Focus on Lesson 1: The broad rights of the master of the country

Lesson 2: Our obligations

Lesson 6: The right to lifelong benefits

Lesson 8 Consumer Rights

The teacher also gave us the following knowledge points for review in the second volume of eighth-grade politics

(for final review)

Unit 1

1. The nature of our country (p4)

Our country is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.

2. The people of our country at this stage include (p4)

Workers, farmers, intellectuals and other socialist laborers, builders of the socialist cause, and patriotic people who support socialism Patriots who support the reunification of the motherland.

Note that Chinese citizens who do not belong to the Chinese people include:

Criminals deprived of political rights

②Foreigners with Chinese nationality

③People who split the country

④Hostile forces and elements that are hostile to and undermine the socialist system.

3. The people are the masters of our country and society. (p4)

(Exhibition of master status: equal rights to enjoy national and social affairs)

4. What are civil rights; what are the basic rights of citizens? (p5)

Citizen rights refer to certain rights and interests confirmed by the constitution and law and granted to citizens.

Since the civil rights stipulated in the Constitution are the most important and fundamental rights of citizens, they are called the basic rights of citizens

5. What are the similarities and differences between people and citizens? What are the similarities and differences between people and citizens? Who are citizens? (p6)

People is a political concept, which has different class content in different countries and different historical periods of the same country.

Citizen is a legal concept, which refers to people who have the rights and interests of a certain country. A person who has nationality and enjoys rights and obligations in accordance with the provisions of the country's constitution and laws.

Chinese citizens: You must have Chinese nationality to be considered a Chinese citizen. (Some Chinese people who have given birth to children do not have Chinese nationality, so they cannot be regarded as Chinese citizens)

6. How are the rights of Chinese citizens protected (p7)

Our country has established a system based on the Constitution. The core, a rights protection system with legislative protection and judicial protection as its main content, protects the rights of citizens.

Legislative protection: It is to confirm the rights of citizens in the form of law and to use state coercion to safeguard them.

Judicial protection: refers to the legal sanction of various infringements and the protection of citizens’ rights.

7. What are the basic rights of our citizens? (p9)

Citizens’ basic rights involve various fields such as politics, economy, and culture, and cover many aspects such as family life, school life, and social life. Specifically include: ① right to equality ② political rights and freedom ③ freedom of religious belief ④ right to personal freedom ⑤... ⑨

(The constitution is a confirmation and guarantee of citizens’ basic rights.)

8. How should citizens exercise their rights correctly? (p10--11)

① Citizens must respect the rights of others when exercising their rights.

② When exercising their rights, citizens shall not harm the interests of the country, society, or the collective.

③ Exercise your rights within the scope permitted by law.

④ Rights must be exercised in a legal manner.

9. How to exercise the right to freedom of speech (page P11)

First, citizens must not use freedom of speech to insult or slander others.

Second, citizens shall not use freedom of speech to instigate or incite others to commit acts that endanger national security, undermine national unity, undermine social morality, or disrupt social order.

10. Citizens’ obligations are divided into two categories: legal obligations and moral obligations. What are legal obligations? What are the basic obligations of our citizens stipulated in the Constitution? (p16)

The civil obligations stipulated in our country’s constitution are legal obligations and are also the basic obligations of our citizens. Legal obligations refer to the obligations that citizens must fulfill as stipulated in the constitution and laws. (Mark the specific content in the textbook, ***6 items)

11. What are moral obligations? What are the functions of moral obligations? What are the basic moral norms that our citizens must abide by? (p17)

It means that members of society consciously and voluntarily assume moral responsibilities to others and society in accordance with social moral norms. Patriotism and law-abiding, courtesy and integrity, unity and friendship, diligence, thrift and self-reliance, dedication and dedication

12. Why must citizens fulfill their obligations while enjoying their rights? (Page 14-15)

① We cannot just get without paying, and we cannot just enjoy rights without fulfilling obligations. ② We must fulfill our legal obligations because this is stipulated in the constitution and law. ③ In our country, the rights and obligations of citizens are consistent. Each of us is both a subject enjoying rights and a subject performing obligations.

