Folk customs of the She people

The She people call themselves "Shanha", which means mountain guest. The ancestors of the She nationality, the "Mountain Guests", were already active in the mountainous areas of eastern Guangdong in the early 12th century. After Jianyan and Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty, they gradually migrated to Fujian. Distributed in the Xijiang (Xixi) and Jiulong River basins of Longxi County, it was called "Xishe" at that time. "If the government does not regulate it, the She fields will not be taxed for a long time."

The She people of the Song and Yuan Dynasties mainly had surnames such as Li, Chen, and Wu, which are unknown today. In the Ming Dynasty, the Beixi Basin in Longxi County was mainly the activity area of ??the Lan and Leishe tribes. Most of the She people in today's Xiangcheng District have the surname Zhong. They moved here from Jiudu Island in Longxi County (now part of Haicheng Town, Longhai City) during the Hongwu Period of the Ming Dynasty.

(1) Language

Old records record that the She nationality has a distinct language, which is different from the Minnan dialect. The She people do not read and do not know Chinese, so it is difficult to communicate with the natives. The She people surnamed Zhong and Lan in the twenty-fifth capital of Longxi County (now part of Hua'an County) live alone in the mountains and speak the "Shanha" language. The She people in Xiangcheng District are located at the transportation hub of the Jiulong River. Over time, they adapted to the customs and habits of the Han people and switched to speaking the southern Fujian dialect.

(2) Clothing

In the past, the She people wore buns with bare legs, no scarves and hats, and short shirts with wide sleeves. At the beginning of the Republic of China, people still wore national costumes. The man's clothes are dark in color, with coarse cloth and right gusset. The woman wears embroidered clothes with lace sleeves, her hair is tied with red thread, and she wears two red balls on her head. On the first and fifteenth day of the lunar month, we wear Han attire and perform Han rituals. Today it is the same as the surrounding indigenous people.

(3) Marriage and childbirth

For generations, the She people have only married each other with three surnames: Zhong, Lan, and Lei. People with the same surname do not marry. Violators will be punished according to ethnic rules. There is no Lan Lei in Xiangcheng today. Intermarriage with the Han people is allowed, but intermarriage with the Chen surname is prohibited.

Blind Dating: The form of intermarriage among the She people is to use pairs of folk songs, but they also have to exchange conditions. The villages where the tea shop Zhong married were Lei surnamed in Zhangping and Lan surnamed Huaan Xiandu. At the beginning of the first month of every year, an equal number of young men and women from the three surnames are selected to go to each other's villages. The team is led by the older generation and has equal numbers of men and women. A man is twenty years old and a woman is eighteen years old. If the number is insufficient, the missing number must be selected to make up. Then answer according to the antiphonal song. If the answer is correct, it means that you are satisfied and can get engaged. If the young woman is not old enough and the answer is correct, it is stipulated that she should marry the man's family first and become a younger sister, and then she can get married after reaching the age; when she is a younger sister, no one can If there is any violation, the violator will cancel the engagement. This custom has been abolished.

Being a cousin

Before getting married, a girl must visit her maternal uncle's house and be called "a cousin". One of the parents must accompany them, and a girl must accompany them. All the relatives will have a banquet for the girl who is about to get married. One meal will be given to each family. The length of the banquet will vary depending on the number of relatives. This custom has been abolished.

Wedding:

In the old days, brides would get married at night. When the men and women of the She ethnic group in the tea shop get married, they must wear a close-fitting white coat and white trousers to worship heaven and earth and pay homage to their ancestors. This set of white clothes and trousers should be kept until the end of life, and should be worn and buried after death. To mourn the death of relatives in the ancient She-Han war.

(4) Funeral

In the old days, the She people moved erratically and had the custom of "secondary burial". On the day of mourning, family members do not wear sackcloth or mourning clothes. The living person washes the body of the deceased, puts on the shroud, and then buries it. The mourners only need to sing and pay homage before the soul. This custom has been abolished.

