scientific name: gladiolus hybrids, alias: cymbidium, gladiolus, Phyllostachys oblata, Ten Brocades, Thirteen Taibao

phylum: Angiosperma

class: monocotyledonous plants

order: Liliaceae: Iridaceae

genus: Gladiolus can be used as cut flowers, flower beds or potted plants. The original species came from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, which was made by many interspecific hybridization. Cultivated varieties are widely distributed all over the world. Because it is very sensitive to hydrogen fluoride, it can also be used as an indicator plant for monitoring pollution

[ edit this paragraph] (II) Plant characteristics

The oblate bulb at the base of the stem is 9-15 cm high, the stem is stout and upright, with no branches or few branches, hard sword-shaped leaves and 7-8 leaves arranged in an embedded manner. The leaves are -4 cm long and 4 ~ 5 cm wide, with most obvious parallel veins. The flower stems are higher than the leaves, and the spikes have 12-24 flowers arranged in two rows. On one side, the corolla tube is expanded funnel-shaped and slightly bent upward, with a flower diameter of 12-16 cm. There are red, yellow, white, purple, blue and other varieties with different shades or multiple colors. The flowering period is summer and autumn, and the capsule is 3 rooms and cracked on the back, containing 15-7 seeds. Seeds dark brown, flat and winged.

[ Edit this paragraph] (3) Growth characteristics

Gladiolus is a photophobic long-day plant, which avoids cold and freezing, prefers cool climate in summer, and does not tolerate excessive heat. Bulbs germinate at 4 ~ 5℃; The best temperature is 2 ~ 25℃. Sexual preference for fertile and deep sandy soil requires good drainage, and it is not suitable for planting in places where sticky soil is prone to waterlogging. Summer growth in Northeast China and North China is better than that in Guangzhou and Shanghai. In Shanghai, it is safe to spend the winter in the open field, while in the north, bulbs need to be dug up and put indoors for the winter.

[ Edit this paragraph] (4) Cultivation techniques

1. Propagation methods

The propagation of Typha thalictroides is mainly divided into balls, and the new balls bloom in the second year. In order to speed up the propagation, the bulbs can also be cut, and each piece must have buds and roots. The incision must be coated with plant ash, and then planted after being slightly dried. When cultivating new varieties, more sowing should be used, and the seeds should be sown in autumn. In winter, the seedlings are transferred to greenhouse for culture, and planted in the open field in the next spring. Strengthen management, and some seedlings can bloom in autumn.

2. Field management

Sandy loam with sunny, good drainage and much humus should be selected for gladiolus cultivation; Although it can grow and bloom in clay, the development of regeneration balls is poor, and there are few small balls formed under the big balls. Before planting, the soil should be applied with enough base fertilizer, and the types of base fertilizer are rich in phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The planting depth varies according to the soil properties and bulb size, generally 5 ~ 1 cm, the plant spacing is 15 ~ 25 cm, and topdressing is applied three times during the growth period. After two leaves are unfolded for the first time, to promote the growth of bud stems and leaves; For the second time, when the four leaf stems are extended to conceive buds, the flower branches are strong and the flowers are big; The third time after flowering, promote the development of regeneration ball. Sunshine during the growing period is beneficial to the differentiation and development of flower buds. In case of drought in summer, it should be fully irrigated, and attention should be paid to drainage and irrigation in rainy season.

3. pest control

gladiolus bulb disease is serious, so bulb disinfection is an important measure. The method is to remove the bulb membrane, immerse it in clear water for 15 minutes, then immerse it in 8 times formalin solution for 3 minutes or .2% amobam for 1 minutes, then rinse it with clear water and plant it. In summer, it is hot and humid, and it is easy to suffer from damping off. In addition to spraying 1 times Tobuzen solution or combining irrigation, it should be applied per square meter. If nematodes are found, the seeds should be dug up and burned. Besides soil disinfection, crop rotation must also be carried out.

[ Edit this paragraph] (5) Harvesting and processing

When the local part turns yellow, the bulbs can be dug up, and those who plant late can be dug up in late November. If the hard leaves are green when digging the ball, they can be spread out in bundles to dry, then the leaves are torn away and the ball is stored.

