Chinese name: marble
chemical formula: CaCO3
a mineral.
Marble originally refers to white limestone with black patterns produced in Dali, Yunnan Province, and its cross section can form a natural ink-wash landscape painting. In ancient times, marbles with molded patterns were often selected to make painting screens or mosaics. Later, the name Marble gradually developed to refer to all limestones with various color patterns and used as building decoration materials. White marble is generally called white marble, but it is also called marble for translating western statues.
Marble is mainly used to be processed into various shapes and plates, used as walls, floors, platforms and columns of buildings, and also used as materials for memorial buildings such as monuments, towers and statues. Marble can also be carved into arts and crafts, stationery, lamps, utensils and other practical works of art.
overview marble
, also known as marble, is recrystallized limestone, and its main component is CaCO3. Limestone softens at high temperature and high pressure, and recrystallizes to form marble when the minerals in it change. The main components are calcium and dolomite, with many colors, usually obvious patterns and many mineral particles. The Mohs hardness is between 2.5 and 5. Marble is a metamorphic rock formed by the action of high temperature and high pressure in the crust. The internal force of the earth's crust promotes the original rocks to undergo qualitative changes, that is, the structure, structure and mineral composition of the original rocks change. The new rocks formed by qualitative change are called metamorphic rocks. Marble is mainly composed of calcite, limestone, serpentine and dolomite. Its main component is calcium carbonate, accounting for more than 5%. Because marble generally contains impurities, and calcium carbonate is easily weathered and dissolved by carbon dioxide, carbide and water vapor in the atmosphere, the surface quickly loses its luster. Marble is generally soft, which is relative to granite. In interior decoration, marble is suitable for TV table, window sill and indoor floor. Marble is a commodity name, not a petrological definition. Marble is a large category of natural building decorative stone, which generally refers to the deteriorated or non-deteriorated carbonate rocks with decorative function and can be processed into building stone or handicrafts. It is named after the stone with gorgeous colors and patterns produced in Diancang Mountain, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China. Marble generally refers to marble, limestone, dolomite, skarn and marble formed by different alteration of carbonate rocks. Marble is mainly used for processing into various shapes and plates, making walls, floors, platforms and columns of buildings, and is a precious material for furniture inlay. It is also often used as a material for memorial buildings such as monuments, towers and statues. Marble can also be carved into arts and crafts, stationery, lamps, utensils and other practical works of art. Marble is soft, beautiful and solemn in texture, elegant in style and varied in colors. It is an ideal material for decorating luxury buildings and a traditional material for artistic carving. Marble classification editing The marble in this section is divided into three categories:
Dolomite: magnesite (magnesium calcium carbonate) content is more than 4%
forsterite: magnesite (magnesium calcium carbonate) content is between 5% and 4%.
calcite: characteristics of raw materials of magnesite (magnesium calcium carbonate) with less than 5% edited in this paragraph (I) Process classification
Marble is a kind of rock represented by marble, including carbonate rocks and related metamorphic rocks, which is generally softer than granite. Common rocks are marble, limestone, dolomite and skarn. There are different naming principles for the varieties of marble, and some are named after the origin and color, such as Dandong Green and Tieling Red. Some are named after patterns and colors, such as Snow White and Ai Yeqing; Some are named after patterns, such as autumn scenery and the waves; Some are traditional names, such as white marble and crystal black jade. Therefore, due to different places of origin, the phenomenon of the same kind of synonyms or different rocks with the same name often appears.
Marble produced in China can be roughly divided into seven series according to the basic color of polished surface: white, yellow, green, gray, red, coffee and black. Each series can be divided into several sub-categories according to the color and pattern characteristics of its polished surface, such as: white marble, rosin yellow, Dandong green, Hangzhou ash and so on. The pattern and crystal size of marble are ever-changing, including landscape type, cloud type, pattern type (thread, willow, portrait, paleontology, etc.) and snowflake type. Modern architecture is colorful and constantly changing. Therefore, decorative marble also requires many varieties and colors, which can be used in different parts of the building. Generally, monochrome marble requires uniform color; Colored marble requires a gradual transition in pattern and depth; Patterned marble requires clear patterns, bright colors and strong pattern regularity. In short, it is better to have beautiful colors, facilitate large-scale splicing and decoration, and be able to supply in batches with the same colors. See Table 4.25.1 for the classification of marble technology in China.
(II) Mineral composition and main characteristics
The mineral composition and ore characteristics of marble are directly related to the use performance and decorative effect of its products.