(5) Ancestor worship

The Tea Shop She people worship their ancestors on the 14th day of the first lunar month and the 14th day of the second lunar month every year. The Songzhou She people only worship their ancestors on the 14th day of the first lunar month. King Hu. When worshiping ancestors, the whole clan gathers in the ancestral temple. Lan, Lei and Zhong are the same ancestral temple. The door is closed tightly, and people are posted everywhere to guard it, and foreigners are not allowed to peek or intrude. In the old days, people had to wear national costumes when participating in ancestor worship. Hanging high in the ancestral hall are the "ancestral pictures" of dog heads and human costumes, which are usually kept safe by the elders of the clan. The "ancestral picture" is three feet long and more than two feet wide, and it depicts the legendary comic strip of King Panhu. In addition to whole chickens, whole ducks, pig heads, rice cakes, and hair cakes, there is also a very strange offering, which is to stir banana meat into a paste, press it into a cylinder, place it in a stone trough, and place it as a sacrifice. The center is very solemn. The ancestor worship begins with firecrackers being set off and music played. The descendants kneel on the ground and worship the "ancestral picture" together. The patriarch reads the memorial text and sings the "Gaohuang Song", which is very solemn and solemn. The names and posthumous titles of ancestors from past dynasties are written on the sacrificial inscriptions. On this day of ancestor worship, the whole clan dances dragons and lions, holds banquets, and performs dramas, which is very lively.

(6) Festivals

The She people attach great importance to family recognition activities. They believe that "the closest relatives of the same ethnic group".

In the process of acknowledging relatives, both parties must answer each other in the clan's code words, starting with the word "ru".

A: "How do you interpret the word Ru?"

B: "Three points of water are three men, and women are one woman."

A: " How many pieces does a bamboo have?"

B: "Three and a half pieces."

A: "What is your shrine?"

B: "Yingchuan."

A: "What kind of bell is it?"

B: "Besides the word gold, there is the word "heavy" on one side."

A: ...

B: ...

After several cross-examinations, the code words were completely consistent, so they treated each other as family members and became very affectionate to each other.

According to "Gao Huangge", "Zhong, Lan and Lei" are all from Nanjing. The She people surnamed Zhong from Baoping Village, Songqiao Town, Pingyang County, Zhejiang Province, come all the way to tea shops and She villages in Songzhou to recognize their ancestors and relatives. In 1968, Zhongcuo She Village in Hui'an County held an "ancestor worship" ceremony. Tea Pu, Songzhou and other villages sent representatives to participate in the ceremony.

Although the She people in Xiangcheng District have lived together with the Han people for a long time, they have lost their own language. But it still retains strong national feelings and strong national consciousness. Songzhou Village's "Zhong Family Genealogy" clearly records: "The surnames of Zhong in Fujian and Guangdong are all from the Chaogong lineage. If there is a book to prove it, everyone must recognize it. If you don't know the book handed down by Tingzhou Prefecture, you are a fake person." Not considered a family”. He also said: "The ancestors have their inheritance, the mountains have their origins, the dragons and the water have their origins, and the descendants of future generations will rely on their ancestors. If they don't recognize their ancestors, they will be struck by thunder, and they will never be lost for thousands of generations."

(7) Taboos

Songzhou, Tea Shop and Hongdao villages treat village dogs without beating them, scolding them, killing them or eating them. If the dog dies, a "money" paper is put around the dog's neck, thrown into the river, and carried away with the current.

