912, the Austrian-American economist Joseph Schumpeter proposed the term "innovation". After that, the academic research on innovation and related issues generally formed three main directions:
(1) Research on technological innovation and institutional innovation (beginning in 1912)
(2) Research on "innovation systems" (began in the 1980s)
(3) Research on "innovative cities" (began in the 1990s)
(1) Technological innovation and institutional innovation
This direction is divided into two stages.
The first stage: Schumpeter’s research on innovation.
Innovation was first proposed by the Austrian-American economist Joseph Schumpeter in his "Theory of Economic Development" published in 1912. Schumpeter believed that innovation includes five situations: (1) the adoption of a new product or a new characteristic of a product; (2) the adoption of a new production method; (3) the creation of a new New markets that have not been entered before; (4) Controlling or “grabbing” new supply sources of production raw materials and semi-finished products; (5) Realizing a new form of industrial organization.
The second stage: research on innovation after Schumpeter.
The research on innovation after Schumpeter can be divided into two lines: one is the research on technological innovation; the other is the research on institutional innovation.
(2) Research on innovation systems
Research on innovation systems mainly includes two directions: national innovation system and regional innovation system.
1. Research on National Innovation System
The concept of national innovation system (also called national innovation system) was first proposed by British economist Christopher Freeman in 1987 . So far, the research on national innovation system does not have a complete theoretical system.
(1) Freeman. In the history of mankind, technologically leading countries have ranged from the United Kingdom to Germany, the United States, and then Japan. This kind of catching up and leapfrogging is not only the result of technological innovation, but also the innovation of many systems and organizations, thus it is the evolution of a national innovation system. result.
(2) OECD. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development pointed out: The core content of the national innovation system is the circulation of scientific and technological knowledge within a country. The core of the national innovation system is the enterprise, which is the way for enterprises to innovate and obtain external knowledge. The main sources of external knowledge are other enterprises, companies or private research institutions, universities and intermediary organizations.
2. Research on regional innovation system theory
The concept of regional innovation system was first proposed by Cook (1992) of Cardiff University in the UK.
Relevant research mainly reflects the following five aspects:
(1) Research on regional innovation system environment
(2) Research on regional innovation system organizational structure
(3) Research on the spatial structure of regional innovation systems
(4) Research on the functions of regional innovation systems
(5) Research on regional innovation processes
(3) “Innovative cities” Theory
1. Western scholars’ research on innovative cities
(1) Landry’s “Innovative City”
Charles Rand of the UK Rui proposed that an innovative city must have the following conditions: highly skilled labor force; regulations that motivate and guide; dynamic thinkers, entrepreneurs and doers; people with independent personality; adequate intellectual infrastructure; complete internal and external communication links; entrepreneurs Culture; creative spark conflict; dynamic and intense balance.
(2) James Simon’s “Innovative City”
James Simon of Oxford University in the UK pointed out that the formation of urban competitiveness under the knowledge economy fundamentally depends on innovation. The success of innovative cities mainly relies on two core "urban assets": first, high-quality knowledge workers; second, convenient infrastructure and communications.
2. my country’s research on innovative cities
Domestic scholars’ research on urban innovation systems began in the late 1990s. At present, most of the research on innovative cities in my country remains on the analysis of individual cases, lacking systematic theoretical research. The main relevant references to innovative cities in China include: learning cities, smart cities, high-tech cities, etc.
3. Conclusion
The research team believes that:
The goal of innovative city construction is to achieve ideal innovation results, that is, the results of knowledge innovation and technological innovation. Promoting the development of the city is the core of innovative city construction; and the realization of innovative city goals mainly relies on the two main driving forces of innovative talents and innovative investment. Innovative talents and innovative investment are the two wheels of innovative city construction; The efficient and smooth realization of the goals of innovative cities requires a good hard and soft environment for innovation as a guarantee.
Chapter 2 Practice of Innovative City Construction
1. Practice of Domestic Innovative City Construction
(1) Shanghai: Implementing the principle of “revitalizing the city through science and education” Strategy to promote the construction of innovative cities
1. Adjustment of the layout of colleges and universities. Focus on promoting the "2+2+X" layout and structure adjustment of universities, that is, the construction of two university clusters in the north and south of the "Yangpu University Town" with Fudan as the core and the "Minhang Zizhu Science Park" with Jiaotong University as the core, "Songjiang University Park" and "Nanhui The construction of two university parks in the east and west of the "Science and Education Park", as well as the construction of several colleges and universities closely related to industry.
