Domain name

Domain name (DOMAINNAME)

An item in an Internet address, such as a hypothetical address domain.com

With the Internet A string of easy-to-remember characters corresponding to the protocol (IP) address, consisting of a number of 26 Latin letters from a to z, 10 Arabic numerals from 1 to 0, and "one" and "." symbols, and are pressed in a certain manner Hierarchy and logical arrangement. Currently, some countries are developing domain names in other languages, such as Chinese domain names. Not only is the domain name easy to remember, but even if the IP address changes, the domain name can remain unchanged by changing the translation correspondence.

The network communicates and connects based on the TCP/IP protocol. Each host has a unique and fixed IP address to distinguish thousands of users and computers on the network. The network uses a unique and universal address format when distinguishing all connected networks and hosts, that is, each network and host connected to the network is assigned a unique address. In order to ensure the uniqueness of the IP address of each computer on the network, users must apply for registration with a specific organization, which allocates IP addresses based on the network size and recent development plans of the user unit. The address schemes in the network are divided into two sets: IP address system and domain name address system. These two address systems are actually in a one-to-one correspondence. IP addresses are represented by binary numbers. Each IP address is 32 bits long and consists of 4 numbers less than 256. The numbers are separated by dots. For example, 166.111.1.11 represents an IP address. Since the IP address is a digital identifier, it is difficult to remember and write when using it. Therefore, a symbolic address scheme has been developed based on the IP address to replace the numerical IP address. Each symbolized address corresponds to a specific IP address, making it much easier to access resources on the network. This character address corresponding to the numeric IP address on the network is called a domain name.

It can be seen that the domain name is the name of the organization that accesses the Internet. It is the address of an organization on the network that accesses the network through a computer. If a company wants to build its own homepage on the Internet, it must obtain a domain name. The domain name also consists of several parts, including numbers and letters. Through this address, people can find the required details on the web. Domain name is an important identifier of Internet-connected units and individuals on the Internet. It plays an identification role and facilitates others to identify and retrieve the information resources of a certain enterprise, organization or individual, thereby better realizing the sharing of resources on the Internet. In addition to the identification function, in a virtual environment, domain names can also play a role in guidance, promotion, and representation.

Domain names can be divided into different levels, including top-level domain names, second-level domain names, etc. Top-level domain names are divided into two categories: First, national top-level domain names (nTLDs for short). Currently, more than 200 countries have allocated top-level domain names according to ISO3166 country codes. For example, China is cn, the United States is us, Japan is jp, etc. ; The second is international top-level domain names (nationaltop-leneldomain-names, iTDs for short), such as .Com representing industrial and commercial enterprises, .net representing network providers, .org representing non-profit organizations, etc. At present, most domain name disputes occur under the top-level domain name of com, because most companies go online to make profits. In order to strengthen domain name management and resolve the shortage of domain name resources, international organizations such as the Internet Association, the Internet Addressing Agency and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WEPO) have negotiated extensively and established the original three international general top-level domain names: (com.net.org). On the basis of this, 7 new international general top-level domain names have been added: firm (company), store (sales company or enterprise), Web (prominent, e, gov, net, etc.).

my country’s position in the international Internet The top-level domain name officially registered and operated by the Information Center (InterNIC) is CN, which is also my country's first-level domain name. Under the top-level domain name, my country's second-level domain name is divided into two categories: category domain names and administrative region names.

There are ***6 category domain names, including ac for scientific research institutions; com for industrial and commercial financial enterprises; e for educational institutions; gov for government departments; net for Internet network information centers and operation centers; org for non-profit organizations. There are 34 administrative region names, corresponding to each province, autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government in my country. The third-level domain name is composed of letters (A ~ Z, a ~ z, upper and lower case, etc.), numbers (0 ~ 9) and connectors (-). Domain names at all levels are connected with dots (.). The length cannot exceed 20 characters. If there are no special reasons, it is recommended to use the applicant's English name (or abbreviation) or Chinese Pinyin name (or abbreviation) as the third-level domain name to maintain the clarity and simplicity of the domain name.