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2013-12-20 16:40 Enthusiastic Netizens

National Costumes

She costumes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties , Fujian, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangxi and other places are basically the same. Men and women "have no cold or heat, and are all clothed in linen." Zhou Jie: "Jingning County Chronicle" Volume 12, "Fu She Min", the 11th year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1872). "Tong Wu Shoes" "Yongchun County Chronicle" Volume 3, "Customs" in Wanli of the Ming Dynasty. , or put on leggings. "The man wears no scarf and hat, wears a short shirt with wide sleeves, and wears a bun with his spine and bare feet" (Li Ba: "Reprint of Tingzhou Prefecture", Volume 45, "Cong Tan Attached", Tongzhi Sixth Year (1867).)," If the single robe is not finished, no clothes or clothes." Zhou Jie: "Jingning County Chronicles" Volume 12, "Fu She Min", the 11th year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1872). Women with "wide collars and small sleeves" Wei Lan: "Customs of She Guests", the 32nd year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1860). , "Short clothes with cloth belts, skirts not covering the knees" Fu Heng: Volume 3 of "Emperor's Tribute to the Qing Dynasty", the 16th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1751). . "There is no custom of foot binding" (Yu Shaosong: "Longyou County Chronicles" Volume 2, "Geographical Examination 5 Customs".). Hairstyles vary significantly depending on the region and whether you are married or not. It may be "high bun with hanging tassels" (Lv Weiying: "Houguan County Local Chronicles" Volume 5, "Humanity".), or "wrapped in a bun with cloth" Li Ba: " Tingzhou Prefecture Chronicles. Or "a crown made of broken bamboo, wrapped in cloth, and decorated with beads. There are many beads, all of which are five-color pepper beads." Zhou Jie: "Jingning County Chronicle". . Wu Yiyao from Yongding, Fujian Province, praised the richness of She girls in his "Sanya Song": "Every new style of grass and pearls is light, and the makeup is unique. I am not used to the world applying pink and white, and my bright eyes and white teeth are natural." (Quoted by Yang Lan: "Linting Hui" "Kao" Volume 3, "Customs Kao 5 She Min Appendix").

Nowadays, the clothing of men and women of the She ethnic group is basically similar to that of the local Han people. However, the costumes of the She people in Fujian and Zhejiang, where the population is relatively concentrated, still have certain ethnic characteristics, especially the characteristics of She women in Fujian Province, which vary depending on the region and marital status. The hair style of women of the She ethnic group in northeastern Fujian is called "Phoenix Bun". Before the age of 16, girls use red velvet to wrap their braids around their heads, leaving a "Liu Hai" on their foreheads, which the She ethnic group calls "Buni hair". The hair style worn by adult married women is called "Shanhana head" by the She people, and it varies slightly from region to region. The hairstyle popular in Minhou, Fuzhou, Gutian, Lianjiang, Luoyuan and Ningde South Road Feiluan area is called "crested bun". The hairstyle popular in most areas of Fu'an and Ningde is called "Phoenix Body Bun", and the hairstyle popular in Fuding and Xiapu West Road is called "Phoenix Tail Style". In southern and western Fujian, the hairstyle of women in She villages is also different from that of the local Han people. For example, the hairstyle of women in She villages in Zhangping, Hua'an, Zhangpu, Changtai and other counties is "dragon boat bun". Women of the She ethnic group in northern Fujian use hundreds of silver hairpins, red strings and beads to make a "fan-shaped bun". The hair ornaments worn by women of the She ethnic group in southwestern Zhejiang are called "hairpins".

