The representatives are Shanxi paper-cut, Yuxian paper-cut, Shaanxi folk paper-cut, magnetic paper-cut and Shandong folk paper-cut. Paper-cutting in Shanxi
Folk paper-cutting is a very common mass art in Shanxi. In those years, grandmothers and simple and handsome girls, with the help of a small scissors or a carving knife, often cut and carve patterns on paper naturally and flexibly, decorating their lives. On the occasion of the Spring Festival, when you walk into the village courtyard in northwest Shanxi, you see the yellow mounds in the distance and the gray caves in front of you. It seems that the colors here are too monotonous. However, if you look at the window again, the colorful window grilles and patterns, the doornotes fluttering in the wind, the cupboards, grain depots, corrals and other places with auspicious colored paper flowers, you will surely express your heartfelt admiration, as if you felt the rich flavor of life. Yes, paper-cutting is such a folk art form that takes root among people and is closely related to people's lives, adding color and joy to thousands of families. In the old rural areas, people often regarded the skill of paper-cutting as a sign of judging their daughter-in-law's dexterity or clumsiness, and rural women naturally became the folk inheritors of paper-cutting technology.
Paper-cutting is an important part of folk activities, and rich folk events provide a vast world for paper-cutting to create freely. Folk paper-cutting is closely combined with local customs and habits, which contains the basic quality of national spirit and national psychology and is an organic part of national traditional culture. The season, residence, clothing, birth, marriage and burial, and birthday banquet are all reflected in paper-cutting.
take the season of the year as an example. On the first day of the first month, every family hangs banners and stick grilles, which is a festive atmosphere. On the fifteenth day of the first month, colorful lanterns should be pasted with paper cuts, which are more beautiful and attractive. On the Qingming Festival in March, paper-cuts should be placed on the sacrifices to express the feelings of cherishing the ancestors. May Dragon Boat Festival, cut and paste the "five poisons" to avoid the epidemic. On the 7th of July, girls get together to cut patterns and compete for wisdom. On September 9 th, the Double Ninth Festival, the flag of Double Ninth Festival was cut and carved, which meant climbing up step by step. On October 1st, the Hannong Festival, in northern Shanxi, five-color paper was cut into cold clothes, or made into garments, hats, shoes, and various styles, which were burned in front of the door or in the graveyard to express the grief of the living for the dead.
Let's look at weddings and funerals. When you get married, you should put big red double happiness characters on both sides of the gate, and the dowry in Jinnan area should be covered with large paper-cuts such as "Fish Pouring Lotus", "Kirin Sending the Son" and "Yuanyang Playing in the Water" as decoration. Embroidery on pillows and handkerchiefs is also based on paper-cutting. Paper banners, cash cows, Jinshan Yinshan, and cars and horses in the funeral ceremony are all made of paper. Although these very ordinary paper-cut works are not as luxurious and brilliant as pearl jadeite, they are involved in everyone's heart and have a fascinating artistic charm with the life of thousands of families.
The themes of folk paper-cutting are mostly people, animals, plants and flowers. What is valuable is that it can use common things in life to form a meaningful artistic picture through homophonic and symbolic techniques. For example, "Dragon and Phoenix Becoming Auspicious" and "Phoenix Playing Peony" symbolize the happiness and sacredness of marriage. Liu Hai Xi Jin Chan symbolizes the sincerity of love. "Persimmon and Ruyi" means four seasons of happiness, peace and happiness. "The Magpie Climbs the Branch" means beaming with joy, and the happy event is full of doors. The decorative pattern on the fat pig is composed of a group of piglets, which is a metaphor for "many children". The new daughter-in-law holds a doll in her arms, indicating "getting a child" and so on. In the art world of paper-cutting, people's skillful hands can paint all the ideal things with their imagination, and express their ingenuity, originality and beauty with form.
