Mountain outline
The mountain range in south-central Europe is a short section of discontinuous mountain range, which extends from the Atlas Mountains in North Africa, passes through southern Europe and South Asia, and reaches the Himalayas. The Alps extend northward from Nice, France, close to the subtropical Mediterranean coast, reach Lake Geneva, and then extend eastward-northeast to Vienna on the Danube. The Alps cover parts of the following six countries: France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Slovenia; Only Switzerland and Austria can be regarded as real alpine countries. The Alps are about 65,438+0,200 km (750 miles) long and over 2,065,438+0 km (65,438+0.25 miles) at its widest point, making it the most prominent landscape in the natural geographical region of Western Europe.
Although the Alps are not as high as other tertiary uplift mountains such as Himalayas, Andes and Rocky Alps, it is very important to explain major geographical phenomena. The Alps divide Europe into several regions. It is the birthplace of many European rivers (such as Rhone, Rhine and Po) and many tributaries of the Danube. The water flowing from the Alps finally flows into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Because of its arc shape, the Alps separate the maritime climate zone on the west coast of Europe from the Mediterranean region of France, Italy and the western Balkans.
The unique alpine animal husbandry economy, which has evolved for centuries, has changed since the19th century. Industry is based on local raw materials and hydropower development. The Alps have become a summer and winter playground for millions of Europeans and other tourists from all over the world. The fragile natural and ecological environment of the Alps has been impacted by such a huge flow of people, making it one of the most threatened mountains in the world.
The Alps are the highest and largest mountains in Europe. Located in the south of Europe. It is curved and extends from east to west. It is about 1200 km long. The average altitude is about 3000 meters, and the highest peak is Mont Blanc, with an altitude of 48 10 meters. The mountains are magnificent and beautiful, and many peaks are covered with snow all year round. Glittering snow peaks, dense forests and clear mountain running water constitute the charming scenery of the Alps. Many great rivers in Europe originate here. Water resources are abundant. It is a tourist, holiday and health resort.
The alpine climate has become the dividing line between the temperate continental climate in central Europe and the tropical climate in southern Europe and Asia. The climate in mountainous areas is warm in Leng Xia in winter. Roughly every 200m rise, the temperature drops by 65438 0℃, and the annual average temperature at 2000m above sea level is 0℃. The whole Alps is very humid. The annual precipitation is generally1200 ~ 2000 mm. The maximum precipitation area is about 3000 meters above sea level. The annual precipitation in marginal areas is quite different from that in mountainous areas. Above 3200 meters above sea level is an area with snow all year round. Foehn often appears in the Alps, causing rapid melting of ice and snow or avalanches, causing disasters. The Alps are the birthplace and watershed of many rivers in Europe. The Danube, Rhine, Po and Rhone all originate here. The upper reaches of rivers in mountainous areas are fast-flowing and rich in hydraulic resources, which is also conducive to power generation.
[Edit this paragraph] Geographical location
This famous mountain range stands in southern Europe, starting from the Mediterranean coast near Nice in southeastern France in the west, extending in an arc from north to east, passing through northern Italy, southern Switzerland, Liechtenstein and southwestern Germany, and reaching the Vienna Basin in Austria in the east. The total area is about 220,000 square kilometers. It is about 1200 km long and 120 ~ 200 km wide in the east and narrow in the west. The average altitude is about 3000 meters.
The backbone of the mountain ranges from the Pyrenees to the southwest, Apennines to the south, Dinara to the southeast, Carpathians to the east. The Alps can be divided into three parts. The western Alps, from the Mediterranean coast, through southeastern France and northwestern Italy, to the vicinity of the Great Saint Bernard Pass on the Swiss border, is the narrowest part of the mountain range and the most concentrated peak. Mount Blanc (4,865,438+00 meters) is as white as silver against the blue sky. It is the highest point of the whole mountain range and is located at the junction of France and Italy. The central Alps, located between the Great Saint Bernard Pass and Lake Boden, has the widest width. There are Mattel Peak (4,479 meters) and Montrosa Peak (4,634 meters). The eastern Alps is east of Boden Lake, and its altitude is lower than that of the western and central Alps.