2． Implement the strategy of focusing on Zhangjiang. Continue to implement the strategy of focusing on Zhangjiang and promote the cluster development of high-tech industries in “one district and six parks”.
3． Research center and laboratory construction. We will seize the opportunity to build a number of enterprise technology research centers, municipal key laboratories and national engineering research centers, and actively prepare to build a number of national laboratories
4. Construction of innovation support system. Promote the construction of an innovation support system with five public service platforms as the main content. (Technology company service platform, human resources service platform, technology venture investment and financing platform, intellectual property service platform, information service platform)
5. International talent strategy. We have promoted the “Ten Thousands of Overseas Students Talent Gathering Project”, implemented the “Introduction of Thousands of Hong Kong Professionals” plan under the CEPA framework, and built a national-level entrepreneurial park for overseas students.
(2) Tianjin: Implement the strategy of revitalizing the city through science and education and build an innovative city
1. Build a knowledge innovation system that integrates scientific research and higher education.
2． Build a technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body and integrating industry, academia and research.
3． Establish an industrial structure marked by high-tech pillar industries.
4． Take market and social needs as the guide for technological innovation.
5. Build a scientific and technological service system that is conducive to the innovative development of small and medium-sized enterprises and the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productivity.
6． Build a basic science and technology platform that is conducive to the sharing of scientific and technological resources.
(3) Shenzhen: Create “four highlands” and build an independent and innovative city
1. Industrial highland. The high-tech industry characterized by independent innovation continues to grow at a high speed, with product output value accounting for more than 50% of the total industrial output value above designated size; high-tech product exports account for more than 45% of the city's total exports.
2． Corporate Heights. An independent innovation system with enterprises as the main body has basically been formed, which is embodied in the "Four 90s", that is, 90% of the city's R&D institutions are established in enterprises, 90% of R&D personnel are concentrated in enterprises, 90% of R&D funds come from enterprises, and 90% of Service invention patents originate from enterprises.
3． A highland of independent intellectual property rights. The number of patent applications and authorizations in the city ranks third among large and medium-sized cities in the country; the number of international patent applications has ranked first among large and medium-sized cities in the country. The output value of high-tech products with independent intellectual property rights accounts for more than 50% of the city's high-tech product output value.
4. Talent high ground. The city has 610,000 professional and technical personnel, and the total number of talents is close to 1 million, forming an innovative cultural atmosphere that dares to take risks, be brave in innovation, tolerate failure, and pursue success.
(4) Xi’an: Building an innovative city with independent innovation as its core
1. The innovative pattern of "two districts, two bases" and "three parks and three centers" has basically formed with Xi'an High-tech Zone and Xi'an Economic Development Zone as the main bodies, with Yanliang Aviation Industry Base and Weiqu Aerospace Industry Base as the main bodies. The "two districts and two bases" innovation area and industrial structure on both wings; three national university science parks of Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, and NPU; three Xi'an High-tech Zone Entrepreneurship Service Center, Xi'an Biomedicine Professional Incubator, and Xi'an Optoelectronics Professional Incubator National Entrepreneurship Service Center
2. Highlight a major project, clarify three key points, and launch four major innovation projects
A major project, that is, accelerating the development of high-tech industries; three key orientations, namely, intellectual property capacity building, military-civilian technology integration, and scientific and technological innovation Linkage; four major innovation projects, namely, enterprise technological innovation project, scientific and technological achievements transformation project, new rural construction promotion project, and scientific and technological platform construction project
3. Integrate military science and technology resources, explore and realize new breakthroughs in Xi'an's science and technology industry
Explore innovative mechanisms and industrialization models for military-civilian integration, promote the construction of military-civilian dual-use technology industry demonstration parks, integrate the advantages of military science and technology resources, and do a good job Cultivation and promotion of military-civilian integration technology projects that have a significant impact on Xi'an's regional economy.