The genre format of Shanxi folk paper-cutting is adapted to the local folk customs and practical needs. The most common is window grilles, whose size depends on the shape of the pane. For example, the window formats in northern Shanxi are diamond, round and polygonal, and the window grilles vary with the windows. They are small, exquisite and dexterous, and full of childish interest. The big one has a "group flower" with four corners, six corners and eight corners, which is elegant and generous. In Xinzhou area, when celebrating the Spring Festival or holding a wedding, "all window flowers" should be posted, that is, persimmon, Ruyi, peony, bergamot, lotus, osmanthus and sheng should be cut out, and I wish the new wife a good hand in needlework, early birth and happiness.
generally speaking, the style of Shanxi folk paper-cutting has the characteristics of rough expansion, grandeur, conciseness and simplicity in the northern region. However, due to the similarity of regional environment, living customs and aesthetic concepts, paper-cutting varies from place to place. For example, the paper-cuts in southern Shanxi, central Shanxi, southeastern Shanxi, northwestern Shanxi and mountainous areas of Lvliang are mostly monochrome paper-cuts, with simple and rough styles. The dyed paper-cut popular in Yanbei area is graceful, elegant and magnificent, especially represented by "Guangling window grilles". Jincheng magnetic paper-cut has added scientific and technological elements to the paper-cut culture with a history of 1,5 years in China, making it more fashionable and more widely used, which embodies the value concept of scientific and technological progress.
People compare life to an evergreen tree. Then, we say that the art under the scissors is the flowers and fruits on the evergreen tree. Folk paper-cutting is rooted in the people, spread among the people, native, earthy, and always exudes the fragrance of art.
Guangling Paper-cut
"Guangling Window Flower" is famous for its realistic modeling, exquisite engraving and bright colors. Its raw material is a single white rice paper, and its tools are several carving knives with oblique blades of different sizes. The procedure is to carve out the finished paper-cut product with a knife first, and then dye it. Folk craftsmen pay great attention to knife carving and coloring skills. They can carve many finished products in just a few minutes with simple tools, mainly by negative carving and supplemented by positive carving. When coloring, use good white wine to color, and add a small amount of alum to the darker color, which can not only make the painted color bright and watery, but also ensure that the paper-cut can be stored for a long time. Guangling paper-cut has won a reputation for its exquisite skills, and now it has been sold to France, the United States, Japan, Poland and other countries, becoming a cherished work of art by overseas friends.
Jincheng paper-cutting
represented by magnetic paper-cutting, is unique in China. Magnetic paper-cut
MAGNETIC PAPER-CUT)
magnetic paper-cutting is the inheritance and development of paper-cutting art. The contribution of magnetic paper-cutting to paper-cutting is as follows: first, magnetic paper-cutting expands the market of paper-cutting; Second, magnetic paper-cutting enriches the theory of paper-cutting; Third, magnetic paper-cutting enhances the artistic expression of paper-cutting, with innovative artistic creation techniques and more diversified artistic expression techniques.
The development of magnetic paper-cutting:
In October p>27, the patent of magnetic paper-cutting won the new golden idea award in the CCTV "I Love Invention" contest. The final project of "I Love Invention" contest in CCTV comes from nearly 3, patents registered at home and abroad. After strict evaluation by experts and scholars from relevant departments such as China Assets Appraisal Association and China Invention Association, 42 projects participated in the CCTV final. The magnetic paper-cut project won the first new golden idea award in the CCTV "I Love Inventions" competition because of its advantages in market, social benefits and good irreplaceability. The new golden idea award is also the highest award in this competition.
During the p>28 Beijing Olympic Games, magnetic paper-cutting was displayed as an item selected by the Shanxi Provincial Department of Culture at the China Story Shanxi Cabin in the Olympic Park, which was loved by friends all over the world and won the honorary certificate awarded by the Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee and the Ministry of Culture.
in November, 29, the magnetic paper-cutting team won the highest prize of Zhejiang University Students' Career Planning Competition-"Double Top Ten Career Planning Stars". According to statistics, 85 colleges and universities participated in this provincial college students' career planning competition with the theme of "Inspiring, Becoming a Talent, Employment and Entrepreneurship", with nearly 45, college students registered and nearly 25, works uploaded. After layers of selection and strict screening, 85 colleges and universities in the province selected more than 3 works to enter the provincial finals.