[Edit this paragraph] Formation reason
The Alps are a part of the ancient Mediterranean. As early as 654.38+0.8 billion years ago, due to the plate movement and the expansion of the North Atlantic, the African plate in the south pushed northward, and the rocks below the ancient Mediterranean were squeezed and bent, arching upward, resulting in the relative movement between Africa and Europe. The structure of the Alps is both young and complex. During the Alpine orogeny, a large-scale structural nappe combined with folds and faults was formed, which caused some huge rock masses to be lifted and moved for tens of kilometers, covering other rock masses and forming large-scale horizontal recumbent folds. The western Alps is a typical representative of this nappe structure.
In the Pleistocene, the Alps were the largest alpine glacier center in Europe. The mountain area is covered by ice sheet with the thickness of 1km. Except for a few peaks protruding from the ice to form island peaks, various types of glacier landforms are well developed, especially the glacier landforms are the most prominent. Many mountain peaks are rocky and steep, and there are many glacier cliffs, U-shaped valleys, ice buckets, suspended valleys, ice lakes and moraines. At present, there are more than 200 modern glaciers in 1.200, with a total area of about 4,000 square kilometers. Alec Glacier, located in the southwest of Switzerland at the foot of the Central Alps, is the largest, with a length of about 22.5 kilometers and an area of about 1.30 square kilometers.
[Edit this paragraph] Natural features
(1) Geology. The Alps appeared during the alpine orogeny, which began at the end of Mesozoic about 70 million years ago. During the Mesozoic era (245 billion? 66.4 million years ago), the river was washed away by erosive substances and deposited on the vast seabed called Tethys Sea, where it gradually became a horizontal rock formation composed of limestone, clay, shale and sandstone.
In the middle of Tertiary (about 44 million years ago), the African tectonic plate moved northward and collided with the Eurasian tectonic plate. The deep rocks that sank earlier in the Tethys Sea were squeezed onto the bedrock of the crystal and formed folds around it. These deep rocks rose with the bedrock to the height close to that of today's Himalayas. These tectonic movements did not stop until 9 million years ago. During the whole Quaternary period, the erosion force gnawed at this newly formed huge fold and pushed it up, forming the general outline of today's Alps terrain.
During the Quaternary, alpine glaciation and glacier tongue further shaped the terrain, and the glacier tongue filled the valley and overflowed into the plain. Like the concave land of the amphitheater, like the sharp ridge cut by a thin knife, towering peaks such as Matterhorn and Glockner Peak are all formed from the top of the mountain; The valley widens and deepens into a roughly U-shape, and great waterfalls gush out from some valleys hanging hundreds of feet above the bottom of the main valley. The slender and unfathomable lakes have filled many valleys cut off by hard ice with water; Melting glaciers deposited a lot of gravel.
When the ice leaves the valley, both the transverse valley and the zigzag valley are cut again. So far, all the valleys have been eroded into high mountains whose elevation is much lower than the surrounding mountains. In the Alve River Valley near Bailang Peak, the terrain difference is more than 3993 meters (13, 100 feet).
Therefore, glaciation has changed the natural environment: the climate in the valley is much milder than that in the surrounding highlands, and human beings can go deep into the mountains to establish settlements with convenient transportation; Due to moraine deposition, the soil is also very fertile. In modern times, serious glacier erosion continues. There are still thousands of square miles of glaciers in the Alps. The water gushing from these glaciers in summer is very important for filling the reservoirs used for power generation.
(2) Physical geography. Inside the Alps, the height and shape vary greatly from place to place: there are low-lying pre-Alpine fold deposits around the main mountains and crystal blocks inside the Alps. From the Mediterranean to Vienna, the Alps can be divided into western section, middle section and eastern section, and each section has several different small mountains.