2. Practical experience in foreign innovative city construction
(1) New York: vigorously develop the producer service industry and build the world’s first financial center
Active Establish an education system that meets the requirements of the knowledge economy, and at the same time rely on the advantages of the "world's first financial center" to vigorously develop finance, insurance, management consulting and other producer service industries that have extremely high requirements for human capital and knowledge capital, and improve the industry through knowledge added value.
Cultivate professional talents for various industries in a targeted manner. Dozens of colleges and universities in New York City are planning to establish new majors connected with the knowledge economy to cultivate industry elites for the corporate world.
Attaching importance to science and technology and using federal funds, New York has opened up a "high-tech industrial research park" in the urban area, uniting the scientific research forces of many universities, research institutions and enterprises to vigorously develop high-end technology products. At present, New York's high-tech, high-value-added producer service industry has become the city's leading industry.
(2) Silicon Valley: Ten lessons
(1) Good rules of the game, including laws, regulations, systems and management.
(2) Intensive knowledge and new ideas can be widely exchanged.
(3) Floating high-quality labor force. Silicon Valley is a magnet for talent, and talented people from all over the world continue to flock to Silicon Valley.
(4) Successful venture capital operating mechanism.
(5) A result-oriented meritocracy, where talent and ability dominate everything in Silicon Valley.
(6) A good atmosphere that encourages risk-taking and tolerates failure.
(7) Open entrepreneurial environment.
(8) Interaction between industry, academia and research.
(9) Cooperation between enterprises, governments and non-profit organizations.
(10) High-quality life attracts talents from all over the world to start businesses here (11) Professional entrepreneurial service agencies, financing, lawyers, headhunting companies, accounting firms, consultants, etc.
(3) Tokyo, Japan: Innovative Urban Policies
Since 2000, Tokyo has adopted various tax reduction and exemption policies for high-tech enterprises; it has increased 25% of scientific research tax loans for the information industry. , Establish a software research and development tax-free reserve fund and accidental loss reserve system, and exempt technology development asset tax7; Establish a special loan system to revitalize local technology, high-tech enterprises can use low-interest long-term loans, and the loan term can be up to 25 years. Interest discount 10.
A small business financial treasury has been set up to provide special loans with an annual interest rate of only 2.7 to high-tech small businesses. In addition, when selecting support projects, the government prefers basic original fields in which Japan is originally weak; for the results of "unique" development by state-funded university researchers, individuals can receive 50-80 RMB of patent income; the government also encourages industry and universities to Establish a "*** Research Center" with special subsidies from the Department of Science and Technology. The establishment of an OTC stock trading market for the listing of high-tech small businesses has provided financial support for the rapid expansion of many high-tech small businesses.
(4) London, UK: Creative industries and traditional financial services develop simultaneously
London has successfully used the creative industry to optimize and upgrade the city's industrial structure. The creative industry contributes to London's annual growth The city brings an output value of nearly 21 billion pounds and 400,000 jobs, ranking only after the financial services industry. It has become the second pillar industry that drives the economic development of London and enhances the competitiveness of London.
The London Municipal Government pays special attention to the role of corporate innovation in building an innovative city, especially focusing on supporting small and medium-sized enterprises. To this end, the City of London has established a network of "Knowledge Angels" to provide innovative products, innovative processes and innovative service concepts to small and medium-sized enterprises. After an enterprise develops to a certain stage, "Knowledge Angel" will encourage enterprise innovators to join or form a network, and assist them in applying for innovation funds. London has vigorously launched the Youth Vision Project and the Teaching Company Project to encourage young people to play a role in creating an innovative city.
Strengthen the construction of the regional innovation system and establish an effective innovation platform and operating mechanism between schools, industries, and research institutes.
By vigorously developing and improving the urban innovation brand, and promoting and communicating the strategic goals and vision of urban innovation to various institutions, we will enhance the awareness of citizen innovators and create an innovation culture.
3. Summary of the practice of innovative cities at home and abroad
1. Build a technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body
2. Build a knowledge innovation system with universities and scientific research institutions as the main body
3. Pay attention to the introduction and training system of talents
4. Establish and improve a diversified science and technology investment system
5. Pay attention to the organic combination of industry, academia and research
6. Pay attention to the government’s guiding and supporting role