A summary is a written material that reviews and analyzes the work, study or thinking situation in the past certain period, and makes objective evaluations. It can improve our ability to discover problems, so we might as well complete the summary seriously Bar. Do you want to know how to write a summary? Here is a collection of important knowledge points in the history of senior high school that I have brought to you for your reference!
A complete collection of important knowledge points in the history of senior high school
1. Reforms and reforms
(1) Guan Zhong's reforms: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Huan of Qi appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister to carry out reforms. Content: Function:
(2) Shang Yang’s Reform: (time, characters, main content, function)
(3) Reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty: - Land Equalization System
(4) Qingli New Deal: (time, characters, main content, role)
(5) Wang Anshi’s Reform: (time, character, main content, role, reason for failure) China Examination Network
2. Overview:
(1) Classification:
A. Promote the transformation of old social forms into new social forms:
B. Slaves Reforms to enrich the country and strengthen the military within society:
C. Reforms to adjust ruling policies within feudal society:
D. Reforms for ethnic minorities to learn the advanced culture and systems of the Han people:
(2) Reasons for the reform:
A. The old production relations seriously hindered the development of social productive forces;
B. In order to achieve a certain goal, to enrich the country and strengthen the army;
C. Comply with the trend of historical development or social development trend;
D. Ethnic minorities enter the Central Plains region to absorb the advanced culture and systems of the Han people and accelerate the feudalization process of their own nation; E , the ruling class faced a crisis of rule, and as a result, reforms or reforms inhibited land annexation, eased class conflicts, and increased fiscal revenue.
(3) Purpose: Fundamental purpose: to consolidate the rule of the feudal dynasty; other purposes: to establish the foundation of feudal rule, overcome the crisis of feudal rule, and achieve a rich country and a strong army.
(4) Reasons for the success of the reform:
A. It conforms to the trend of historical development or social development trend;
B. The reformer or the ruler, Or win the full trust and support of the rulers;
C. Formulate practical reform measures that conform to the trend of social development;
D. Reformers have strong will and indomitable confidence .
(5) Reasons for the failure of the reform: The reform touched the interests of big landowners and big bureaucrats, and was opposed by them; the people were improperly appointed or acted too hastily, and the new law harmed the people.
(6) Enlightenment of reform: It is an important means to get rid of bad government and promote national prosperity and social progress; it will inevitably touch the interests of certain people or groups, and will be opposed by them, so It is arduous and tortuous, and it cannot be smooth sailing; reform measures must be effective, people must be properly employed in the reform process, and reformers must have far-sightedness and firm political courage.
Learning materials for high school history knowledge points
Bourgeois Reformists - the Reform Movement of 1898 driven by reform ideas
1. Background of the Reform:
(1) International trend: the development of capitalism has become a worldwide trend
①Economically: The second industrial revolution has brought mankind into the electrical age
②Politically: the operation of capitalism Further improvement of the mechanism
③Ideologically: the spread of Western learning to the east - the further spread of Western Enlightenment ideas
(2) Domestic
①Social background: Defeat in the Sino-Japanese War , signed the "Treaty of Shimonoseki", the great powers set off a frenzy of partition, and the national crisis deepened day by day ② Economic basis: the initial development of China's national capitalism
③Class basis: the development and growth of the national bourgeoisie
④Ideological basis: The emergence and development of bourgeois reform ideas
A. Early reform thinkers: Feng Guifen, Wang Tao, Zheng Guanying - studied Western systems and culture and advocated political reform.
B. The further development of reform ideas - the enlightenment of civil rights thought (Elective Topic 1 and Lesson 3)
a. Background: Economically, the initial development of national capitalism; In terms of class, it was the emergence and growth of the national bourgeoisie; in terms of ideology, it was the emergence of early reform ideas in China and the spread of bourgeois civil rights ideas abroad; in terms of diplomacy, the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 and the great powers set off a frenzy to carve up China, and the national crisis was unprecedentedly serious
b. Basic proposition: learn from the Western political system, carry out reforms, promote civil rights, establish a parliament, and implement a constitutional monarchy; save the national crisis and develop capitalism.
c. Evaluation: Directly mobilized and guided the reform movement; saved the national crisis through reforms, with strong patriotic passion; advocated the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the development of capitalism, which has progressive significance; spread Western knowledge and publicity The concepts of talent, freedom and equality have enlightenment significance; they express the bourgeoisie's yearning for equality, freedom and democracy, which is objectively conducive to the spread of bourgeois revolutionary ideas and is the forerunner of later bourgeois democratic revolutionary ideas. It is said to have “carried out the first relatively comprehensive social mobilization for capitalist modernization”.
2. Preparatory activities for the reform - scholars taking part in politics
(1) Debate between the reformers and the die-hards
①Focus: whether to implement the reform and reform , whether to change the feudal autocratic system into a constitutional monarchy, and whether to reform the feudal education system
②Essence: The first ideological confrontation between China's emerging bourgeoisie and the declining feudal landlord class
③Impact: The debate further broadened the horizons of intellectuals, liberated their minds, and provided public opinion and ideological guidance for political struggles
(2) Letters to the Bus (Elective 2 P35) transformed the bourgeois reform movement from ideological The dissemination of theory developed into political practice, which opened the prelude to the reform movement.
(3) Found newspapers and periodicals: "China and Foreign Journals", "Current Affairs News", and "National News"
(4) Organize societies: Strengthen the Society, Protect the Association, etc.