The western Alps extend northward from the coast, passing through southeastern France and northwestern Italy, and reaching Lake Geneva and Rhone Valley in Switzerland. The shape of the mountain range is as follows: the coastal Alps near the Mediterranean Sea are low-lying and dry limestone, the French Verdon Canyon is a deep valley, the Tours block in Mercan is a crystal peak, and Mont Blanc is a dome covered with glaciers (elevation 4807m [157 1 ft], the highest peak in the Alps). Rivers originating in this mountain range all flow westward into the Dragon River or eastward into the Po River.
The Central Alps is located from Saint Bernard Oyamaguchi in the east of Mont Blanc on the Swiss-Italian border to the Slugen Pass in the north of Lake Como. In this area, there are some special peaks as high as 4,267 meters (65,438+04,000 feet), such as Dufourspitze, Weisshorn (4 4,505 meters high [65,438+04,780 feet]) and Mattel. In addition, there are some large glacial lakes in this area: Lake Como and Lake Maggiore in the south (part of the Po River system); Lake Thun, Lake Brehon and Lake Lucerne in the north.
The Eastern Alps include the Latische Mountains in Switzerland, the Dolomites in Italy, the Bavarian Alps in southern Germany and western Austria, and the Julian Alps in northeastern Italy and northern Slovenia. Germany's Inn, Lech, Isar, Salzach and Enns rivers all flow into the Danube River north of the Alps, while Austria's Mur, Drau and Sava rivers all flow into the Alps. In the Alps of eastern Italy, Lake Garda flows into the Po River, while the Adige, Piave, Tariamento and Isenzo rivers flow into the Gulf of Venice.
In the Alps, the terrain fluctuates greatly. In the west of Bailangfeng block and the block centered on feenstra peak, it is the highest peak composed of in-situ crystalline rocks. Other high mountains include the Bailangfeng nappe (including Weisi Peak [14,780 ft]) and the Trossat block nappe, which are also composed of crystalline rocks. Further east is Bernner Peak, which is the last peak over 4000m (13,120ft) above sea level. The Austrian highest peak, the Great Glockner, is only 3,797 meters (12,457 feet). Zugspitze, the highest peak in the Bavarian Alps, is only 2,962 meters (97 18 feet). Trigraf, the highest point in the Slovenian and Julian Alps, is only 2,864 meters (9,396 feet). In the western Alps, some of the lowest-lying areas are located in the delta where the Rhone River flows into Lake Geneva, with an altitude of 372 meters (65,438+0,220 feet). In the valleys of the Eastern Alps, north of Venice, it is not uncommon for the altitude to be only about 9 1 m (300 feet).
(3) climate. The location of the Alps, as well as the great differences in elevation and orientation of the mountains, not only make the climate between these different small mountains, but also make the climate within a specific small mountain range very different. Because the Alps are located in central Europe, they are influenced by four major climatic factors; Mild and humid air flowing from the west to the Atlantic Ocean; There is cool or cold polar air moving down from northern Europe; The continental air mass controls the east, which is dry and cold in winter and hot in summer; There is warm Mediterranean air flowing north in the south.
The disparity between temperature and annual precipitation is related to the physical geography of Alps. The bottom of the valley is particularly striking because it is warmer and drier than the surrounding highlands. Altitude 1, 524 meters (5,000 feet), almost all precipitation in winter is snow, with an average snow depth of 3? 10m (10? 33 feet) or 10 meters above sea level, 20 12 meters (6,600 feet). Snow lasts from the middle of 1 1 until the end of May. Usually, mountain roads are blocked by snow. In the mountainous areas along the Mediterranean Sea, the average temperature in the valley bottom is -5+10? 4℃(23? 39℉), even as high as 8℃(46℉), the average temperature in July 15? 24℃(59? 75℉)。 Inverse temperature rise is very common, especially in autumn and winter; This valley is often shrouded in dense fog and dreary air for days on end. At these times, places above 1 1,006 meters (3,300 feet) may be warmer and more sunny than low-lying valleys. Gale weather may have obvious effects on weather and local microclimate.