The registration of domain names follows the principle of first application, first registration. The management agency does not conduct any substantive review on whether the domain name proposed by the applicant violates the rights of a third party. At the same time, each domain name registration is unique and non-repeatable. Therefore, on the Internet, domain name is a relatively limited resource, and its value will gradually be valued by people as the number of registered companies increases.

Since domain name is a valuable resource, can it become the object of intellectual property protection? We believe that in the new economic environment, the commercial significance of domain names has far outweighed its technical significance, and has become an important means for enterprises to participate in international market competition under new scientific and technological conditions. It not only represents the importance of enterprises on the Internet Its unique position is also a comprehensive reflection of the company's products, service scope, image, goodwill, etc., and is part of the company's intangible assets. At the same time, a domain name is also an intellectual achievement. It is a commercial mark with literal meaning, similar to a trademark or trade name, and embodies considerable creativity. In the process of domain name conception and selection, a certain amount of creative work is required to make the domain name representing your company concise and attractive, so that the public can know and access it, thereby achieving the purpose of expanding corporate visibility and promoting business development. It can be said that a domain name is not a simple identification symbol, but a condensation of a company's goodwill and recognition of its popularity. The use of a domain name has rich connotations for a company, which is far from being exhausted by the simple word "logo". Therefore, both academic circles and practical departments currently tend to regard domain names as a type of corporate intellectual property objects. Moreover, from a global perspective, although the legislation of various countries has not yet protected domain names as exclusive rights, the international domain name coordination system is formulated through the World Intellectual Property Organization, which is enough to show that people have regarded domain names as part of intellectual property rights.

Of course, compared to the traditional field of intellectual property, domain names are a brand-new object with its own characteristics. For example, the use of domain names is global and does not have traditional strict regional restrictions; From a temporal perspective, a domain name can be used permanently once acquired and does not need to be renewed regularly; a domain name is absolutely unique on the Internet. Once registered, no one else is allowed to register or use the same domain name, so it is exclusive The nature is also absolute; in addition, domain names cannot be used unless registered by a legal agency, which is different from traditional patents, trademarks and other objects, etc. Even so, it is scientific and feasible to treat domain names as objects of intellectual property rights. In practice, it is beneficial and harmless to protect the relevant legitimate rights and interests of enterprises on the Internet.

Supplement:

What is a domain name?

Technically speaking, domain names are just a method used on the Internet to solve address correspondence problems. It can be said to be just a technical term. However, since the Internet has become the Internet for people all over the world, domain name has naturally become a social science term.

Why register a domain name?

The Internet, the darling of the information age, has stepped out of its infancy and is known to more and more people. E-commerce, online sales, and online advertising have become hot spots in the business world. "Going online" has become a mantra for many people. However, if you want to set up a server to publish information online, you must first register your own domain name. Only with your own domain name can others access you. Therefore, domain name registration is the basis for establishing any service on the Internet. At the same time, due to the uniqueness of the domain name, it is very necessary to register as early as possible.

Why is not registering a domain name more troublesome than having a trademark registered?

Since domain names and trademarks are unique in their respective categories, and with the development of the Internet, from the perspective of corporate image building, domain names and trademarks are, in a sense, closely related to each other. contact. Therefore, it has certain characteristics in common with trademarks. When many companies choose a domain name, they often hope to use a domain name that is consistent with their corporate trademark. However, domain names are more unique than trademarks. For example:

There was a domain name registration conflict between an electronics group company and a Japanese chemical factory that also held the Panda registered trademark. According to the "Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Domain Name Registration in China", Both companies have the right to register panda as the domain name, but there is only one panda.xxx.cn. Then, when the domain name applications comply with the provisions of the "Interim Measures for the Administration of Internet Domain Name Registration in China", CNNIC will register on a first-come, first-served basis. "The application will be processed according to the principle of ". A certain daily chemical factory first applied for panda.xxx.cn, and an electronics group company submitted an application for the panda.xxx.cn domain name only after the certain daily chemical factory had successfully registered and the website had been launched. As a result, an electronics group The company can no longer use panda.xxx.cn as its domain name.