(III) Chemical composition and physical properties
Generally, the chemical composition of marble does not play a major role in whether it can be used, but it can directly explain the lithology and indirectly affect the physical and chemical properties, which is of certain significance to the evaluation of the machinability, weathering resistance and corrosion resistance of marble.
the physical properties of marble are an important index to judge its machinability, and also an important reference for its performance and scope of use. The use of marble in this paragraph has beautiful colors and patterns, high compressive strength and good physical and chemical properties, and the resources are widely distributed and easy to process. With the development of economy, the application scope of marble is expanding and the consumption is increasing, which plays an important role in people's lives. Especially in recent 1 years, the large-scale exploitation, industrial processing and international trade of marble have made marble decorative plates enter the architectural decoration industry in large quantities, not only for luxurious public buildings, but also for family decoration. Marble is also widely used to make exquisite appliances, such as furniture, lamps, smoking sets and artistic sculptures. Some marble (including limestone, dolomite, marble, etc.) can also be used as alkali-resistant materials. Gravel and leftover bits and pieces produced in the process of marble mining and processing are also commonly used in the production of artificial stone, terrazzo, stone rice and stone powder, and can be used as fillers in coatings, plastics, rubber and other industries. The industrial technical requirements editor has different emphasis on the industrial technical requirements of natural marble due to different applications.
1. main requirements of natural marble blocks
the main requirements of building materials industry standard (JC22-92) for natural marble blocks are as follows:
the blocks must have the shape of right-angled parallelepiped.
the specifications and dimensions of the raw materials require a length greater than or equal to 1cm, a width greater than or equal to 5cm and a height greater than or equal to 7cm.
the appearance quality requires that the tone and pattern of the same batch of raw materials should be basically the same; The appearance quality grades of corner missing, edge missing, cracks, etc. of raw materials shall comply with the provisions in Table 4.25.6.
physical performance requirements: the bulk density is not less than 2.6g/cm3；; The water absorption rate is not more than .75%; Dry compressive strength is not less than 2MPa；; The bending strength is not less than 7.MPa.
2. The quality requirements of marble for craft carving
require that the marble has compact structure, uniform particles, no cracks and no inclusions, and the color, pattern, fragmentation and shape meet the requirements of shaping, which is generally more than .15m3. If it is used outdoors, it does not need fresh rock surface, but it requires good weathering resistance and low water absorption.
3. Quality requirements for electrical insulation board
Many nonferrous metals, rare metals, precious metals and nonmetallic minerals are related to marble in origin. It is also an excellent building material and raw material for arts and crafts. Marble has a low hardness, which belongs to medium hardness stone and is easy to mine and process. After polishing, the board presents decorative patterns or color textures, which are very beautiful and can be used as indoor and outdoor decorative materials. Wastes from mining and processing can be made into handicrafts or crushed to produce high-quality aggregates such as terrazzo and water brush stone, and a few highly dense and homogeneous ones can be used for artistic carving and decoration. Because marble is basically composed of pure calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate, it is extremely sensitive to the dissolution of air polluted by acid. There are usually carbonic acid separated from carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid generated from smoke and dust in the urban atmosphere, which are constantly in contact with marble, so that marble supplies are affected to varying degrees. In any case, marble is still an ideal material in architectural decoration and sculpture. Editor of Resources Status This paragraph is rich in marble mineral resources in China, with large reserves and many varieties, and the total reserves rank among the top in the world. According to incomplete statistics, it is preliminarily found that there are nearly 4 varieties of domestic marble, among which the varieties with different colors are more precious as follows.
● Pure white: Beijing Fangshan white marble; Anhui Huaining and Guichi white marble; White marble in Quyang and Laiyuan, Hebei; Sichuan Baoxing Shu Baiyu; Jiangsu Ganyu white marble; White marble in Cangshan, Dali, Yunnan; Shandong Pingdu and Yexian Snow White, etc.
● Pure black: Guilin Black in Guilin, Guangxi; Black marble in Shaoyang, Hunan; Mo Yu and King Venus in Cangshan, Shandong; Henan Anyang Mo Yu Hei, etc.
● The red ones are: Anhui Lingbi Hongwanluo; Nanjiang Red in Nanjiang, Sichuan; Laishui Red in Laishui, Hebei and Fuping Red in Fuping; Northeast Red in Tieling, Liaoning;
● The gray ones are: Hanghui in Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Cloud ash in Dali, Yunnan;
● Yellow ones are: rosin yellow, rosin jade and beige in Zhechuan, Henan; Sichuan Baoxing yellow line jade, etc.
