Basically, a computer can be divided into five parts: arithmetic unit, memory, controller, input device and output device.
2. Understand the computer system
The computer system is divided into two parts: hardware and software. Hardware is equivalent to human body, and software is equivalent to human soul.
Hardware is generally divided into host and external devices. The host is the core component of the computer, usually placed in the chassis. External devices include input devices (such as keyboard and mouse) and output devices (such as monitors and printers).
Software is generally divided into system software and application software.
3. What basic parts do you need to buy to assemble a computer?
1, the chassis, the main parts of general computers are put here.
2, monitor, used to see the working process of the computer, otherwise, you don't know what the computer is doing.
3, keyboard and mouse, input useful commands to the computer, let it work for us.
4, motherboard, this is a very important thing, although it looks a bit "ugly", here is one of the important components that determine the performance of your computer.
5, memory, when the computer is working, the computer will store the stored data here, equivalent to human memory.
6.CPU, also known as central processing unit, is the core of computer operation and control.
7, the graphics card, the computer sends it to the monitor through this thing.
8, sound card, the computer sounds to the speaker through this thing.
9, hard disk, usually people often say how many G's my hard disk has, which refers to the capacity of this hard disk. The more G's, the more things you can hold.
10, floppy disk drive, that is, something to insert a floppy disk, which is generally 3.5 inches now and 5.25 inches in ancient times. Now that we have bought it, people don't sell it.
1 1, optical drive, listening to CD, of course, this is essential, sometimes some software you want to install is on CD, so this is very useful.
12, power supply, which is mainly used to convert 220V external power supply into various DC power supplies for all parts of the computer.
4. How to evaluate the quality of a computer?
Of course, the quality of a computer should be measured from many aspects, not just one or several performance indicators. Generally, the performance indicators for evaluating computer quality are as follows:
1, CPU type and clock frequency
This is the most important performance index of a computer, which determines the most basic performance of a computer.
We used to call 286, 386, 486, 586, 686 and so on. According to the model of CPU.
Clock frequency is a measure of the computer working at a fixed beat, also known as the main frequency. The higher the clock frequency, the shorter the clock cycle, the shorter the instruction execution time and the faster the operation speed.
2, the capacity of memory
The unit of memory is MB. Usually, people always say that the MB in my memory is this, such as 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB and so on. The larger the memory capacity of a computer, the more complex and faster the tasks that the computer can handle.
3. Configuration of external equipment
High-end computers generally have soft monitors, keyboards, mice, speakers and so on.
4. Driving speed
The running speed of a computer is mainly determined by the speed of CPU and memory.
5. Bus type
The more bus bits, the higher the machine performance.
Step 6 live in harmony
Whether it has wide compatibility, including whether it can run all kinds of application software developed on all computers and whether it can accept all kinds of expansion cards of computers.
5. Common important computer English and its abbreviations
Transfer from the internet
PC: Personal computer, personal computer, also known as microcomputer or microcomputer.
NC: network computer.
Multimedia personal computer.
MMX is the abbreviation of multimedia extension, which is an important feature of the sixth generation CPU chip. MMX technology adds 57 instructions specially designed for video signal, audio signal and graphic manipulation to CPU, so MMX CPU greatly improves the multimedia processing functions of computer (such as stereo, video, three-dimensional animation, etc. ).
Intel Pentium 166 MHz mmxtm: Intel Pentium is a Pentium CPU produced by Intel Corporation. ? It means "registered" (registered trademark). 166MHz refers to the CPU clock frequency, and MHz is the abbreviation of megahertz. TM in MMXTM is the abbreviation of "Trade Mark", which means "registered trademark".
OOP: object-oriented programming, object-oriented programming. The so-called "object" is a collection of one or a group of data and the methods and processes for processing these data. Object-oriented programming is completely different from traditional process-oriented programming, which greatly reduces the difficulty of software development and makes programming as simple as building blocks. This is an irresistible trend of computer programming today.
28VGA: 28 refers to the yellow dot spacing (dot spacing) on a color display. The smaller the dot spacing, the finer and better the image. This is because each pixel on the color screen is composed of a set of red, green and blue light. Because the three beams of light can't converge to one point technically, there will be a yellow dot spacing. VGA is the abbreviation of video graphics array.
FAT: allocation table, file allocation table. Its function is to record how files are scattered and stored in different sectors on the hard disk.