The seed balls are put on the multi-layer shelf in the thin booth, which requires ventilation and drying to prevent freezing injury. If the bulbs are not planted in summer, some bulbs begin to sprout, but there is no serious problem for the growth and flowering after planting. If they are refrigerated at 4 ~ 5℃ from May, there will be no sprouting.

gladiolus, whose scientific name is gladiolus. Not orchids. It is a bulbous plant of the family Euonymidae. The cultivation techniques are introduced as follows:

Ecological habits: plants with long sunshine are fond of light, and they should be cultivated in cloudy days in winter to avoid cold and freezing. The suitable growth temperature is 2-25℃ during the day and 1-15℃ at night. The dormant bulbs germinate at 4-5℃, and the plants freeze to death when cultivated at ℃ in winter. Not tolerant of waterlogging, avoid waterlogging in cultivation areas. Sandy loam with good fertility and good drainage has a pH value of 5.6-6.5.

1. characteristics

① biological characteristics gladiolus is native to tropical Africa and the Mediterranean. I like cool climate conditions, and I am afraid of hot summer and cold. Fertile, loose, moist and well-drained soil is required.

② morphological characteristics: the plant height is 8 ~ 17cm, and the bulb is oblate or oval with annular nodes. 6 ~ 9 leaves, sword-shaped. Scorpion-tailed umbel with 8 ~ 24 flowers and huge flowers. Gladiolus likes to be cool, not cold-resistant, afraid of extreme heat, and requires loose, fertile, moist and well-drained soil. The optimum growth temperature is 2 ~ 25℃ during the day and 1 ~ 15℃ at night. Gladiolus is a long-day plant, and the most suitable light is 16 hours a day.

The underground part of gladiolus has bulbs, whisker roots and contraction roots. Bulbs are dormant organs. If you plant a mother ball in spring, you can get one or several new bulbs over 2cm in autumn. The bulb is oblate or ovoid, and the bulb is covered with 4-6 layers of brown membrane, which protects the bulb. There are 3-6 bud eyes on the bulb, which are arranged in a straight line, with the main bud in the middle and the lateral buds beside it. The main buds and lateral buds can form new plants, and the plants formed by lateral buds can also head and blossom. The base of the bulb is covered with root primordia, which germinate to form fibrous roots. When the plant grows with three leaves, a new bulb begins to form on the mother bulb, and many new roots-contraction roots grow on the new bulb. With the formation of new bulbs and contraction roots, the mother bulbs and whisker roots gradually shrink and dry up. After the new bulbs grow up, there are newborn bulbs between the new bulbs and contraction roots. Because of the different size and variety of seed balls, the number of young balls is different. The number of young balls born in Dahongpao variety can reach 5-7, while that in Ziqi Xiangyun variety is only 4-8. Most of the young balls are oval or peach-shaped.

The stems of Acorus calamus are pulled out from the leaves, and the spikes are 3-75 cm long, with 8-24 flowers in each spike, usually arranged in two rows sideways. The corolla diameter is 8-16cm, and the flowers gradually open from bottom to top. Corolla tube is expanded funnel-shaped, trumpet-shaped, bell-shaped, etc., slightly bent upward.

Acorus calamus is a perennial herb, monocotyledonous, with a plant height of 5-8 cm, basal leaves, sword-shaped strips, sessile and green. Slightly hardy, East China can overwinter in the open air. It can be planted in shallow water or used as a wetland plant. It is the main foliage plant in waterscape garden.

2. Variety

Gladiolus is a multi-source and multi-generation hybrid, and there is no recognized unified name yet. There are many classification methods of gladiolus, which can be divided into spring flowers and summer flowers according to flowering period; In the form of flower arrangement, it can be divided into regular and irregular categories; According to the size of flowers, they can be divided into giant flowers, medium flowers and small flowers; According to the pattern, it can be divided into horn type, lotus type, flying swallow type and so on.

3. Cultivation management

① Bulbs are mainly planted in production, graded according to the size of bulbs in spring, mixed with 7% thiophanate methyl powder 8 times solution or carbendazim 1 times solution and captan 15 times solution for 3 minutes, then germinated at 2 ~ 25℃, and planted in about one week. For varieties with serious virus infection and obvious degradation, virus-free shoot tips can be used to rejuvenate the plants.