13. What is the relationship between my country’s law and socialist morality? (p19.d1)

my country’s law and socialist morality cooperate with, promote and complement each other. All behaviors prohibited by law are condemned by socialist morality; there are many legal obligations that are also requirements of socialist morality.

14. How to faithfully perform obligations?

①We actively do what the law encourages us to do

②We must do what the law requires us to do

③We resolutely do not do what the law prohibits. Do

Unit 2

1. What is personality right? (p25)

Personality rights are the rights of being a human being.

2. What does personality right include? What are their characteristics? (p25)

(1) Material personality rights (right to life and health)

(2) Spiritual personality rights (right to freedom, right to name, right to portrait, right to reputation, right to privacy) rights)

3. What is the primary personality right? (p25d.2)

Among the citizens’ personality rights, the right to life and health occupies the primary position

4. Characteristics of personality rights (p24, 25)

①Personal rights are the prerequisite for people to connect themselves with society and have various connections and interactions with others.

②Personality rights accompany life and have been with us since birth

③It is enjoyed by everyone alone and cannot be transferred, abandoned, inherited, or subject to illegal restrictions by others. , let alone be separated from our human bodies.

5. What does the right to personal freedom include? (P26)

Answer: ① Within the scope permitted by law, citizens’ bodies and wills are completely at their own disposal

② Citizens’ bodies are not subject to illegal searches

③Citizens’ bodies are not subject to illegal confinement

④Citizens’ bodies are not subject to illegal confinement

6. What special protection does our country’s law provide to minors? (p26.d2)

Answer: ① Our country’s laws prohibit the abuse and abandonment of minors, and prohibit infant drowning and abandonment.

② Employers are prohibited from illegally recruiting minors under the age of 16.

③ It is prohibited to arrange underage workers (workers who are over 16 years old but under 18 years old) to engage in underground, toxic, harmful, and labor-intensive labor in mines.

7. What are the laws in my country that protect citizens’ rights to life and health? (p27)

Answer: "Constitution", "Criminal Law", "General Principles of Civil Law" and "Public Security Administration Punishment Law"

8. What are the laws that specifically protect minors?

"Minor Protection Law" and "Minor Delinquency Prevention Law"

9. What are the ways for citizens to exercise their right to health? (p28)

Answer: ① We have the right to cherish life, maintain health, actively exercise, improve health, so that we can have a strong body and a positive spirit

② Yes The right to timely treatment when sick, to restore health, and to enhance physical fitness

③When one's life and health are illegally infringed upon by others, the right to self-defense and request legal protection in accordance with the law

10. Personal dignity What does the right include? (p35)

Reputation rights, portrait rights, name rights, privacy rights, life and health rights, freedom rights, etc.

11. The meaning and expression of the right of reputation (P38)

The right of reputation is the right that people enjoy in accordance with the law to exclude the infringement of others on their objective social evaluation.

The main manifestations are: the right to control reputational interests and the right to maintain reputation.

12. What are the behaviors that infringe on the right of reputation? (p38, 39)

①Insult: Refers to behavior that derogates another person’s personality and harms his or her reputation through language, writing or violent means, which is divided into verbal insults, written insults and violent insults.

② Defamation: refers to the act of fabricating and spreading false facts out of thin air, and maliciously slandering others. It is divided into oral libel and written libel.

③News reports are inaccurate.

④False accusation.

13. What is portrait right? (p40)

A portrait is a representation of the human body centered on appearance.

14. What are the ways of expressing portraits? (p40)

Painting (self-portrait), sculpture, paper-cutting, photography, videography, etc.

15. What is the status of portraits? (p40)

Portraits are also the basic symbol of each person’s personality.