EPA: the abbreviation of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1992, the US Environmental Protection Agency announced the "Energy Star" program, which received a positive response from the international community. As long as you start the computer, you can see the "Energy Star" sign on the screen in a few seconds. The goal of ENERGY STAR is to automatically enter a low-power state when all components of the computer system are inactive and when the initiative of the components is restored (i.e. when the keyboard, mouse, etc.). Used), the computer system will automatically return to the fully awake state. For products that meet the Energy Star standard, EPA will issue the Energy Star logo "EPA anti-pollution products", which means "anti-pollution and energy-saving products approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency".
IC card: smart card, smart card.
ATX: A new structural specification for computer chassis, motherboard and power supply.
IDE: Integrated circuit device or smart disk device.
Dynamic link library, dynamic link library.
Kb: kilobytes, and KB stands for kilobytes. K=Kilo, combined form, indicating "thousands; Kilometer; Kilogram; Kilometers. " B=Byte, which means "byte", is the smallest storage unit in a computer (one byte can store one English letter and every two bytes can store one Chinese character).
MB: megabyte, MB stands for megabyte. M=Mega, a combination form, meaning "trillion"; Millions. "
Gb: gigabyte, and GB stands for gigabyte. G=Giga, a word-forming component, meaning auspicious; Billion ".
Cai: computer-aided teaching or computer-aided teaching, computer-aided teaching. It will be the most important and popular teaching method in 2 1 century.
CAD: computer-aided design, computer-aided design.
Iso: international organization for standards. ISO introduced ISO 9000 series international standards on quality management and quality assurance in 1987, and issued revised standards in 1994. Among them, the main standards that constitute ISO 9000 series standards are: 1. т 9000-1:19940 Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards-Part I: Guide to Selection and Use: 2. т 9001:1994 "Quality System-Quality Assurance Model for Design, Development, Production, Installation and Service". 3.
3DS or 3D Studio: A 3D studio, a 3D studio. It is a set of multifunctional 3D animation software which integrates solid modeling, static coloring and animation creation, and has greatly popularized 3D modeling technology. It can exchange graphic information with AutoCAD, use scanner to input graphics, and output animation to TV or video tape through VGA and TV conversion interface.
VR: Virtual reality, also known as 3D, evolved from the air force flight simulator. Basically, it uses the principle of alternating left and right visual spaces to display images to produce stereoscopic effects. In fact, it has gone beyond the scope of image processing, and it is a computer-generated environment integrating light, sound and image. People can interact with objects in the virtual environment as in real life, and the application prospect of virtual reality is extremely broad.
OCR: the abbreviation of optical character recognition, which means that text materials are input as computer image files through a scanner, recognized as Chinese or English internal codes by software, and then processed. Because of the randomness of handwriting, OCR is mainly limited to the recognition of printed characters at present. At present, TH-OCR NT for Windows produced by Tsinghua Wentong Company represents the highest accuracy of Chinese OCR recognition.
SCSI: Small computer system interface, which seems to solve many connection problems between external devices and computers.
OEM: original equipment manufacturer, original equipment manufacturer.
Microsoft OEM: Microsoft OEM products. Refers to the software operating system pre-installed on the microcomputer, including Windows98, Windows NT, WorkStation and Windows3. X and MS-DOS.
Management information system. Widely used in all walks of life, the most famous management information systems in China are "Wangte MIS", "Yaqi MIS" and "Aauto Quicker MIS".
PNP: Plug and play, plug and play, which is an important technical feature of Window98. The so-called plug and play refers to the technology that the operating system automatically sets the system structure when installing peripheral devices such as PC cards that meet PNP standards to the computer. In other words, when installing new hardware, users do not need to set any jumper switches, nor do they need to configure interrupt request (IRQ), memory address or direct memory access (DMA) channel with software. Windows98 will notify applications of new changes in hardware devices and automatically coordinate conflicts among IRQ, memory address and DMA channel.
OLE: object linking and embedding, object linking and embedding, referred to as OLE technology. OLE is not only the integration of desktop applications, but also defines and implements a mechanism that allows applications to "connect" with each other as software "objects" (functions of data collection and data manipulation). This connection mechanism and protocol is called component object model, or COM for short. OLE can be used to create compound document. Compound document contains applications created from different sources and has different types of data, so it can combine words, sounds, images and tables.
Midi: musical instrument digital interface. It is one of the basic terms of multimedia. MIDI files are played and recorded by electronic instruments such as electronic organ, guitar and saxophone. It can be played on most multimedia computer sound cards. Even if you don't create your own MIDI file, you can use the existing MIDI file as the background music of multimedia presentation. MIDI files only store the description of sound, and rely on the synthesizer of sound card (FM or waveform table) to generate the real sound that people want to hear.