② The conventional cultivation of gladiolus refers to the cultivation under natural conditions. Generally, seeds with a diameter of more than 2.5 cm are selected. There are two planting methods: ridge planting and border planting, and the planting depth is 5 ~ 1 cm. Gladiolus is particularly sensitive to environmental factors when it shoots the second leaf, and the number of "blind flowers" increases in case of low temperature and weak light.

Generally, during soil preparation, 6-9 kg of nitrogen, 6-12 kg of phosphorus and 7-12 kg of potassium are applied per mu. Top dressing is required for 3 times in the whole growing season, that is, top dressing is required once when 2-3 leaves are produced, when inflorescences are extracted from leaves and 15 days after flowering.

(3) Gladiolus needs to break the dormancy of seed bulbs before it can be cultivated. After the seed ball is harvested, under natural conditions, from late autumn to early winter, it can be broken by low temperature. To promote cultivation, it is necessary to artificially break dormancy, that is, after the seeds are harvested, they are treated at a high temperature of 35℃ for 15-2 days, then at a low temperature of 2-3℃ for 2 days, and then planted, so that they can germinate and grow normally. If flowers are required to be supplied from January to February, they will be planted in October to November; If it is planted in December, it will bloom from March to May. That is, it takes 1 ~ 12 days from colonization to flowering. The plant spacing for promoting cultivation is 15cm× 15cm or 25cm× 7cm, and 4 ~ 6 bulbs are planted per square meter. After planting, the temperature should be kept at 2 ~ 25℃ during the day and around 15℃ at night.

④ delayed cultivation can also be used. After harvesting, the bulbs are stored in a dry cold storage at 3 ~ 5℃, and then planted in a greenhouse in July ~ August of the following year. The management work is the same as promoting cultivation.

⑤ The main diseases are:

A. Penicillium rot, and try not to hurt the seeds during harvesting and transportation; Soak in 2% potassium permanganate solution before planting: hours; Remove diseased plants at any time during the growth process.

B. dry rot, when planting, select disease-free mother bulbs, and pull out the diseased plants in time during the growth process.

C. "Blind flower" is a physiological disease, which mostly occurs in protected cultivation in winter. The way to prevent it is to ensure proper temperature and light, and choose varieties that are resistant to low temperature and short sunshine.

The main pest is myxophilous slug, which can be sprayed with lime water and ammonia water. Sprinkle lime powder around the garden to prevent it from entering; Artificial culling.

[ Edit this paragraph] Cut flower harvesting

Cut gladiolus flowers can be harvested when the first flower in the inflorescence is colored. It is not good to harvest flowers too early, and the flowers are easily damaged during transportation and storage when they are harvested too late. The cutting height of cut flowers can be cut off when the plant is 5-1 cm above the ground. If you need to harvest bulbs after cutting cut flowers, you can keep 3-4 leaves and cut them off, and bring 2 leaves on the flower stem.

[ Edit this paragraph] Differences among the three kinds of Acorus calamus

There are three kinds of Acorus calamus, Acorus gramineus and Acorus calamus, which come from different plants and have different functions and indications. Because the prices of three kinds of medicinal materials are quite different in the market, some drug dealers confuse and sell three kinds of calamus, so we should pay attention to the differences when using them.

Acorus calamus

also known as Acorus calamus, Acorus calamus. Comes from the dried rhizome of Anemone altaica of Ranunculaceae. Warm and pungent in nature, effective in inducing resuscitation and resolving phlegm, invigorating spleen and calming nerves.

medicinal properties: slightly spindle-shaped, slightly curved, 1-6 cm long and 3-7 mm in diameter. The surface is brownish yellow to dark brown, with many semi-annular protruding links, which are obliquely arranged alternately, and there are scale leaf marks and punctate root marks on the nodes. The texture is firm and brittle, the broken surface is granular, white-like, powdery, and there are small dots of pale yellow vascular bundles that form rings intermittently. Slight breath, slightly sour taste and numb tongue.

