Essentials of Grade 8 Politics (Volume II)

Unit 1:

1. ★ The national nature of China (p4) China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.

2. At present, the people in our country include (p4) workers, peasants, intellectuals and other socialist laborers, builders of the socialist cause, patriots who support socialism and patriots who support the reunification of the motherland. Note that those who do not belong to the people but belong to China citizens are: ① criminals deprived of political rights; ② people who split the country; ③ hostile forces and elements who are hostile to and destroy the socialist system.

3. People are the masters of our country and society. (p4) (The expression of master status: equal rights to manage state and social affairs)

4. What are civil rights? What are the basic rights of citizens? (p5) Civil rights refer to certain rights and interests recognized by the Constitution and laws and granted to citizens. ★ Because the civil rights stipulated in the Constitution are the most important and fundamental rights of citizens, they are called the basic rights of citizens.

5. What are the similarities and differences between people and citizens? What are Chinese citizens? (p6) People are political concepts, which have different class contents in different countries and different historical periods of the same country, while citizens are legal concepts, which refer to people who have the nationality of a certain country and enjoy rights and assume obligations according to the constitution and laws of that country. Citizens of China: ★ Anyone with China nationality is a citizen of China.

6. How are the rights of Chinese citizens guaranteed (p7)★ China has established a rights protection system with the Constitution as the core and legislative and judicial guarantees as the main contents to protect the rights of citizens. (1) Legislative protection: that is, the rights of citizens are confirmed in the form of law and safeguarded by the state's coercive power. (2) Judicial guarantee: it refers to punishing all kinds of infringement by law and protecting citizens' rights.

7. What are the basic rights of Chinese citizens? (p9) The basic rights of citizens involve politics, economy, culture and other fields, covering family life, school life, social life and many other aspects. Specifically, it includes: ① the right to equality; ② the political rights and freedoms; ③ the freedom of religious belief; ④ the right to personal freedom; ⑨ (The Constitution is the confirmation and guarantee of citizens' basic rights, while ordinary laws further stipulate citizens' specific rights according to the Constitution. )

8. How should citizens exercise their rights correctly? (P1-11) ① Citizens should respect the rights of others when exercising their rights. (2) citizens in the exercise of rights, shall not harm the interests of the state, society and the collective. (3) to exercise their rights within the scope permitted by law. (4) to exercise their rights in a legal way.

9. How to exercise the right to freedom of speech (P11) First, citizens should not use freedom of speech to insult or slander others. Second, citizens may not use freedom of speech to instigate or incite others to commit acts that endanger national security, undermine national unity, undermine social morality and disrupt social order.

1. Citizens' obligations can be divided into legal obligations and moral obligations. What is legal obligation? What are the basic obligations of Chinese citizens stipulated in the Constitution? (p16) The citizen's obligation stipulated in our Constitution is a legal obligation and also a basic obligation of our citizens. Statutory obligations refer to the obligations that citizens must fulfill as stipulated by the Constitution and laws.

11. What is moral obligation? What is its function? What are the basic moral norms that Chinese citizens must abide by? (p17) refers to the fact that members of society voluntarily assume moral responsibilities to others and society according to social ethics. Patriotism and law-abiding, courtesy and honesty, unity and friendship, diligence and self-improvement, dedication and dedication

12. ★ Why do citizens have to fulfill their obligations while enjoying their rights? (P14-15) ① We can't just get without paying, and we can't just enjoy rights without fulfilling obligations. We must fulfill the statutory obligations, because this is stipulated by the Constitution and laws. In our country, the rights and obligations of citizens are consistent. Each of us is not only the subject of enjoying rights, but also the subject of fulfilling obligations.

13. What is the relationship between Chinese law and socialist morality? (p19.d1) Connection: China's laws and socialist morality cooperate, promote and complement each other. All acts prohibited by law are condemned by socialist morality; There are many legal obligations, but also the requirements of socialist morality. There are also differences between the two. Legal obligations are stipulated by national laws, and moral obligations are spontaneously formed in social life; Legal obligations are guaranteed to be fulfilled by the state's compulsory efforts, while moral obligations are fulfilled by public opinion, habits and voluntary participation of social members. That is, moral obligation is not equal to legal obligation, and failure to perform moral obligation does not necessarily violate legal obligation.

14. How to faithfully perform the obligations? What the law encourages, we actively do what the law requires, we must do what the law forbids, and we will never do it.