Can the foehn last 2? Within 3 days, the wind direction can be south-north or north-south, depending on the track of the cyclone. This air mass burning wind is cooled when climbing to the top of the mountain, bringing rain or snowfall and slowing down its cooling speed. When this relatively dry air falls on the leeward side, the air heats up at a constant speed due to compression, so the temperature of the air at this time is higher than that at the same height when it begins to flow upward. In the disaster-stricken area, the snow soon disappeared.
Avalanches are a great natural force; 165438+during the period from the end of June to the beginning of June, avalanches are frequent dangers. Avalanches not only cause extensive damage, but also are important catalysts for erosion, because they bring a lot of rocks from the hillside to the bottom.
(4) Animals and plants. Several flora in the Alps reflect the differences in altitude and climate. All kinds of deciduous trees grow at the valley bottom and low slopes; Among them are linden, oak, beech, poplar, elm, chestnut, sorbus, birch and Norwegian maple. Conifers are the most common in forests at higher altitudes, and the main varieties are spruce, larch and other pine trees. In most parts of the western Alps, spruce-dominated forests can reach an altitude of 2 195 meters (7200 feet). Larix gmelinii has good cold resistance, strong drought resistance and strong wind resistance. It can grow to an altitude of 2,500 meters (8,200 feet), and spruce can be mixed at lower altitudes. The area about 9 14 meters (3,000 feet) wide below the permanent snow line and above the tree line is the glacier erosion area; It is covered with lush grasslands, and cattle and sheep eat grass in the short summer. These unique grasslands are called alpine summer pastures, from which the Alps and flora belts are derived. They are all located on the main horizontal valleys. In the southern foothills of the coastal Alps and the southern Italian Alps, there are mainly Mediterranean plants, including coastal pine, palm, sparse woodland and agave, and there are also many fairy fruits.
Several kinds of animals have adapted well to the alpine environment. The bear has disappeared, but the highland goat (like the rock antelope, extremely agile) was saved by the Italian Royal Game Reserve. Marmots spend the winter in underground tunnels. Mountain rabbits and Thunderbirds (a kind of grouse) turn white (protective color) in winter. In the middle of some small mountains, there are several national parks that can ensure the safety and protection of local animals.
(5) The influence of human beings on the alpine environment. Early travelers who arrived in the Alps were deeply infected by the original natural scenery they saw, and their enthusiasm for creation reflected the attachment of modern people to the Alps. Development is brought by human love; However, since the mid-20th century, the environment in the Alps has been deteriorating due to the influence of population movement. The causes of environmental deterioration are: poor air quality; Water in rivers and lakes is polluted; Slope erosion caused by the construction of ski resorts and roads; Dumping (usually indiscriminate) solid and organic wastes; Erosion caused by rock and gravel excavation for building; Destruction of forests by acid rain.