16. What does the right of portrait include? (p41)

Portrait rights include: portrait production rights, use rights and remuneration rights.

17. What are the infringements of portrait rights? (p41.d2)

(1) If a citizen’s portrait is used for profit (advertising, magazine covers, calendars), the consent of the owner of the portrait right must be obtained, otherwise it will constitute an infringement.

(2) Maliciously damaging, tarnishing, or besmirching the portrait of a citizen.

(3) Personal attacks using portraits, etc.

18. What is the right to name? (p43)

The right to name refers to the right of citizens to decide, use, and change their names in accordance with the law, and to exclude infringement by others.

Adults over the age of 18 have the right to decide on their own what to name themselves; the right to decide and use their own names, pen names, and stage names; and the right to change their names in accordance with regulations. However, the name rights of minors and mentally ill patients shall be exercised by their guardians.

19. What content does a person’s name include? What is the status of a name? (p43)

(Content) Name includes formal name, former name, pen name and stage name.

(Status) Name is the basic symbol of each person’s personality.

20. What are the forms of infringement of name rights? (p44)

21. The meaning of privacy (P46)

Privacy refers to personal private life that citizens are unwilling to know or disclose, and have nothing to do with public interests. secret.

It includes three aspects: private information, personal matters, and private space (Page 46)

22. The significance (necessity) of protecting privacy (pages 46 and 47)

( 1). It is the need for people’s independence and freedom (2). It is people’s need for their own peace and security (3). It is the need to build a modern society that is people-oriented and advocates human nature and individuality.

23. The meaning of the right to privacy (P48)

The right to privacy refers to the right of citizens to enjoy a peaceful private life and keep private information confidential in accordance with the law. Our country's laws protect citizens' right to privacy.

24. Contents of the right to privacy (p48-50)

(1) Right to peace of private life (2) Right to confidentiality of personal information (3) Right to confidentiality of private communications

25. How should we respect the privacy of others? (p51-52)

(1) Establish privacy awareness

Understand that everyone is an independent individual and everyone has their own privacy. We cannot interfere in other people’s private affairs. Inquire about and not spread other people’s secrets, and correct the bad habit of not respecting other people’s privacy.

Strengthen the awareness of responsibility and credibility

(2) It is necessary to strengthen the awareness of responsibility and credibility, and keep secrets for relatives and friends.

Infringement of privacy rights

26. What are the behaviors that infringe on privacy rights? (p53)

Monitoring and peeking into other people’s private lives, doing everything possible to find out other people’s secrets by peeking into diaries, opening letters privately, spreading hearsay about other people’s privacy, illegally using other people’s personal information, etc., are all violations of privacy. right behavior.

27. Methods to protect your privacy (p55)

(1) Use the law to protect your privacy.

When privacy rights are infringed, we should bravely take up legal weapons, negotiate with the infringer on our own, request judicial protection, etc., and ask the infringer to stop the infringement and apologize; if this causes a larger For mental suffering, you are also entitled to claim for mental compensation.

(2) Enhance your awareness of self-protection and lock your privacy.

Methods of legal protection P55: The infringer stops the infringement, apologizes, eliminates the impact, demands for mental compensation, etc.

Unit 3

1. The meaning and role of education (p58--60)

Meaning: Education is to promote human development and social development. Progress is the purpose, and the transfer of knowledge and experience is the means to cultivate people's social activities.

Function: to individuals (P59), to society (P60)

2. What is the right to education? (p60)

The right to education refers to the right of citizens to have the opportunity to receive cultural education from the state and to obtain material assistance for education.

3. What is compulsory education? What is its legal basis? (p61)

Compulsory education is a national education that school-age children and teenagers must receive in accordance with legal provisions and must be guaranteed by the state, society, schools and families.

The "Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China" is the legal guarantee for the implementation of compulsory education in our country.