Acorus gramineus

comes from the dried rhizome of Acorus gramineus of Araceae. Warm in nature, pungent and bitter in taste, effective in eliminating dampness, stimulating appetite, inducing resuscitation and eliminating phlegm, and awakening the mind and improving intelligence.

medicinal properties: oblate cylinder, curved, often branched, 3-2 cm long, .3-1 cm in diameter, brown, reddish brown or grayish brown surface, rough, with uneven density, 2-8 mm long internodes and fine longitudinal wrinkles; There are slightly triangular leaf scars on it, which are arranged alternately left and right; There are polka-dot root marks or residual fibrous roots below; Sometimes, hairy scale leaf base residue can be seen at the nodes. The texture is hard and brittle, the broken end surface is fibrous, white-like or reddish, the inner cortex is obviously ringed, and most hashed vascular bundles and brown oil spots can be seen. The gas is fragrant, bitter and slightly pungent.

Acorus calamus

, also known as Tibetan Acorus calamus, comes from the dried rhizome of Acorus calamus in Araceae. Warm in nature, bitter in taste, effective in resolving phlegm and inducing resuscitation, invigorating spleen and promoting diuresis.

medicinal properties: it looks like Acorus gramineus, but it is thicker and less branched, with a diameter of 1 ~ 1.5 cm. The surface is white to brownish red, and the nodes are sparse, and the length of the nodes is 2 ~ 15 mm. It is hard, with poor fibrous cross section, sponge-like, with most small holes and a little muddy smell.

The three herbs are the easiest to distinguish from each other by their size. Acorus calamus is thin with a diameter of .3 ~ .7 cm; Acorus gramineus is .3 ~ 1cm in diameter; Acorus calamus is the thickest with a diameter of 1 ~ 1.5 cm.

Chemical identification of the three

Take 1g of powder each, soak it in 1ml of ether for 2min, put the extract on the filter paper, and observe it under ultraviolet lamp (254nm) after drying: Acorus calamus shows light green fluorescence; Acorus gramineus shows purple fluorescence; Acorus calamus shows blue-purple fluorescence.

Acorus calamus

is also called Acorus calamus. The original plant is Anemone altaica Fisch. et C. A. Mey, a Ranunculaceae plant. Its rhizome is used as medicine, and it is mainly produced in Shaanxi, Henan and Shanxi.

identification of Acorus calamus and Acorus calamus

Acorus calamus

The rhizome is oblate and cylindrical, with few branches, 1 ~ 24 cm long and 1 ~ 1.5 cm in diameter. The surface is white to reddish brown with fine longitudinal stripes; Internodes are .2 ~ 1.5 cm long, with concave dot-like root marks on the upper side, and brown-red hairs remain on the nodes. Hard, the broken surface is sponge-like, white or light brown; In the transverse section, the inner cortex ring is obvious, and there are many small cavities and vascular bundles. The gas is strong and specific, with bitter and pungent taste.

Acorus tatarinowii

The rhizome is oblate, slightly curved and often branched, with a length of 3-2 cm and a diameter of .3-1 cm. The surface is brown, reddish brown or grayish yellow, rough and multi-link, and the internodes are .2 ~ .8 cm long. There are slightly oblate triangular leaf scars on the upper side, which are arranged alternately from left to right, and there are round root scars on the lower side, and sometimes hairy squamous leaf bases remain on the nodes. Hard and brittle, the broken surface is fibrous, white or reddish; In the transverse section, the inner cortex ring is obvious, and most vascular bundles and brown oil spots can be seen. The gas is fragrant, bitter and slightly pungent.

The underground part is bulbous, oblate and covered with 4-6 layers of membranous scales. There is an axillary bud under each scale, and the top bud is the largest. Stems are stout and erect, without branches or rare branches. The leaves are sword-shaped, embedded in two rows, and the stems are alternate. Scorpion-tailed cymes stand upright, generally 3-75CM, with 12-24 flowers. The lower flowers bloom first and open to the top one after another. The base of each flower is surrounded by leaflike bracts, and the corolla is 8-16 cm in diameter. From the base of the inflorescence upward, the corolla gradually becomes smaller, with 6 perianth, funnel-shaped corolla tube, wavy or wrinkled petals, and the colors are white, yellow and red.