Paper-cutting in Yuxian County, Hebei Province
Paper-cutting in Yuxian County, Hebei Province, according to historical records, started in Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty, and has a history of more than 15 years. People in Yuxian county generally call paper-cutting window grilles. Being good at window grilles, "the sky is bright" can be said to be the earliest form of window grilles, that is, drawing and coloring on mica sheets for decoration. In the early days, "patterns" for embroidery on flower shoes, purses and pillows were popular in the local area. Later, the woodblock watermark window grilles in Wuqiang County, Hebei Province were introduced, absorbing its color characteristics, imitating the transparent effect of "bright sky", and replacing cutting with engraving, forming the unique style of Yuxian paper-cutting. Yuxian paper-cutting is mainly based on "yin engraving" and "color spotting", so it has the saying of "three division of labor and seven dyeing". The representative figure is Wang Laoshang (189-1951). The theme of Yuxian paper-cutting is mostly taken from opera figures, and there are auspicious images such as flowers, fish, insects, birds and animals.
Yuxian paper-cutting originated in Ming Dynasty, which is a folk art with unique style and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. Its production process is unique among many paper-cutting in China. This paper-cutting is not "cutting", but "engraving". It is made of thin rice paper, carved with a small and sharp carving knife, and then dyed with bright and colorful colors. Its basic production process is: design modeling-fumigation.
Yuxian paper-cut is the only pointillism paper-cut in China, which is famous for its fine knife work and rich colors. The so-called "Yang engraves to see the knife, Yin engraves to see the color, should be shaped according to the object, and paint with the class". Yuxian paper-cut is commonly known as "window grilles" locally, and most of them come from the hands of unknown peasant artists for generations. There are opera figures, birds, insects, fish and beasts, and descriptions of rural real life. These works are full of composition, vivid in shape, bright in color, delicate in richness, and simple in exquisiteness. Sticking them on paper windows, they are exquisitely carved and colorful through outdoor sunlight, which makes them particularly fresh and flexible.
Yuxian paper-cut has a wide range of themes, profound meanings and rich flavor of life. Whether it is Qina, which reflects people's good fortune and happiness, or historical stories, folklore and figures that are loved by working people; Whether it is the reappearance of the unique cultural background and folk customs in the north, or the celebration of the four seasons and wedding ceremonies, it reflects the superb wisdom and rich imagination of folk artists. Coupled with the dense modeling design, meticulous and exquisite knife work, gorgeous and bright unique touch dyeing, each work is very vivid, interesting and durable. Hundreds of drama masks, paper-cut calendars, desk calendars, gold foil paper-cut and other products have further improved the appreciation, collection and practicality of Yuxian paper-cut, making Yuxian paper-cut an art with local characteristics more brilliant and brilliant. Products sell well in more than 4 countries and regions such as the United States, Japan, Canada and Singapore, and are deeply loved by customers at home and abroad.
On August 1st, 21, the 1st China Paper-cut Art Festival was held in Yuxian, which made great achievements.
Shaanxi folk paper-cuts
Red and green paper-cuts can be seen everywhere in Shaanxi from south to north, especially in the Loess Plateau and Qinchuan in 8 miles. Gu Zhuo's modeling, rough style, interesting implication, various forms and exquisite skills occupy a very important position in Shaanxi and the national folk art.
Shaanxi paper-cut is called a "living fossil" by experts, because it completely inherits the ancient modeling patterns of the Chinese nation, such as the face of a fish, the head of a lion, and a "bun-catching doll" similar to Zhou Wenhua. "Niu Geng Map" similar to the Han portrait, etc. Inherited the Chinese philosophy of Yin and Yang and the concept of reproductive worship. For example, the eagle treads on the rabbit, the snake dish rabbit, the crane holds the fish, the fish plays with the lotus, the frog, the deer, the fish and the bird in the paper-cut in northern Shaanxi.
Shaanxi has been the political and cultural center of the Chinese nation since ancient times. The legendary Yellow Emperor was buried in the Tonglingqiao Mountain in Shaanxi, and Yangshao cultural sites 5, years ago were found in Banpo, Lintong, Jiangzhai and Beishouling of Baoji. Thirteen dynasties, including Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties, established their capitals in Shaanxi, leaving a rich folk cultural heritage.