It is not difficult to see from the above example that although a certain electronics group company can still sell its Panda brand appliances, it may never be able to let its users see its industrial, commercial, and financial products. and other enterprises

EDU educational institutions

GOV government departments

NET Internet network, access network information center (NIC) and operation center (NOC)

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ORG various non-profit organizations

The names of administrative regions are divided according to various administrative divisions in China, and their division standards are based on the national standards issued by the former State Administration of Technical Supervision. Including 34 "administrative region names", applicable to all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government in my country.

What are the general rules for naming domain names on the Internet?

Since domain names at all levels on the Internet are managed by different organizations, the ways in which each organization manages domain names and the rules for naming domain names are also different.

However, there are also some different rules for naming domain names, mainly as follows:

1. The domain name can only contain the following characters:

1.26 English letters

2. "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9" ten numbers

3. "-" (conjunction number in English)< /p>

2. Combination rules of characters in domain names:

1. In domain names, English letters are not case-sensitive

2. The length of a domain name is There are certain restrictions

The rules for domain name naming under CN are:

1. Follow all the same rules for domain name naming

2. Only registration is allowed The third-level domain name is composed of letters (A-0Z, a-z, upper and lower case equivalent), numbers (0-9) and connectors (-). Domain names at all levels are connected with dots (.). The length of a first-level domain name shall not exceed 20 characters;

3. The following names shall not be used, or the use is restricted (the following table lists some materials that need to be provided when registering such domain names):

1) Registration contains "CHINA", "CHINESE", "CN", "NATIONAL", etc.

Officially approved by relevant national departments (referring to units at ministerial level or above)

2) The names of other countries or regions, foreign place names, and names of international organizations known to the public may not be used

3) The full name or abbreviation of the administrative division name at or above the county level (including county level)

Relevant counties Officially approved by the people's government at or above the county level (including county level)

4) Industry names or common names of goods may not be used

5) Business names or trademark names that have been registered by others in China Shall not be used

6) Names that are harmful to the interests of the country, society or the public must not be used

7) Officially approved and approved by relevant national departments (referring to units at the ministerial level or above) Formal approval from the relevant people's government at or above the county level (including the county level) means that the relevant agency must issue a written document expressing its consent for the XXXX unit to register the XXX domain name. For example, if you want to apply for the domain name beijing.com.cn, you must provide the approval document from the Beijing Municipal People's Government.

How are domain names under CN managed?

In order to ensure the normal operation of the international Internet and provide services to all Internet users, the International Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) has been established internationally to serve all Internet users. Due to the huge scale of the Internet and the differences in languages ??among countries, countries have established their own national-level Internet information centers to provide more timely and convenient services to their own Internet users. In order to adapt to the development of my country's Internet and better serve the country's rapidly growing number of Internet users, entrusted by the former State Council Information Work Leading Group Office, the Chinese Academy of Sciences established the China Internet Network Information Center (China Internet Network Information Center) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Computer Network Information Center. CNNIC), which performs the duties of the National Internet Network Information Center. One of CNNIC's main businesses is domain name registration services. CNNIC's management of domain names strictly abides by the provisions of the "Interim Measures for the Administration of China Internet Domain Name Registration" and the "Implementation Rules for China Internet Domain Name Registration".

What kind of domain name is good to register?

Registering a good domain name is crucial. A good domain name is often consistent with the following information of the unit:

1. The Chinese and English abbreviations of the unit name

2. The company's product registered trademark

3. Chinese and English content that is consistent with the corporate slogan, but be careful not to exceed 20 characters

4. Interesting names such as: hello, howareyou, yes, 168, etc.

Domain name How to deal with conflicts?

If the domain name you applied for has been registered by someone else, a domain name registration conflict will occur. The general way to resolve the conflict is to change the name, or add "-" or "-" to the domain name you applied for. Some letters, etc., or choose other available domains, here are a few examples:

The existing domain names are domain names registered by users who avoid conflicts

Domain name conflicts can also be resolved through legal means . You can file a lawsuit in court.

