(1) Planning and design of operation area
According to the topography, landforms, soil conditions, microclimate characteristics and the requirements of modern production in Taoyuan, the working area is usually bounded by roads or natural terrain. The workspace is mostly rectangular, and the ratio of long side to short side can be 2∶ 1 or 5∶23, which is beneficial to management and farming. In mountainous areas, the long side should be parallel to the contour line, and in areas with large wind damage, the long side should be perpendicular to the main harmful wind direction or slightly deviated to reduce wind damage. The size of the working area varies with the topography and landforms. In mountainous areas with complex terrain, the working area is small, generally 0.5 ~ 2 hectares, and the hills or plains can be larger, mostly 3 ~ 15 hectares.
(2) Planning and design of road system
According to the requirements of Taoyuan area, traffic volume and machine operation, Taoyuan roads are often set into roads with different widths according to their primary and secondary functions. Include main roads, branch roads and paths. The main road is 6-8 meters wide, which is the main transportation road for products and materials, and usually runs through the whole orchard. The branch road is the road connecting the main road and each operation section, and it is generally 4-6 meters wide. In order to facilitate all kinds of field work in the work area, a path (work lane) with a width of 1 ~ 2m is usually set. Roads should be as consistent as possible with the boundary of the working area to avoid roads occupying too much land.
(3) Planning and design of irrigation and drainage system
Firstly, solve the water source, determine the irrigation methods (furrow irrigation, border irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation) and design drainage channels and irrigation channels according to the water source. The peach orchard irrigation system with furrow irrigation or border irrigation is mainly composed of water source, main canal, branch canal and irrigation canal. The main canal is connected with the water source. Generally, an orchard can be equipped with a main canal. The branch canal connects the main canal with the irrigation canal and introduces the water from the main canal into the irrigation canal. Generally, one can be set in one or several planting areas. Irrigation ditches send water to rows of trees in the Peach Blossom Garden for direct irrigation. The number of irrigation ditches is often set according to the topography and planting area. Generally, every 6.7 hectares of Taoyuan has well irrigation system.
In the peach orchard irrigation system in hilly land, the main canal is generally located in higher terrain, and the gentle slope is located at the watershed, which is set according to the horizontal contour line, and the gradient drop is not more than one thousandth. The branch canal is located on one side of the road in the planting area, lower than the main canal, and the gradient drop is not more than three thousandths, so as to control the irrigation flow and make the flow moderate.
Taoyuan should do a good job in drainage system to prevent poor drainage in rainy days and cause waterlogging. Especially in hilly areas, it is especially necessary to improve the drainage system, reduce scouring, conserve water and prevent local water accumulation.
The drainage system consists of main drainage ditch and branch drainage ditch. The setting of drainage system varies with the site conditions and garden area of Taoyuan. In a flat peach garden, according to the planting area and rainfall, one or several drainage ditches are set in the planting area to discharge the accumulated water into the branch ditch. The drainage branch ditch is located on one side of the road in the planting area, connected with the main drainage ditch and deeper than the drainage ditch. The main drainage ditch is located on the side of the main road in the park, which is deeper than the branch drainage ditch, so as to discharge the accumulated water outside the park. The depth and width of various ditches in the drainage system can be determined according to the garden area, rainfall and the degree of water accumulation, and it is appropriate to save land, labor and smooth drainage. In the drainage system of Taoyuan in hilly area, besides the main drainage ditch, branch drainage ditch and drainage ditch, it is also necessary to intercept the ditch at the end of the main drainage ditch and build ponds or reservoirs. The depth and width of intercepting ditch depend on the catchment area, topography, rainfall and the size of orchard. When the water collecting surface is wide, the slope is steep, the rainfall is large and the orchard area is large, the intercepting ditch should be deep and wide; On the contrary, the intercepting ditch can be narrow or shallow. Generally, the upper width of intercepting ditch is about 1.5m, and the bottom width and ditch depth are about 1m respectively. The slope of intercepting ditch is generally not more than three thousandths. The drainage ditch in the hilly land peach garden is set at the inner edge of each terrace, and a bamboo ditch is built to divide the soil and connected with the drainage branch ditch. Interception ditch and main drainage ditch are connected with the reservoir, and the water is discharged from the park for storage.
(4) Planning and design of shelter forest
The establishment of shelter forest in Taoyuan can improve the ecological conditions of Taoyuan, increase the fruit setting rate of peach trees, increase fruit yield and achieve good economic benefits. The protection range of forest belt is often expressed by multiple of the height of forest belt. Different types of forest belts have different windproof effects. In Taoyuan, the sparse forest belt with uniform ventilation above and below the canopy or the ventilated forest belt with closed canopy at the upper part and ventilated canopy at the lower part are often selected. If the effective protection function is to reduce the wind speed by 25%, the protection range of the shelter forest is about 5 ~ 10 times of the height of the windward forest belt and 25 ~ 60 times of the height of the leeward forest belt. The width, length and height of shelterbelt, as well as the deviation angle between shelterbelt and main harmful wind, all affect the windbreak effect and windbreak range. Usually, the broad forest belt to prevent the main harmful wind is called the main forest belt (about 20 meters wide). The main forest belt is perpendicular to the main harmful wind. A narrow forest belt perpendicular to the main forest belt (about 10 m wide) is called secondary forest belt to resist wind damage in other directions. The main forest belt spacing is generally 500 ~ 800 meters; The structure of forest belt is usually composed of tall trees, sub-trees and shrubs. The row spacing is 2 ~ 2.5m, and the plant spacing is1~1.5m. Most of the trees in the north are poplars (Populus tomentosa, Populus euphratica, Populus deltoides and Populus davidiana), paulownia and Metasequoia glyptostroboides, as well as Ailanthus altissima, Gleditsia sinensis, Ulmus pumila, Willow, Maple, Fraxinus mandshurica and Fraxinus mandshurica. Shrubs include Amorpha fruticosa, Elaeagnus angustifolia, willow, mulberry and willow. In order to prevent the shelterbelt from shading and tree roots from entering the peach garden, it is generally required that the south of the shelterbelt is 20-30 meters away from the peach tree 10 ~ 15 meters, and the north of the shelterbelt is 20-30 meters away from the peach tree. In order to save land, the roads, canals and forest belts in Taoyuan are usually combined into one. Trees that are difficult to grow near Taoyuan are Robinia pseudoacacia and Platanus acerifolia.
(5) Auxiliary building planning and design
Auxiliary buildings include management room, storage warehouse for medical equipment, fruit seeds, agricultural machinery and tools, packaging yard, dispensing pool, livestock farm and fertilizer yard. Management rooms and warehouses should be located near the main roads with convenient transportation, high terrain and water sources. Packaging yard, dispensing pool and other places are best located in the center or work area of Taoyuan, which is beneficial to the collection and distribution of fruits and the transportation of liquid medicine. Livestock farms and manure farms are suitable for water sources and convenient transportation. Shantaoyuan, the packaging field is downhill, and the manure field is uphill.
(6) Green manure land
Plant green manure in gaps, hillsides and beaches, and set up special fertilizer sources for peach trees when necessary.