She women's clothing is also called "Phoenix clothing". The most distinctive features of the counties in eastern Fujian are large cardigans, but there are slight differences in different places. Fu'an's tops are sewn with a 3 to 4-inch stripe along the edge of the skirt. cm red cloth edge, with a half square corner pattern embroidered at the lower end of the edge near the sleeve head. The She family said that this was the golden seal stamped by King Gaoxin in ancient times when he granted the title. There are two red embroidered ribbons on the right sleeve of the Fuding women's clothing that are longer than the skirt. The She family believes that they were issued by Emperor Gao Xin. She women's tops in Xiapu County have a special size, that is, the front and back trains are the same length. There is a skirt on the big lapel, and there is also a skirt on the small lapel for easy flipping. Wear the front when visiting guests and wear the back at home every day. At the same time, the clothes are embroidered with red lace. The number is divided into "one red clothes", "two red clothes" and "three red clothes". She women wear black skirts, shorts or trousers. When wearing short skirts or shorts, leggings are worn on the feet, which are called "foot bindings" in the She family. The leggings are black or white, and some are in matching colors of black, white and red. Some leggings have red tassels at the end, which can hang down on the calf. One of the decorations of the She ethnic group is the "Shanha belt", also known as the "flower belt" and "zi belt", which is the mascot of the She ethnic group. Made of silk thread. The patterns are variable, including red flowers on a blue background, white flowers on a green background, black characters on a white background, etc. When it is tied around the waist, it is called a "protective belt" and is hidden around the body. It is called a "descendant belt". She women wear phoenix crowns when they get married, and the phoenix crowns vary from place to place.

Marriage and Family

The She people are relatively free in love and marriage. They get to know each other in public places such as work, travel, festivals, weddings, etc., and often use songs to convey their love and use songs as matchmakers to express their respective opinions. traces of mind. After many dates, we got to know each other, developed feelings, gave each other tokens, and made a private decision for life. Then we informed our parents and asked a matchmaker to arrange marriage. In some She districts, two matchmakers, one each for the man and woman, go to negotiate a match. Even if the parents propose the marriage in advance and the matchmaker introduces it, the young man and the young man must agree before they can get married.

There is a saying in the She family that "women have eighteen difficulties and men have twenty difficulties", that is, women should not get married when they are 18 years old, and men should not get married when they are 20 years old. Generally, men and women in the She family avoid this age when they get married ( The She people of Guangdong have no such taboo). Although the She family is relatively free in marriage and love, they still believe in "the orders of parents and the words of matchmakers." The engagement process is still solemn and prudent, and goes through procedures such as asking for a match, setting up a date, reporting the date, and becoming a cousin. Being a cousin is a custom in eastern Fujian and southern Zhejiang. That is, when a girl gets married, her mother, uncle, and aunts will invite her to "be a cousin" to accompany guests to sing. Through dueling training with male singers in the village, she will be able to sing during the wedding. Make a fool of yourself.

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(1) Language

Old records record that the She nationality has a distinct language, which is different from the Minnan dialect. The She people do not read and do not know Chinese, so it is difficult for them to communicate with the native people. The She people surnamed Zhong and Lan in the 25th capital of Longxi County (now part of Hua'an County) live alone in the mountains and speak the "Shanha" language. The She people in Xiangcheng District are located at the transportation hub of the Jiulong River. Over time, they adapted to the customs and habits of the Han people and switched to speaking the southern Fujian dialect.

(2) Clothing

(3) Marriage and childbirth

Blind Dating: The form of intermarriage among the She people is to use pairs of folk songs, but they also have to exchange conditions. The villages where the tea shop Zhong married were Lei surnamed in Zhangping and Lan surnamed Huaan Xiandu. At the beginning of the first month of each year, an equal number of young men and women from the three surnames are selected to go to each other's villages. The team is led by the older generation and has equal numbers of men and women. A man is twenty years old and a woman is eighteen years old. If the number is insufficient, the missing number must be selected to make up the amount. Then answer according to the antiphonal song. If the answer is correct, it means that you are satisfied and can get engaged. If the young woman is not old enough and the answer is correct, it is stipulated that she should marry the man's family first and become a younger sister, and then she can get married after reaching the age; when she is a younger sister, no one can If there is any violation, the violator will cancel the engagement. This custom has been abolished.

Being a cousin

Wedding:

In the old days, brides would choose to marry at night. When the men and women of the She ethnic group in the tea shop get married, they must wear a close-fitting white coat and white trousers to worship heaven and earth and pay homage to their ancestors. This set of white clothes and trousers should be kept until the end of life, and should be worn and buried after death. To mourn the death of relatives in the ancient She-Han war.