Shaanxi paper-cutting, a folk art form, has a long history. Among the different styles and characteristics of paper-cutting art all over the country, the ancient and simple Shaanxi paper-cutting is loved by people with its unique charm. The main forms of paper-cutting in Shaanxi are window kiln top flower, kang wai flower, door painting, hanging curtain, pillow flower, table skirt flower, shoe flower, wedding double happiness flower, clothing ornament flower, shrine decal and so on. Various forms and rich contents. Window grilles are the most common. Every Spring Festival, no matter where the countryside is, the windows are pasted with white paper and pasted with window grilles cut from red paper to celebrate the New Year. Shaanxi window grilles, in terms of performance content, one is to inherit the tradition, and the other is to be close to life and reflect the reality at close range. There are people's activities, flowers, birds, fish and insects, birds and animals, folk stories and legends, etc. Rigorous modeling and full of folk flavor. Shaanxi paper-cutting mostly comes from the hands of peasant women and is characterized by simplicity, roughness, conciseness and clarity. The paper-cuts they created are full of rich earthy flavor and strong emotional color, without any affectation, and have simple folk customs. On the one hand, they are influenced by folk culture, and on the other hand, they observe and understand life in detail, condensing the wisdom of ordinary working people, and through bold and rich imagination, they use paper-cutting to express their feelings about life and their understanding of beauty.
in the art of paper-cutting in Shaanxi, folk paper-cutting in northern Shaanxi is the first one. Because of the traffic congestion and seclusion in this area for nearly a hundred years, it is difficult to introduce foreign culture, but ancient culture and art have been inherited by peasant women and passed down from generation to generation. For example, some paper-cuts inherit the style of stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty, and the outline is extremely concise and full. Vivid and imaginative. For example, the limbs of "Guazi Doll" posted on the door of the farmer's Spring Festival are cut out with paper, and the head is replaced with melon seeds. Because the authors are farmers, with a wide range of people and different ages, the themes of paper-cutting are rich and colorful. Vegetables, flowers and trees, grazing textiles, weddings and funerals, folklore and so on are the objects of the elderly authors' performance. Guanzhong paper-cut is deeply loved by people because of its beautiful shape, meticulous and realistic. The number of paper-cuts in southern Shaanxi is small, which is characterized by exquisite exaggeration and meticulous truth.
Paper-cutting is a culture created by women. In northern Shaanxi, there was a custom of "looking for a daughter-in-law, being clever". When looking for a daughter-in-law, "Don't ask people whether they are blind or not, look at their handiwork first", and being clever means watching paper-cutting embroidery. There is a saying that "look at the window and look at the curtain". Looking at the window is to look at the cut window grilles, and looking at the curtain is to look at the embroidery skills. It is generally believed that a woman who cuts flowers well must be smart, and the dolls born in the future are naturally smart. Nowadays, in the rural areas of northern Shaanxi, who can cut flowers is still respected by the whole village. On the twelfth lunar month, the aunts and aunts learn to cut flowers with each other, and they come out with good looks and compete for samples. In the first month, women visit each other to see who has the best window grilles and the most skillful hands.
Shandong folk paper-cutting
Shandong folk paper-cutting can be roughly divided into two categories in terms of modeling style. One is the bold and unconstrained style in Bohai Bay, which is in the same strain as the paper-cutting in other provinces in the Yellow River Basin. One kind is the more distinctive exquisite paper-cut in the coastal area of Jiaodong, Shandong Province, which is dominated by lines and combined with lines and surfaces. It seems to come down in one continuous line with the subtle and complicated style of stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty in Shandong Province, and with its intensive decorative means, it makes the simple and refreshing appearance more full and rich.
Jiaodong, Shandong province, calls handy women "tricksters", which people are proud of no matter which village they are in. Their flower patterns are often spread around with fireworks on the wallpaper, becoming the appearance of cutting flowers in villages far and near. The most common use of paper-cutting is to dress up windows. The windows in Jiaodong are mostly long and thin squares, and generally only small flowers can be pasted. Women develop their own ideas and transport them.