When a legal dispute arises about a domain name, according to management regulations, CNNIC's approach is:

CNNIC is not responsible for checking with the national industrial and commercial administration department and trademark management department whether the user domain name is consistent with the registered trademark Or if the company name conflicts, does it infringe on the rights of a third party? Any disputes arising from such conflicts shall be handled by the applicant himself and shall bear legal liability. When a third-level domain name is the same as a trademark or business name registered in my country, and the registered domain name is not owned by the registered trademark or business name holder, if the registered trademark or business name holder does not raise an objection, the domain name holder shall Any party can continue to use its domain name; if the registered trademark or business name holder raises an objection, domain name management units at all levels will reserve domain name services for the domain name holder for 30 days from the date it is confirmed that it has the registered trademark or business name rights. , the domain name service will be terminated after 30 days.

After domain name registration is completed, what should you pay attention to?

After the domain name registration is completed, you can use your own domain name to build an online promotion site. However, there is one thing you cannot forget, that is, you have to pay an annual fee for your domain name every year. Payment methods and registration The payment method is the same at that time. In addition, once a domain name is registered, it cannot be bought or sold. When it is necessary to modify the domain name registration information (the domain name itself cannot be modified), a domain name application form stamped with the official seal of the unit must be submitted to CNNIC, and the modification items must be indicated on the domain name registration application form.

How to use your own domain name?

After the domain name is registered, users are often concerned about using the domain name to establish their own Internet service system. So, how to design their own online image? Here are some suggestions, which I hope will serve as a starting point.

1. Establish an email system of your own so that every employee in the unit can send and receive emails using their own company domain name address.

2. Create a homepage for your organization

3. Put your homepage address on your advertisement.

International top-level domain names

Domain names on the Internet can be described as diverse, but based on the structure of domain names, domain names can generally be divided into two categories. One category is called "international top-level domain names" (referred to as "international domain names"), one category is called "domestic domain names".

The last suffix of a general international domain name is some "international common domain" such as .com, .net, .gov, and .e. These different suffixes represent different institutional properties. For example, .com represents a commercial organization, .net represents a network service organization, .gov represents a government organization, and .e represents an educational institution.

Domestic domain name

The suffix of a domestic domain name usually includes two parts: "international domain" and "national domain", with "national domain" as the last suffix. Taking ISO31660 as the standard, each country has its own fixed country domain, such as: cn represents China, us represents the United States, uk represents the United Kingdom, etc.

Domain name system DNS

The full name of DNS is DomainNameServer. Before explaining DNSServer, you may want to explain what DomainName is. The way to identify a computer on the Internet is to use IP, but A set of IP numbers is difficult to remember and has no associated meaning. Therefore, we will give the server on the network a meaningful and easy-to-remember name. We call this name "DomainName".

Most DNS maintain a huge database, which describes the corresponding relationship between domain names and IPs, and updates it regularly. There are dozens of top DNS resolution servers around the world. If these servers are paralyzed, the consequences will be unimaginable. To put it more vividly: the domain name is the name on the computer network, and the IP is the house number.

Note: However, IPs and domain names are not all in one-to-one correspondence. One IP can correspond to many domain names, and large websites often use one domain name for many servers.

Foreign domain name meaning and price reference (unit: yuan/year)