[Edit this paragraph] Natural environment
Alps, located between temperate and subtropical latitudes, become the dividing line between continental humid climate in temperate zone of Central Europe and subtropical dry climate in southern Europe in summer. At the same time, it has the characteristics of vertical climate in mountainous areas. The mountain climate is warm in Leng Xia in winter, and the sunny slope is warmer than the shady slope. The peak is cold all year round, and the annual average temperature at 2000 meters above sea level is O℃. The annual precipitation in mountainous areas is generally 1200 ~ 2000 mm, but it varies from place to place. The maximum precipitation area is about 3000 meters above sea level. The annual precipitation in mountainous areas is more than 2500mm, and the valley on leeward slope is only 750 mm. There is snow in the mountains in winter, such as Mont Blanc, which is 3000 meters above sea level, with an annual snowfall of 20 meters. In Innsbruck, a valley, the lower limit of the snow area is 900 meters above sea level in March, rising to 1.700 meters in May, rising to 3,200 meters in September, and then the area is covered with snow all year round. Burning wind often occurs in the Alps, and wherever it goes, it often causes rapid melting of ice and snow or avalanches, which leads to disaster. The Alps are the birthplace and watershed of many rivers in Europe. The Danube, Rhine, Po and Rhone all originate here. The upper reaches of rivers in mountainous areas are fast-flowing and rich in hydraulic resources, which is conducive to power generation. In addition, there are various animals and plants living here, such as alpine bighorn goat, mountain rabbit, Thunderbird, gazelle, groundhog and so on.
[Edit this paragraph] Animal and plant resources
The vegetation in the Alps shows obvious vertical changes. It can be divided into subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest belt (below 800 meters on the southern slope of the mountain range); Forest belt (800 ~ 1800 m), mixed forest in the lower part and coniferous forest in the upper part; Above the forest belt is the alpine meadow belt; On the other hand, there are mostly bare rocks and snow-covered peaks here all year round. Mountain residents are Latin in the west and Germanic in the east. Animals include mountain bighorn sheep, mountain rabbits, Thunderbirds, gazelles and groundhogs.
[Edit this paragraph] Residents
(1) settle down. Since the Paleolithic (60,000? Since 50 thousand years ago, people have lived in the Alps and hunted. Handicrafts can be found everywhere from the vercors River near the eser Valley to the Laegel River above Toplitz. After the retreat of alpine glaciers (4000? 3000 years ago, there were Neolithic people living in the valley. They live in caves and small villages, some of which are built on the banks of high mountains and lakes. Near the Annecy Lake, along the Lake Geneva, in the Austrian tortes Mountains, in the Italian Aosta, and in the Camonica Valley, there are scenes where such residents live. Camonica Valley is famous for about 20,000 rock carvings, which have left a precious and vivid picture of human habitation for more than 2,000 years.
800 BC? In the first 600 years, Celtic tribes attacked Neolithic people's camps and forced them to move to distant valleys in the Alps. A great Celtic cultural center was discovered in Hallstatt, Upper Austria. Because of the abundant archaeological remains found here, the name Hallstatt has become synonymous with the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age (BC 1000500) in Europe. The Celts began to open some mountain passes in the Alps as trade routes.
The Romans expanded the ancient Celtic village; Many new and prosperous towns have been built in the valleys leading to the Alps and in the valleys of the Alps themselves. The Romans improved the water supply system and built arenas and theaters, the best preserved of which was in Osta. Controlling the mountain pass in the Alps was the key to Rome's expansion, and the narrow path was expanded into a narrow path. Those mountain passes connecting foreign military outposts in Rome (such as Great Saint Bernard, Sprü gen, brenner in brenner, Proken) are particularly important. The first invasion of the "barbarian" Germanic tribes took place in 259 AD, and by 400 years, Rome's control over the Alps had collapsed.
Romanized Celts whose land was occupied by Germanic tribes such as Burgundy, alemanni and Lombardy. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the land in the Alps became a part of the Holy Roman Empire in Charlemagne. Charlemagne's grandchildren carved up the empire according to treaty of verdun in 843, and the further decomposition in 888 led to the differences in basic languages that continue to this day. The unity imposed on the Alps by Celts, Romans and barbarians disappeared in the Middle Ages. Most of the time, the valley is isolated and does not communicate with each other. The closed state of all ethnic groups in the Alps was broken by the industrial revolution and the arrival of railways (crossing the Alps through huge tunnels).