Unit 2:

1. ★ Personal rights are the most basic and important rights of citizens, including personality rights and identity rights, among which personality rights are people's innate basic rights to be human beings, including life and health rights, personal freedom rights, name rights, portrait rights, reputation rights and privacy rights. (p25)

2. The right to life and health is the most fundamental personal right of citizens. What does the right to personal freedom include? (P26)① Within the scope permitted by law, citizens' body and will are completely controlled by themselves; ② Citizens' bodies are not subject to illegal search; ③ Citizens' bodies are not subject to illegal confinement; ④ Citizens' bodies are not subject to illegal detention (that is, illegal body search, illegal confinement and illegal detention are all acts that restrict or deprive citizens of their personal freedom).

3. Why should our laws give special protection to minors' right to life and health? (p26.d2) Minors are the future and hope of the motherland. Because of their youth, lack of ability and lack of economy, their lives and health are more vulnerable to infringement.

4. What laws protect citizens' right to life and health in China? (p27) Constitution, Criminal Law, General Principles of Civil Law and Public Security Administration Punishment Law

5. What are the laws that specifically protect minors? Law on the Protection of Minors, Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency and Law on Compulsory Education (protecting the right of minors to education)

6. What are the ways for citizens to exercise their right to health? (p28)① We have the right to cherish life, maintain health, actively exercise, and improve our health level, so that we can have a strong body and an uplifting spirit; ② We have the right to timely treat when we are sick, restore health, and enhance our health; ③ When our life and health are illegally infringed by others, we have the right to defend ourselves and request legal protection

7. What does the right to personal dignity include? (p35) Right of reputation, portrait, name and privacy.

8. The meaning and expression of the right of reputation (P38): The right of reputation is the right that people enjoy according to law to evaluate their own objective society and exclude others' infringement. Mainly manifested as: the right to control reputation interests and the right to maintain reputation. You can ask the infringer to apologize, eliminate the influence and restore your reputation. If it causes great mental pain, you also have the right to ask for mental compensation.

9. What are the behaviors that infringe on the right of reputation? (p38, 39)① Insult: refers to the behavior of degrading the personality and damaging the reputation of others by language, writing or violent means, which can be divided into oral insult, written insult and violent insult. (2) Defamation: refers to the act of fabricating and spreading false facts out of nothing and maliciously slandering others, which can be divided into verbal slander and literal slander. (3) The news report is untrue. 4 false accusation.

1. What is the status of portrait? (p4) Portrait is also the basic symbol of everyone's personality.

11. What does the right to portrait include? (p41) Portrait rights include: the right to make portraits, the right to use them and the right to be paid.

12. ★ What are the behaviors that infringe on the right of portrait? (p41.d2)(1) If a citizen's portrait (advertisement, magazine cover, calendar) is used for profit, the consent of the portrait owner must be obtained, otherwise it will constitute infringement. (2) Malicious destruction, defilement and uglification of citizen portraits. (3) Personal attacks with portraits, etc.

13. What is the right to name? (p43)★ Name right refers to the right of citizens to decide, use and change their names according to law, and to exclude the infringement of others. Adults who have reached the age of 18 have the right to decide their own names; Have the right to decide and use their own names, pen names and stage names; Have the right to change the name according to the regulations. However, minors and mental patients' right to name is exercised by their guardians.

14. What does a person's name include? What is the status of a name? (p43) (Content) Names include official names, former names, pen names and stage names. Name is the basic symbol of everyone's personality.

15. ★ What are the manifestations of infringement of the right to name? (p44) Embezzlement and fraudulent use of other people's names are two concrete manifestations of infringing on citizens' right to name.

16. The meaning of privacy (P46) Privacy refers to the secrets of personal life that citizens don't want to be known or made public, and have nothing to do with public interests. It includes three aspects: private information, personal affairs and private space.

17. the significance (necessity) of privacy protection (P46, 47) (1) it is the need of people's independence and freedom (2) it is the need of people's own peace and security (3) it is the need of building a people-oriented modern society that respects humanity and individuality.

18. The meaning of the right to privacy (P48) The right to privacy refers to the right of citizens to enjoy the peace of private life and the confidentiality of private information according to law. China's laws protect citizens' right to privacy.