Summary of test points for high school history knowledge points
1. In 20__ BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty in Chinese history; my country’s early national political system originated from the Xia Dynasty.
2. In the late primitive society, the abdication system was replaced by the hereditary system of the throne.
3. In order to effectively rule, the Zhou Dynasty implemented a political feudal system. The biggest feature of the Western Zhou Dynasty's patriarchal system is the eldest son inheritance system.
The relationship between the feudal system and the patriarchal system is mutually reinforcing and mutually reinforcing.
4. Liu Zongyuan's "On Feudalism" said that the feudal system of Xia, Shang, Zhou and Han Dynasty was extended, and the Qin prefectures and towns were promoted. The meaning of feudalism in this article is enfeoffment.
5. It is the patriarchal system that ensures the political monopoly and privileged status of the aristocracy and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.
6. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified feudal dynasty in Chinese history.
The emperor system pioneered by Qin Shihuang is an important feature of China's feudal autocratic system. The three highest official positions were established in the central government: prime minister, imperial censor, and Taiwei.
7. In the Tang Dynasty, the functions of drafting, deliberation and administration were respectively Zhongshu Sheng, Menxia Sheng and Shangshu Sheng.
8. The highest administrative agencies of the Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty were Zhongshu Menxia Province and Zhongshu Province respectively.
9. During the Yuan Dynasty, the Xuanzheng Yuan was the institution in charge of religious affairs and jurisdiction over Tibet. The Xuanwei Department was established to manage remote areas.
10. During the reign of Ming Taizu (Emperor), China’s prime minister system was abolished.
11. The establishment of the Military Aircraft Department during the reign of Emperor Yongzheng marked the peak of the development of the monarchy’s autocratic system.
12. The main organizational method of agricultural production in ancient China was to engage in productive labor as a family unit. The main feature of ancient Chinese agricultural production was the formation of an agricultural production system of intensive farming.
13. Oxen farming is a revolution in farming methods in the history of agricultural technology in my country.
14. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, and the Qin and Han Dynasties, the most advanced farming method in the world at that time was the ridge farming method.
15. The three main business forms of ancient Chinese handicrafts were government-run handicrafts, private handicrafts, and family-run handicrafts.
16. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Suzhou and Hangzhou were the most famous silk weaving industry centers.
17. Merchants first came from the Shang Dynasty.
18. The earliest prototype of a bank in our country was the bank bank. The earliest paper currency in the world was Jiaozi issued in the Northern Song Dynasty.
19. During the Yuan Dynasty, Quanzhou was hailed as the world's largest port by foreign travelers. During the Qing Dynasty, the policy of seclusion was implemented, and only Guangzhou was open to foreign trade.
20. In the Tang Dynasty, the agency specializing in foreign trade was called the Shishishishi. During the Song Dynasty, a trading place with ethnic minorities was set up on the border called a market. The earliest trademark in China is the Liujia Kung Fu Needle in Jinan, Shandong Province in the Song Dynasty.
21. The Hundred Schools of Thought Contention was the first ideological emancipation movement in Chinese history.
22. The Six Classics compiled by Confucius are "Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Yi", "Yue" and "Spring and Autumn". The Four Books refer to The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean.
23. It was Mencius who proposed the theory of good nature; it was Xunzi who proposed the theory of evil nature. It was Dong Zhongshu who proposed the idea of ??three cardinal principles and five constant principles. It was Zhu Xi who proposed the theory of mind-nature. Gu Yanwu was the first to put forward the idea that everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world.
24. Later generations called Confucius the Supreme Sage and Mencius the Lesser Sage. Zhu Xi was the master of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi were famous thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
25. ① Mencius proposed that those who love others should always love them. The people are the most important, the country is the second, and the king is the least. This is Mencius.
② It is Confucius who proposes to be frugal and love people and govern with virtue. Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do.
③ It is Confucius who proposes to be kind to others and be warmer than cloth and serve them with virtue. It's Xunzi.
④ It was Dong Zhongshu who proposed that the power of kings is divinely conferred and that heaven and man are in harmony with each other.
⑤ It is proposed that all things are just one heavenly law, father, son, monarch and minister, and the law of the world is two Chengs (Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi).
⑥ He proposed that there is nothing outside the heart, which leads to conscience and knowledge of the universe. Then my heart is Wang Yangming.
⑦ It is Li Zhi who proposes that Xian regards Confucius’s right and wrong as right and wrong, so it is not right or wrong.
⑧ It is Huang Zongxi who proposed that the people are the master of the world, the king is a guest, industry and commerce are all the people's livelihood
⑨Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi were the ones who proposed the practical application of the world
26. The earliest person in the world to use equatorial coordinates to express the position of stars was Shi Shen, an astronomist during the Warring States Period in China. He wrote "Astronomy";
27. "Shi's Star Catalog" is the world's oldest extant star catalogue. Ancient star catalogue.
28. Before the invention of the telescope, the armillary sphere was the most advanced astronomical observation tool in the world.
29. The mixed selection method was first seen in the Western Han Dynasty's agricultural book "Shu Sheng Zhi Shu"; "Qi Min Yao Shu" is the earliest and most complete agricultural book in existence in China.
30. Known as the best running script in the world, it refers to the "Lanting Preface" created by Wang Xizhi.
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