(2) language. In the western Alps (including the Swiss states of Vaud and Valais and the Dhaos Tower in the northwest of Italy), people speak French. Apparently, people in Valle Dhaos Tower can speak two languages. However, this area has been unable to resist the impact of Italian, and only some Yokogawa still use French in their daily affairs. Italian is spoken in the Alps in central and eastern Italy and in Ticino, Switzerland. German is spoken throughout the central and eastern Alps in Switzerland, Germany and Austria, as well as the Upper Adige River region in Italy (Austria before World War I, 12300:sud tirol). Romansh, the language spoken by Rhaetian people, is mainly used in the Rhine region of Graubenden, Switzerland. Other Retia dialects (Latin and Friuli) are spoken in the eastern Alps in northeastern Italy. Slovenian is spoken in Slovenia and its Alps bordering Italy and Austria. Although Protestants dominate in some areas, the main religion in the whole Alps is Catholicism. In addition to the local language, there are seasonal languages of migrant workers; Without seasonal workers, tourism, especially in Switzerland, would surely collapse.
[Edit this paragraph] Economy
(1) agriculture. /kloc-Before the middle of the 0/9th century, the economic base of the Alps was mainly agriculture and animal husbandry. Although farms (especially those in alpine canyons) have been generally abandoned, agriculture still exists in areas with better positions in main canyons and horizontal canyons. The dry-hot valley between Sierre and Martigny in Switzerland is an irrigation area where fruits and vegetables are planted in a large area. There are endless vineyards at the bottom of the valley and on the hillside, which can provide raw materials for brewing high-quality wine. Some of the highest vineyards in the world are located just above Vesper, at an altitude of 65,438+0,295 meters (4,250 feet). Other grape growing areas are Upper Adige River in northern Italy, Ticino and southern Alps.
(2) Mining and manufacturing. The pillar of modern economy in Alps is the combination of mining, stone cutting, manufacturing and tourism. The mining industry has existed since Neolithic Age, and the mining industry in Ayers Mountain is still very important. Since the Middle Ages, Ayers Mountain has been mining iron ore. In the pre-Alpine region of Haut-Savoie province near Cruiser, not far from Geneva, in the first 25 years of the19th century, watch manufacturing, spiral cutting, parts processing and related industries rose and evolved into one of the most concentrated areas in the world. In Aosta, Moore Valley and Miertz Valley, there are large steel mills due to the local production of iron and coal. In addition, in the eastern Alps of Austria, there are pulp mills and paper mills with local trees as raw materials. With the development of hydropower in the late19th century and the 20th century, heavy metallurgy and chemical industry were attracted to the main horizontal river valleys in France, southern Switzerland and western Austria. Later, some factories producing consumer goods (such as textile mills in the Rhine Valley of Austria and sporting goods factories in France, etc.). ) all set up.
(3) tourism. Since World War II, the most remarkable economic change in Alps is the rise of mass tourism. Tourism in the Alps is a risky undertaking: the investment is quite huge, the season of recovering the expenses is short, and it may be destroyed by the economic difficulties of neighboring countries or the weather that does not snow in winter and is cool and rainy in summer. Tourism has injected huge dividends into alpine countries, which is especially beneficial to remote villages in horizontal valleys with high sea level. Employment opportunities in the service industry have greatly increased, making up for the depression caused by industry and agriculture.
(4) Transportation. For a long period of history, the rugged and steep terrain of the Alps was a major obstacle to transportation. From Celtic times to today, the mountain pass is the communication link between the valleys. Without these connections, these valleys would be closed and isolated. The simple highway at Yamaguchi has now been paved into a multi-lane highway.
Railway transportation and subsequent road transportation, as well as the improvement of road construction technology, ended the closed state of most Alps. Tunnels, especially highway tunnels, can allow a large number of people to pass under the high Alps all year round, which has a great impact: cars come and go, bringing people, which not only makes tourism develop rapidly in the 20th century, but also becomes the main factor to worsen the alpine environment.