(4) Funeral

(5) Ancestor worship

In addition to whole chickens, whole ducks, pig heads, rice cakes, and hair cakes, there is also a very strange offering, which is to stir banana meat into a paste, press it into a cylinder, place it in a stone trough, and place it as a sacrifice. The center is very solemn. The ancestor worship begins with firecrackers being set off and music played. The descendants kneel on the ground and worship the "ancestral picture" together. The patriarch reads the memorial text and sings the "Gaohuang Song", which is very solemn and solemn. The names and posthumous titles of ancestors from past dynasties are written on the sacrificial inscriptions. On this day of ancestor worship, the whole clan dances dragons and lions, holds banquets, and performs dramas, which is very lively.

(6) Festivals

The She people attach great importance to family recognition activities. They believe that "the closest relatives of the same ethnic group".

The third day of March every year is a festival for "inviting relatives". All relatives with the surnames of Lan, Lei and Zhong, no matter how far away they are, must come to visit their ancestors and recognize their relatives on this day. In the process of acknowledging relatives, both parties must answer each other in the clan's code words, starting with the word "ru".

A: "How do you interpret the word Ru?"

B: "Three points of water are three men, and women are one woman."

A: " How many pieces of bamboo do you need?"

B: "Three and a half pieces."

A: "What is your shrine?"

B: "Yingchuan."

A: "What kind of bell is it?"

B: "Besides the word gold, there is the word "heavy" on one side."

A: ...

B: ...

After several cross-examinations, the code words were completely consistent, so they treated each other as family members and became very affectionate to each other.

Although the She people in Xiangcheng District have lived together with the Han people for a long time, they have lost their own language. But it still retains strong national feelings and strong national consciousness. Songzhou Village's "Zhong Family Genealogy" clearly records: "The surnames of Zhong in Fujian and Guangdong are all from the Chaogong lineage. If there is a book to prove it, everyone must recognize it. If you don't know the book handed down by Tingzhou Prefecture, you are a fake person." Not considered a family.” He also said: "The ancestors have their inheritance, the mountains have their origins, the dragons and the water have their origins, and the descendants of future generations will rely on their ancestors. If they don't recognize their ancestors, they will be struck by thunder, and they will never be lost for thousands of generations."

(7) Taboos

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2013-12-20 16:40 Enthusiastic Netizens

National Costumes

She costumes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties , Fujian, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangxi and other places are basically the same. Men and women "have no cold or heat, and are all clothed in linen." Zhou Jie: "Jingning County Chronicle" Volume 12, "Fu She Min", the 11th year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1872). "Tong Wu Shoes" "Yongchun County Chronicle" Volume 3, "Customs" in Wanli of the Ming Dynasty. , or put on leggings. "The man wears no scarf and hat, wears a short shirt with wide sleeves, and wears a bun with his spine and bare feet" (Li Ba: "Reprint of Tingzhou Prefecture", Volume 45, "Cong Tan Attached", Tongzhi Sixth Year (1867).)," If the single robe is not finished, no clothes or clothes." Zhou Jie: "Jingning County Chronicles" Volume 12, "Fu She Min", the 11th year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1872). Women with "wide collars and small sleeves" Wei Lan: "Customs of She Guests", the 32nd year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1860). , "Short clothes with cloth belts, skirts not covering the knees" Fu Heng: Volume 3 of "Emperor's Tribute to the Qing Dynasty", the 16th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1751). . "There is no custom of foot binding" (Yu Shaosong: "Longyou County Chronicles" Volume 2, "Geographical Examination 5 Customs".). Hairstyles vary significantly depending on the region and whether you are married or not. It may be "high bun with hanging tassels" (Lv Weiying: "Houguan County Local Chronicles" Volume 5, "Humanity".), or "wrapped in a bun with cloth" Li Ba: " "Tingzhou Prefecture Chronicle". Or "a crown made of broken bamboo, wrapped in cloth, and decorated with beads. There are many beads, all of which are five-color pepper beads." Zhou Jie: "Jingning County Chronicle". . Wu Yiyao from Yongding, Fujian Province, praised the richness of She girls in his "Sanya Song": "Every new style of grass and pearls is light, and the makeup is unique. I am not used to the world applying pink and white, and my bright eyes and white teeth are natural." (Quoted by Yang Lan: "Linting Hui" "Kao" Volume 3, "Customs Kao 5 She Min Appendix").