4. What do “compulsory” and “education” mean in compulsory education? (Related links on p61)

“Obligations” refer to obligations stipulated in legal form that the state, society, schools, families, and school-age children and adolescents must abide by and fulfill. "Education" refers specifically to school education.

5. What are the characteristics of compulsory education? (p61)

(1) Compulsory education is compulsory by the state: its promotion and implementation are guaranteed by state coercion. It is reflected in both family and society.

(2) Compulsory education is universal: it is stipulated that children over the age of 6, regardless of gender, ethnicity, or race, must enter school to receive compulsory education for a specified number of years.

(3) Compulsory education is free

6. As a student who is receiving nine-year compulsory education, how should we fulfill our obligation to receive education? (p64)

First, conscientiously fulfill the obligation to enroll in school on time;

Second, conscientiously fulfill the obligation to receive compulsory education for the specified number of years, and shall not drop out of school;

Third, earnestly fulfill the obligation to abide by the law and school disciplines, respect teachers, and strive to complete the prescribed learning tasks.

7. What are the categories of property, and what are the legal properties of citizens? (p68--69)

Classification: state-owned, collective-owned, individual-owned.

Citizens’ personal legal property includes: citizens’ legal income, houses, savings, daily necessities, cultural relics, books and materials, forests, livestock, means of production and other legal property that are allowed by law to be owned by citizens.

8. What is property ownership? (p70)

Property ownership means that the owner has the right to possess, use, benefit from and dispose of his own property in accordance with the law. It is the legal expression of who owns the property.

9. What means does our country’s national judicial organs use to protect the ownership of citizens’ legal property? (p72--73)

It is the most common method to protect citizens’ legal property ownership through civil legal means, often by ordering the infringer to restore the damaged property to its original state and compensating the victim for economic losses. , protect the ownership of citizens’ legal property.

Protecting citizens’ legal property ownership through criminal legal means is the most severe and effective method of protection. Penalties such as fixed-term imprisonment, life imprisonment, and death penalty are usually used to protect the ownership of citizens' legal property.

10. What are the ways in which citizens can request the court to safeguard their legal property ownership? (P74 first paragraph)

12. What is inheritance? What conditions must be met for it to be genetic? (P76)

The legal property left by the heir is called inheritance.

Three necessary conditions for inheritance:

1. It must be the property left by a citizen when he dies;

2. It must be owned by an individual citizen Property;

3. It must be legal property

13. What are the decedent and heir? (p76--77)

Legalally, the deceased who left property is called the decedent.

The person who inherits the estate of the deceased in accordance with the law is called the heir.

14. Who are the heirs? How is the scope of the heirs determined? (p77)

Heirs include: spouse, children, parents (first order), brothers and sisters, grandparents, and maternal grandparents (second order).

The scope of heirs is established based on blood relationship, marriage relationship and custody relationship.

15. What is inheritance right? (p77)

The right of inheritance refers to the right of the heir to obtain the inheritance of the deceased in accordance with the law.

16. What is legal inheritance, and how is the order of legal heirs divided? (p77-78)

Statutory inheritance refers to an inheritance method in which the scope of the heirs and the order of inheritance are directly stipulated by the law, and the principle of distribution of inheritance shares is also directly stipulated by the law.

First-order heirs: spouse, children, parents; second-order heirs: brothers, sisters, grandparents, maternal grandparents

17. What is testamentary inheritance? What are the advantages of testamentary inheritance? (p78)

Testamentary inheritance refers to the way in which the heir inherits the estate of the deceased in accordance with the will made by the deceased. Its biggest advantage is that the deceased can fully dispose of the property according to his own wishes. Testamentary inheritance takes precedence over statutory inheritance.

18. What is a legacy? (p79)

It is permitted by law for a citizen not to leave his property to relatives after his death, but to give it to someone other than the legal heir. This is called a legacy. Bequests are not testamentary inheritance.

19. What conditions must be met for a valid will? (Related links on p79)

The testator must have testamentary capacity, his expression of intention must be true, the content of the will must be legal, the form of the will must be legal, and the testator must be one or more people within the legal heir range.