.INFO information service 120.00 yuan

.TRAVEL (requires registration agency review) Tourism industry 1200.00 yuan

.NAME personal top-level domain name 250.00 yuan

.US domain name 120.00 yuan

.EU EU domain name 230.00 yuan

. AM US BRS Media company 750.00 yuan

. FM US BRS Media company 750.00 yuan

.TV 300.00 yuan

.LA Los Angeles, US 350.00 yuan

< p>.GD Grenada 360.00 yuan

.CC 250.00 yuan

.TM (minimum registration 10 years) trademark domain name 1,000.00 yuan

.CH Swiss domain name 350.00 Yuan

.IO British Indian Ocean Yuan 660.00

.BZ Belize Yuan 350.00

.SC/.com.SC/.net.SC/.org .SC Seychelles Islands 360.00 yuan

.NU Nigeria 360.00 yuan

.WSWebSite 180.00 yuan

.TK (minimum registration 2 years) Tokelau Domain name 200.00 yuan

.mobi (minimum registration 2 years) Mobile domain name 380 yuan/2 years

.TC290.00

.MS Monserrate Island 360.00 yuan

.GS 290.00 yuan

.VG Virgin Islands 290.00 yuan

.JP Japanese domain name 750.00 yuan

.AG /.com.AG/.net.AG/.org.AG Antigua and Barbuda 900.00 yuan

.AC Ascension Island domain name 650.00 yuan

.SH St. Lena domain name 650.00 yuan

.DE German domain name 200.00 yuan

.COM.MXMX domain name 800.00 yuan

.BE Belgian domain name 200.00 yuan

< p>.LI Liechtenstein 350.00 yuan

.MN Mongolia domain name 600.00 yuan

.MD Moldova 1300.00 yuan

.co.UK/.org.UK/. me.UK British domain name 150.00 yuan

.AT/.co.AT/.or.AT Austrian domain name 250.00 yuan

.SE Swedish domain name 360.00 yuan

.IMIM domain name is 550.00 yuan

.PL/.com.PL/.net.PL/.org.PL/.info.PL/.biz.PL Polish domain name is 360.00 yuan

.IN/.com.IN/.net.IN/.firm.IN/.gen.IN/.ind.IN Indian domain name 250.00 yuan

.TW/.com.TW/.org.TW /.idv.TW/.club.TW/.ebiz.TW/.game.TW Taiwan domain name is 399.00 yuan

.SG/.com.SG Singapore domain name is 500.00 yuan

. RU (requires registration agency review) Russian domain name 599.00 yuan

.IT (requires registration agency review) Italian domain name 800.00 yuan

.NL (requires registration agency review) Dutch domain name 500.00 yuan< /p>

.ES/.com.ES/.nom.ES/.org.ES Spanish domain name 300.00 yuan

.VC/.com.VC/.net.VC/.org. VC St. Vincent 350.00 yuan

.MU/.com.MU/.net.MU/.org.MU Mauritius 900.00 yuan

.NF/.com.NF/.net.NF Norfolk Island 1200.00 yuan

.TL East Timor 800.00 yuan

.K

I Kiribati 10000.00 yuan

.com.KI/.net.KI/.org.KI Kiribati 1000.00 yuan

.CX Christmas Island 800.00 yuan

.JOBS (Registration agency review required) Recruitment industry 1,800.00 yuan

.AERO (Registration agency review required) Airlines 1,500.00 yuan

Chinese domain names

Chinese domain names are provided by China A new domain name form developed by the Internet Information Center (cnnic) requires plug-in support to realize its functions. Its expressions are: Qingdao.cn, Qingdao.Network, Qingdao.Company, etc. (Xiangjian (nic.cn), from Starting from IE7.0, the default Chinese domain name suffix is ??.cn. In CNNIC's new domain name system, users will be provided with pure Chinese domain name registration services ending in ".China", ".Company" and ".Network". Users who register ".CN" will automatically obtain the Chinese domain name ".China". For example, if they register "Tsinghua University.CN", they will automatically obtain "Tsinghua University.China". According to the provisions of the "China Internet Domain Name Management Measures", As a Chinese domain name registration management agency, CNNIC does not directly provide Chinese domain name registration related services to end users. Domain name registration services will be provided by CNNIC-certified domain name registration service agencies.

International domain names and domestic domain names expire. Processing

ICANN, the top international domain name management organization, proposed the concept of domain name repayment period in the first quarter of 2003. If the domain name expires and the domain name is not renewed within the retention period provided by the service provider, the service provider will report to ICANN When a request is made to delete the domain name, ICANN accepts the service provider's request and transfers the domain name to the repayment period. The repayment period is 30 days and will be converted to the deletion period after 30 days.

The domestic domain name expiration date begins. , the domain name will stop serving and the website will not be accessible. The protection period of the domain name is within 15 days of expiration. The original domain name owner can still continue to use the domain name after renewing it at the price at the time of registration. After 15 days of expiration, the domain name will be removed from the CNNIC library. Released, anyone can register.