The hair style of women of the She ethnic group in northeastern Fujian is called "Phoenix Bun". Before the age of 16, girls use red velvet to wrap their braids around their heads, leaving a "Liu Hai" on their foreheads, which the She ethnic group calls "Buni hair". The hair style worn by adult married women is called "Shanhana head" by the She people, and it varies slightly from region to region. The hairstyle popular in Minhou, Fuzhou, Gutian, Lianjiang, Luoyuan and Ningde South Road Feiluan area is called "Fengtou bun". The hairstyle popular in most areas of Fu'an and Ningde is called "Phoenix Body Bun", and the hairstyle popular in Fuding and Xiapu West Road is called "Phoenix Tail Style". Some women in She villages in southern and western Fujian also have hairstyles that are different from the local Han people. For example, the hairstyles of women in She villages in Zhangping, Hua'an, Zhangpu, Changtai and other counties are "dragon boat buns". Women of the She ethnic group in northern Fujian use hundreds of silver hairpins, red ropes and beads to make a "fan-shaped bun". The hair ornaments worn by women of the She ethnic group in southwestern Zhejiang are called "hairpins".

She women's clothing is also called "Phoenix clothing". The most distinctive features of the counties in eastern Fujian are large cardigans, but there are slight differences in different places. Fu'an's tops are sewn with a 3 to 4-inch stripe along the edge of the skirt. cm red cloth edge, with a half square corner pattern embroidered at the lower end of the edge near the sleeve head. The She family said that this was the golden seal stamped by King Gaoxin in ancient times when he granted the title. There are two red embroidered ribbons on the right sleeve of Fuding women's clothing that are longer than the skirt. The She family believes that they were issued by Emperor Gao Xin. She women's tops in Xiapu County have a special size, that is, the front and back trains are the same length. There is a skirt on the big lapel, and there is also a skirt on the small lapel for easy flipping. Wear the front when visiting guests and wear the back at home every day. At the same time, the clothes are embroidered with red lace. The number is divided into "one red clothes", "two red clothes" and "three red clothes". She women wear black skirts, shorts or trousers. When wearing short skirts or shorts, leggings are worn on the feet, which are called "foot bindings" in the She family. The leggings are black or white, and some are in matching colors of black, white and red. Some leggings have red tassels at the end, which can hang down on the calf. One of the decorations of the She people is the "Shanha belt", also known as the "flower belt" and "zi belt", which is the mascot of the She people. Made of silk thread. The patterns are variable, including red flowers on a blue background, white flowers on a green background, black characters on a white background, etc. When it is tied around the waist, it is called a "protective belt" and is hidden around the body. It is called a "descendant belt". She women wear phoenix crowns when they get married, and the phoenix crowns vary from place to place.

Marriage and Family

The She people are relatively free in love and marriage. They get to know each other in public places such as work, travel, festivals, weddings, etc., and often use songs to convey their love and use songs as matchmakers to express their respective opinions. traces of his heart. After many dates, we got to know each other, developed feelings, gave each other tokens, and made a private decision for life. Then we informed our parents and asked a matchmaker to arrange marriage. In some She districts, two matchmakers, one each for the man and woman, go to negotiate a match. Even if the parents propose the marriage in advance and the matchmaker introduces it, the young man and the young man must agree to get married before they can get married.

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