20. What are intellectual achievements? (p81)

Refers to the fruits of labor created by human mental labor, manifested in scientific and technological achievements, inventions, literary and artistic works, etc.

21. What is the right to intellectual achievements? (p82)

Right to intellectual achievements, that is, intellectual property rights. It is a legal recognition and protection of the exclusive rights or exclusive rights of "products" created by people (including citizens and legal persons) in science, technology, literature, art and other spiritual fields. Including copyright, patent and trademark rights, as well as trade secret rights, etc.

22. What is the importance of protecting consumer rights? (p89)

Protecting consumer rights is conducive to promoting the development of production, ensuring the smooth progress of social reproduction, maintaining the normal order of society, and allowing people to live a better life.

23. What are the laws in my country that specifically protect the rights and interests of consumers? What rights do consumers have clearly stated? (9 items) (p91)

The "Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law of the People's Republic of China" clearly stipulates that Chinese consumers have the right to safety, the right to know, the right to make independent choices, the right to fair trade, and the right to trade in accordance with the law. There are 9 rights including the right to claim compensation, the right to associate, the right to education, the right to respect personal dignity and national customs and habits, and the right to supervise. Chief among these is the right to security. (See the textbook and notes for the meaning of each right)

24. As consumers, what obligations should we fulfill? (p92)

Maintain market order and be a well-educated, orderly and moral consumer (be modest, speak politely, consider the products in advance, express gratitude to the salesperson for their excellent service, maintain legitimate interests of producers and operators).

25. How should consumers protect their rights to avoid being deceived? (p93--94)

Cultivating a pair of "intelligent eyes" requires us to enhance our judgment and selection abilities, learn and master knowledge about consumption, and master knowledge about the protection of consumer rights and interests.

26. When consumers’ rights are violated, what channels can be used to safeguard their rights? (p96)

Negotiate and reconcile with the operator; request mediation from the consumer association; appeal to the relevant administrative department; submit to the arbitration agency for arbitration based on the arbitration agreement reached with the operator; file a lawsuit with the People's Court.

Unit 4

1. What do you think is fairness? (p100--101)

2. What role does fairness play in social stability and development? (p102)

3. Faced with the unfairness in real life, what should we do? (p104--105)

4. What is a just act and what is an unjust act? (p109)

5. What is the role of the justice system? (p109--110)

6. What is the relationship between justice and fairness? (p111)

7. How should we consciously safeguard justice? (p112--113)

8. What are the specific contents of the sense of justice? (p113)

9. Why should you be a person with a sense of justice? (p114)

10. How to be a person with a sense of justice? (p115)

There is no syllabus for physics. I can recommend good review methods to you

Study hard

6 o'clock: You are still sleeping , but your body has woken up and its endocrine function is active. If you get up at this time, don't rush. It's better to move more slowly.

8 o'clock: It is a time when cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are prone to occur. It is best to postpone yoga practice until before 11 o'clock. Breakfast may be eaten at this time, but homeopathic medicines are not suitable.

9 o'clock: The pain and fear are minimal during the last 2 hours, which is the best time to see the dentist.

10 points: Suitable for participating in official negotiations, completing various teaching tasks and passing exams.

11 o'clock: If you really want to eat cream cake, it is best now rather than after lunch, because at this time, fat will be converted into energy instead of being stored in the abdomen and thighs.

13 o'clock: In the office, the staff yawned: in school, the children are not thinking well. The best time to take a lunch break.

14 o’clock: The static charge of the body is the smallest, suitable for combing hair.

16 o'clock: The body needs exercise, running, jumping, swimming, etc. If you have to sit down to work, stand up, walk around, and do some squats, which will help maintain your energy at work.

17:00: Relaxation time, you can play musical instruments, your hands are most flexible at this time.

18:00: The best time for dinner, but in moderation. At this time, excess calories will be converted into fat instead of energy.