● The green ones are: Dandong Green in Dandong, Liaoning; Laiyang green in Laiyang, Shandong Province, and surf jade in Qixia; Bibo in Huaining, Anhui, etc.
● Colored flowers are: spring flowers, autumn flowers and ink flowers in Yunnan; Plum blossoms on snowy nights in Quzhou, Zhejiang.
● Blue jade in Sichuan Baoxing. The evaluation method edits this paragraph to select the grade: according to the allowable deviation of specifications and dimensions, the allowable tolerance of flatness and angle, and the indicators such as appearance quality and surface smoothness, the marble plate is divided into three grades: excellent product, first-class product and qualified product; The grading and identification of marble plates are mainly identified by the detection of instruments and measuring tools.
check the appearance quality: different grades of marble plates have different appearances. Because marble is naturally formed, defects are inevitable. At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of processing equipment and measuring tools are also the reasons for plate defects. Some plates are not full (warped or sunken), have defects (cracks, sand holes, color spots, etc.), and have different specifications (such as lack of edges and corners, and incorrect plates). According to national standards, all grades of marble plates are allowed to have certain defects, but the superior products are not so obvious.
Choose patterns and colors: Marble plates are colorful, with various colors and different patterns, which is the precious charm of Marble plates. The basic consistency of color tone, small color difference and beautiful patterns are the concrete manifestations of excellent varieties, otherwise the decorative effect will be seriously affected.
detection of surface gloss: the surface gloss of marble board will greatly affect the decorative effect. Generally speaking, the polished surface of high-quality marble plate should have mirror-like luster, which can clearly reflect the scenery. However, due to the different chemical composition of different quality marble, even the products of the same grade will have great differences in gloss. Of course, there will be some differences in surface gloss between different grades of the same material. In addition, the strength and water absorption of marble board are also important indexes to evaluate the quality of marble.
Stone characteristics and advantages of marble:
1. No deformation, high hardness and strong wear resistance.
2. abrasion resistance, high temperature resistance and maintenance-free.
3. Physical stability, careful organization, crystal grain falling off after impact, no burr on the surface, stable material, long-term non-deformation, small linear expansion coefficient, high mechanical accuracy, rust prevention, antimagnetic and insulation.
1. After long-term natural aging, the rock has a uniform structure, a very small coefficient of linear expansion, complete disappearance of internal stress and no deformation.
second, good rigidity, high hardness, strong wear resistance and small temperature deformation.
thirdly, it is not afraid of acid, alkali corrosion, no rust, no need to apply oil, no easy adhesion to dust, convenient and simple maintenance, and long service life.
fourth, it won't be scratched, and it won't be stopped by constant temperature conditions, and it can maintain its original physical properties at normal temperature.
5. No magnetization, smooth movement during measurement, no stagnation, no influence from humidity, and good plane balance. Physical properties: specific gravity: 297-37kg/m3; compressive strength: 25-26kg/cm3; elastic coefficient: 1.3-1.5×16kg/cm2; water absorption.
The specific classification is as follows:
Class A: high-quality marble, with the same and excellent processing quality, without impurities and pores.
class b: the characteristics are close to those of the previous class of marble, but the processing quality is slightly worse than the former; There are natural flaws; A small amount of separation, gluing and filling are required.
class c: there are some differences in processing quality; Flaws, pores and texture fractures are common. It is difficult to repair these differences, which can be achieved by one or more of these methods, such as separation, gluing, filling or reinforcement.
class d: the characteristics are similar to those of class c marble, but it contains more natural defects and the biggest difference in processing quality, which requires the same method for multiple surface treatments. This kind of marble has brought trouble to many colorful stones, and they have good decorative value. Maintenance and editing of marble This paragraph of marble is easy to be stained. When cleaning, use less water, regularly wipe it with a slightly wet cloth with mild detergent, and then wipe it dry and polish it with a clean soft cloth. The badly worn marble furniture is difficult to handle, so it can be wiped with steel wool and then polished with an electric grinder to restore its luster. Or wipe it carefully with liquid scrubbing agent, and clean the stain with lemon juice or vinegar, but it is best for lemon to stay on it for no more than 2 minutes. If necessary, repeat the operation, then clean and dry it. For minor abrasions, special marble cleaners and nursing agents can be used. Old or expensive marble furniture should be handled by professionals.