19. Contents of the right to privacy (p48-5)(1) Right to peace in private life (2) Right to keep personal information confidential (3) Right to keep private communication confidential. (★ However, if an individual's private life and personal information are related to social public interests and social and political life, they are not privacy, and activities and criminal acts in public places are not privacy. )

2. How should we respect the privacy of others? (p51-52)(1) Establish a sense of privacy: understand that everyone is an independent individual, and everyone has his own privacy. We can't interfere in other people's private affairs, don't inquire about or spread other people's secrets, and correct the bad habit of not respecting others' privacy. Strengthen the sense of responsibility and reputation (2) It is necessary to strengthen the sense of responsibility and reputation and keep secrets for relatives and friends.

21. What are the behaviors that infringe on privacy? (p53)(1) spying on other people's private lives, spying on other people's secrets by means of reading diaries, opening letters privately, etc. (2) spreading other people's privacy through hearsay, illegally using other people's personal information, etc., all belong to violations of privacy.

22. ★ Methods to protect one's privacy (p55)★(1) Protect privacy by law. When the right to privacy is infringed, we should bravely take up legal weapons, negotiate with the infringer on our own and ask for judicial protection, and ask the infringer to stop the infringement, apologize and eliminate the influence. If it causes great mental pain, we also have the right to ask for mental compensation. (2) Enhance self-protection awareness and lock your privacy.

Unit 3:

1. ★ The meaning and function of education (p58--6) Meaning: Education aims at promoting people's development and social progress, and cultivates people's social activities by imparting knowledge and experience. Function: for individuals: on the one hand, it is the preparation for everyone's life, and it is a necessary prerequisite for individuals to live independently. On the other hand, it arouses people's potential and constantly improves and innovates themselves, thus opening up the road of human development and laying the foundation for the future. Education can acquire knowledge and knowledge can change fate. (P59) For a nation and a country, education will make the future. (P6)

2. What is the right to education? (p6) The right to education means that citizens have the opportunity to receive cultural education from the state and the right to receive material help from education. Modern society should have the concept of lifelong education.

3. What is compulsory education? What is its legal basis? (p61) Compulsory education is a national education that school-age children and adolescents must receive according to the law and must be guaranteed by the state, society, schools and families. The Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China is the legal guarantee for the implementation of compulsory education in China.

4. What are the characteristics of compulsory education? (p61)(1) Mandatory: The implementation and implementation are guaranteed by the national mandatory force. (2) public welfare, that is, free from tuition and miscellaneous fees. It is associated with free sex. (3) Unity, implementing unified compulsory education throughout the country.

5. As a student who is receiving nine-year compulsory education, should he fulfill his obligation to receive education in this way? (p64) First, earnestly fulfill the obligation to attend school on time; Second, earnestly fulfill the obligation of receiving compulsory education for a specified number of years, and must not drop out of school; Third, earnestly fulfill the obligation to abide by the law and school discipline, respect teachers, and strive to complete the prescribed learning tasks.

6. ★ Why is it not a private matter for children to go to school? According to the compulsory education law, education is a right of citizens, and no one has the right to deprive it, including his parents. At the same time, receiving compulsory education is not only a right of citizens, but also a legal obligation of citizens, which must be fulfilled. If you don't want to go to school, it is a violation of the compulsory education law and will be punished by law. It can be seen that children's not going to school is not just a personal matter, but a major event related to the future of the country and the nation.

7. What are the types of property? What are the legitimate properties of citizens? (p68--69) Classification: State-owned, collective-owned and individual-owned. Citizens' personal legal property includes: citizens' legal income, houses, savings, daily necessities, cultural relics, books and materials, trees, livestock, means of production and other legal property that citizens are allowed to own by law. (Property acquired by illegal means is not owned by individuals)

8. What is property ownership? (p7)★ Property ownership refers to the right of the owner to possess, use, benefit and dispose of his property according to law. It is a legal expression of who owns the property and a civil right directly related to economic interests. In China, the ownership of citizens' legitimate property is protected by law.

9. Why should our laws protect the ownership of citizens' legitimate property? ① It is directly related to the clothing, food, housing and transportation of citizens themselves and their family members, and it is the material basis for citizens to realize other rights. ② It is of great significance for maintaining citizens' normal life and encouraging them to accumulate wealth and create wealth.

1. How do Chinese laws protect the ownership of citizens' legitimate property? (P71-73) (1) Civil law is an important weapon to protect citizens' legitimate property and its ownership. It is often used to protect citizens' legitimate property ownership by ordering infringers to restore the destroyed property to its original state and compensating victims for economic losses. (2) Criminal law is a sharp weapon to protect citizens' legitimate property and their ownership. Usually, criminals who violate property are sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment, life imprisonment and death penalty to protect the ownership of citizens' legitimate property.

11、