[Edit this paragraph] Traffic
The traffic in the Alps is very developed. Brenner Pass at an altitude of 1370 meters, Simplon Pass at an altitude of 2009 meters, and St. Gotha Pass at an altitude of 2 1 12 meters have been the main roads of north-south traffic since ancient times. 187 1 year, the first railway tunnel was dug in the Seine between France and Italy, and many more were built later. The Simplon Tunnel between Switzerland and Italy, completed at 1922, has a total length of 19.8km and is one of the longest tunnels in the world. The length of highway tunnel under Mont Blanc is 1 1.6 km. Completed in 1980, the Saint Gotha Tunnel was 16.3 km long, which was the longest highway tunnel in the world at that time.
[Edit this paragraph] Travel
The Alps are world-famous scenic spots and tourist attractions with charming scenery. It is called "the palace of nature" and "the real landscape exhibition hall" by the world. It is also a sacred place for ice and snow sports and a paradise for explorers.
The Alps decorate the European continent with its majesty. It is the largest alpine glacier center in Europe. The mountains are covered with ice sheets with a thickness of 1 km. Various types of glacier landforms are well developed, especially ice erosion landforms. Only a few peaks protrude from the ice to form island peaks. Many peaks in Tinde are steep and rugged, with many ice cliffs, tinder, ice buckets, suspended valleys and ice lakes formed by glacial erosion, and moraine landforms formed by glacial accumulation. There are more than 0/200 modern glaciers/KLOC-with a total area of about 4,000 square kilometers. Alec Glacier at the foot of the middle Alps in southwest Switzerland is the largest, with a length of about 22.5 kilometers and an area of about 130 square kilometers. Mountain glaciers present a group of polar scenery, which is a resort for mountaineering, skiing and tourism. Glaciation in the Alps has formed many lakes. The largest lake is Lake Lyman, and there are four forest state lakes, namely, Lake Zurich, Lake Boden, Lake Maggiore and Lake Como. The beautiful lake area is a tourist attraction.
The western and central Alps have pleasant scenery, with modern hotels, ski resorts and alpine hanging chairs. Skiing in winter attracts a large number of tourists. Many villages and towns between the foothills and valleys have beautiful scenery and elegant environment, and a large number of tourists come here every year.
[Edit this paragraph] Research and investigation
The record of climbing the Alps can be traced back to at least14th century; At the end of 18 and 19, this activity, which started in the Alps, has become a serious (i.e. non-recreational) mountaineering fashion and spread all over the world. In the 1980 s, Horace Benedict de Saussure, a professor at the University of Geneva, climbed this mountain and encouraged others to climb it. During this period, he made his first scientific expedition to the Alps. With the systematization of geology into a science in the second half of19th century, great progress has been made in the investigation of Alps. The first geological maps show the main structural outline of the mountain system and unusual complex geological phenomena, indicating that the Alps do not seem to be simply the result of large-scale crustal uplift of the earth.
While speculating on the field of geology, some people have observed and analyzed the topography, climatology, plants, animals and human geography of the Alps.
[Edit this paragraph] Electronic brand
ALPS, translated from Chinese into Alps, is a trademark used by Alpes Electric Co., Ltd. all over the world. Alpine Electric Co., Ltd. was established in 1 948165438+10, with a registered capital of 23.623 billion yen (as of March 3, 20081), and the total number of shares is1.8.
The net sales (group) was 692.656 billion yen (April 2007 1 to March 3, 20081). Alpine Company, 1948, established Kataoka Electric Company in Xuegu Town, Daejeon District, Tokyo, and began to manufacture and sell rotary switch electronic products. 1964, Alpine-Motorola Co., Ltd. (now Alpine Co., Ltd.) was awarded the title of "Export Contributing Enterprise" by the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (it was awarded this honor for six consecutive times), and Alpine-Motorola Co., Ltd. was established (now Alpine Company has outstanding performance and great advantages in switching products and various structural devices). Your products are world-famous!