MPEG: Short for Moving Picture Expert Group, which means "Moving Picture Expert Group". It is a compression coding standard for moving images and their accompanying sounds in multimedia computers, usually called MPEG standard. It includes three parts: MPEG audio, MPEG video and MPEG system.
6. Common hardware names and equipment names
Transfer from the internet
CPU: Central processing unit, also known as CPU or microprocessor, is called the heart of computer.
RAM: random access memory, that is, people often say "memory".
ROM: read-only memory, read-only memory.
Expand data output, expand data output. With the improvement of CPU processing speed, the data transmission speed of DRAM is also required to be improved accordingly. Generally speaking, the data transmission speed of FPM (Fast Page Mode) DRAM is 60-70 ns, while the data transmission speed of Edo DRAM is three times faster than FPM, reaching 20ns. At present, SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) is the fastest, and its access speed is as high as 10ns.
SDRAM: Synchronous dynamic random access memory, synchronous dynamic random access memory, also called synchronous DRAM, is a new generation of dynamic memory. It can use the same clock as the CPU bus, so SDRAM memory can greatly improve the performance of the computer compared with EDO memory.
Cache: It means "cellar" in English. Store grain, equipment, etc. ); Artifact office. " Computer is a kind of cache memory, which is located between CPU and main memory DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory). It is a small and high-speed memory, usually composed of SRAM (Static Random Access Memory).
CMOS: the abbreviation of complementary metal oxide semiconductor, which means complementary metal oxide semiconductor (referred to as complementary metal oxide semiconductor memory). CMOS is a battery-powered memory (RAM) used by most computers at present. It is an important tool to determine the hardware configuration of the system, optimize the overall performance of the microcomputer and maintain the system. It saves some information about system hardware settings, which will continue to exist after shutdown (this is completely different from RAM). When the computer is turned on, it needs this information to start the system. If the information retained in CMOS is confused carelessly or accidentally, the computer system will not start normally.
PCI: Peripheral component interconnection, local bus (bus is a high-speed channel used by computers to transmit information from one device to another). PCI bus is an advanced bus structure at present, and its function has been greatly improved compared with other buses. It can support burst read and write operations, and the highest transmission rate can reach 132Mbps. It is one of the buses with the fastest data transmission speed, and can support multiple groups of peripheral devices at the same time. PCI is not limited by CPU processor and can be compatible with existing buses. The motherboard has a small slot and low cost, which is beneficial to popularization.
Seagate: American Seagate hard disk manufacturer. Seagate means "the gateway to the sea" in English, and also often refers to the canal leading to the sea.
Quantum: English means "quantity, total amount". Famous hard disk trademark, Quantum Company.
Maituo: "Crystal", American Maituo Hard Disk Company.
Ld: Laser disc, laser video disc, also known as laser video disc.
Cd: compact disc, compact disc, also called compact disc.
CD: CD-ROM, CD-ROM (memory), also known as "CD-ROM".
VCD: video disc, video disc, also known as "mini DVD".
DVD: Up to now, many people regard DVD as the abbreviation of digital video disc. In fact, since Sony/Philips and Toshiba/time warner Inc. reached a unified standard for DVD in September 1995, the connotation of DVD has changed greatly, becoming the English abbreviation of digital versatile disc. Universal "universal" means the diversification of DVD uses, which can be used not only for film and television entertainment, but also for multimedia computers and other fields. At present, it can be divided into five types according to the purpose: 1? DVD-ROM； for computer; 2? Home audio-visual CD-DVD- movie; 3? DVD audio; Used for music appreciation; 4? Write CD-rom-DVD-r once; 5? DVD-RAM, a CD that can be read and written many times.
Modem: Modem is an essential tool for home computers to surf the Internet, which can't be found in general English-Chinese dictionaries. It is the abbreviation of modulator and demodulator. Modem is an indispensable external device to realize computer communication. Because the data of a computer is a digital signal, it is necessary to convert the digital signal into an analog signal (modulation signal) suitable for transmission, so as to transmit it to another computer or other terminal (such as teletypewriter) in a long distance through a transmission line (such as a telephone line). At the receiving end, it is necessary to restore the received analog signal to the original digital signal, which requires the use of a modem.
UPS: abbreviation for uninterruptible power supply. It appears with the birth of computer, and it is one of the important peripheral devices of computer. UPS is a constant voltage and constant frequency uninterruptible power supply with energy storage devices and inverters as the main components, which is used to protect the computer from losing important data in case of sudden power failure.
TFT: Active matrix color display, referred to as TFT display, is specially used for notebook computers. TFT display screen has the advantages of fast refresh speed, bright color and bright brightness. In addition, it also has the necessary characteristics of "green computer" such as no flicker, no radiation and no static electricity.