19:00: Skin care, nutritional mask will bring benefits. Medications are also best absorbed when taken.

20 points: The pursuit of beauty is the strongest and the inner world is the richest. Look at picture albums, read books, and try on new clothes.

21 o'clock: Body temperature drops and metabolism slows down. Do not eat at this time. At this time, you will also be particularly unbearable to be alone.

22pm: Your liver doesn’t want you to drink. Alcohol also affects sleep and even your mood the next day. Smoking is also most harmful to health at this time.

23 points: Fantasy - bright prospects, lofty ideals and new concepts. Usually, these things are difficult to pass in real life.

24:00: Until morning - slow response, no firm purpose. If you don't sleep, you are most likely to feel fearful and depressed.

So, better sleep!

1. The best time to fall asleep: 22:00-23:00 at night

2. The best time to get up: 5:00-6:00 in the morning

3. The best time to use your brain: 8:00 a.m. Thinking rigorously and thoughtfully

10:00 Momentum of energy

2:00 p.m. Reacting quickly

Memory is worst at 8:00 pm

4. The best time to drink water: drink a glass of water after getting up in the morning or 1 hour before each meal

5. The best time to take a walk : 45 minutes after meals

6. The best time to exercise: 10:00 am

15:00 pm

7. The best time to take a bath : A warm bath before going to bed at night

8. The best time for beauty: Use skin care products before going to bed at night

9. The best time for drinking tea: 1 hour after a meal

10. The best time to eat fruit: 1 hour before meals

1. Physiological adjustments before the exam.

Follow your usual schedule. If you can't sleep in the morning, you can get up early, exercise, and eat breakfast. There is a common knowledge in the field of psychology that the best time for people to remember in a day is from 5 a.m. to 7 p.m. and from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. Make full use of these two periods to solve the need for memory. Something that can get twice the result with half the effort. You must take a nap at noon, preferably 30 minutes, so that you can rest your brain and wake up quickly. In the afternoon, you should mainly focus on exercises. You can concentrate on doing sets of questions. When doing questions, you should pay attention to the combination of literature and science, and the combination of difficulty and difficulty. By doing the questions, you can stabilize your mentality and build up your self-confidence. After such a period of training, I believe you will not feel strange when the exam comes.

2. Emotional adjustment of anxiety and irritability before exams.

1. Aerobic exercise.

If you can’t sleep in the morning, you can get up and jump rope appropriately, take a walk, kick shuttlecock, run, ride a bicycle, etc. No matter what kind of exercise you do, you should hold your chest and head high, be energetic, and look good. Be very confident and have a good mood for the day. There is a rule for aerobic exercise, that is, the number of heartbeats per minute after exercise is about 120.

2. Take a hot bath.

It is best for eligible candidates to take a hot bath before going to bed every night. On the one hand, it can eliminate fatigue, and on the other hand, the human body is soaked in warm water, which is the most relaxed state and has a sense of safety. And the feeling of warmth can purify the mind, help sleep, and be conducive to learning the next day.

3. Listen to music appropriately.

If you feel tired from studying and can’t remember anything, you might as well listen to classical music. For example: guqin music, guzheng music, dulcimer music, etc., melodious, soothing, and ethereal music can stabilize the mood. It is better not to understand the music, because it does not require memory, so it is best to listen to it during rest time. But be careful not to listen to music while studying, especially rock and pop songs.

4. Find someone to talk to and chat with.

Look for optimistic people (such as peers, teachers, parents, etc.) who can understand you and give you guidance, express your inner anxiety and irritability, and vent your feelings in a reasonable way. If you have bad emotions, give yourself a mental cleanup. Be careful not to hold things in your heart without venting them, as this will directly affect your high school entrance exam results.

The first study is when the memory is strongest, that is, the 24-hour memory integration;

The second review is one week later;

The third The first review is after 3 months;

The fourth review is after 6 months.