1. Workshop handicraft period
This refers to the period from family handicraft in feudal society to workshop handicraft in the early stage of capitalism. From the 16th century to the 17th century, the feudal social system in some western countries changed to the capitalist system, and the primitive accumulation of capitalism accelerated, depriving farmers of their land on a large scale, which led to the rapid disintegration of cottage industry and began to change to the capitalist workshop system. Workshop handicraft industry is the embryonic form of an enterprise.
2. The period of factory system
In the 18th century, western countries successively launched industrial revolutions, and the widespread adoption of large machines laid the foundation for the establishment of factory system. In 1771, the Englishman Richard? Arkwright (1732-1792) founded the first cotton yarn factory in Clone Ford. The factory system was generally established in Britain, Germany and other countries in the 193s and 194s. The main characteristics of the factory system are: the implementation of large-scale centralized labor; Adopt large machines to improve efficient production; Implement the system of employing workers; The division of labor deepens and production moves towards socialization.
3. Modern enterprise period
At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 2th century, with the transition from free capitalism to monopoly capitalism, the factory itself has undergone complex and profound changes. Constantly adopt new technologies to make production develop rapidly; With the continuous expansion of production scale and intensified competition, large-scale monopoly enterprises have emerged; Separation of management right and ownership, forming a professional management class; A scientific management system has been generally established, and a series of scientific management theories have been formed, thus making enterprises mature and become modern enterprises.
classification
(1) It can be divided into sole proprietorship enterprises, partnership enterprises and corporate enterprises according to the mode of investment and responsibility of investors. Corporate enterprises are divided into limited liability companies and joint stock limited companies
(2) According to the different regions of investors, they are divided into domestic-funded enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and enterprises invested by Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan businessmen.
(3) According to the ownership structure, it can be divided into enterprises owned by the whole people, collective ownership, private enterprises and foreign capital.
(4) according to the different responsibilities of shareholders to the company, it is divided into: unlimited liability company, limited liability company and joint stock limited company.
(5) According to the credit rating, it can be divided into: joint venture company, joint venture company and joint venture company.
(6) According to the type of company status, it can be divided into: parent company and subsidiary company.
(7) According to the scale, it can be divided into super-large enterprises, large enterprises, medium-sized enterprises, small enterprises and micro enterprises.
(8) According to economic sectors, it can be divided into agricultural enterprises, industrial enterprises and service enterprises.
(9) according to the health degree of enterprises, they can be divided into: relatively healthy enterprises with random strain, military enterprises and resilience adjustment, and relatively unhealthy enterprises with passive and enterprising spirit, enterprises with intermittent progress, enterprises with excessive expansion and enterprises with excessive management.
nature
in 1937, an American economist, R．H．Coase, published the article "The Nature of Enterprises", which is considered as the beginning of discussing this issue.
before this, what is the nature of the enterprise itself is a problem neglected by the traditional microeconomic theory. In the traditional microeconomic theory, the production process of the manufacturer is regarded as a "black box", that is, the enterprise is abstracted into a "black box" that pursues profit maximization from input to output.
on the nature of enterprises. Western economists have different views. There are also some arguments among them. Some western economists mainly analyze the nature of enterprises from the perspective of transaction cost emphasized by Coase.
any transaction can be regarded as a contract reached by both parties. The so-called transaction cost can be regarded as the cost generated around the transaction contract. According to Coase and others, a kind of transaction cost comes from the loss caused by accidental factors faced by both parties when signing the contract. These accidental factors were either not written into the contract because they could not be foreseen in advance, or although they could be foreseen, they could not be written into the contract because of too many factors. Another kind of transaction cost is the cost of signing a contract and supervising and executing the contract.
enterprise scene
some western economists believe that enterprises, as an organizational form of production, are a substitute for the market to some extent. Two extreme situations can be envisaged. In an extreme case, each kind of production is completed by a single individual, such as a person making a car. In this way, this person will have to deal with many suppliers of intermediate products, and also with the demanders of his own products. In this case, all transactions are conducted between many individuals through the market. At the other extreme, everything in the economy > >
question 2: what are the main advantages and disadvantages of going public? 1. Advantages of listing the company's shares:
1. Improving the financial situation
The funds obtained by listing the shares do not need to be repaid within a certain period of time. On the other hand, these funds can immediately improve the company's capital structure, thus allowing the company to borrow loans with lower interest rates. In addition, if the IPO is a great success and the trend in the market is very strong in the future, then the company may issue more shares at a better price in the future.
2 Use stocks to buy other companies
(1) Listed companies usually buy other companies through their stocks (rather than paying cash). If your company is publicly traded in the stock market, shareholders of other companies will be willing to accept your shares instead of cash when selling them. Frequent buying and selling in the stock market provides flexibility for these shareholders. When necessary, they can easily sell stocks or borrow money with stocks as collateral.
(2) The stock market will also make it much more convenient to estimate the share price. If your company is not listed, then you must evaluate it yourself and hope that the buyer will agree with your estimation; If they don't agree, you must bargain to determine a "fair" price acceptable to both parties, which is likely to be lower than the actual value of your company. However, if the stock is publicly traded, the value of the company is determined by the market price of the stock.
3 using stocks to motivate employees
companies often attract high-quality employees through stock options or equity gains. These arrangements often make employees have a sense of responsibility for the enterprise, because they can benefit from the development of the company. The stocks of listed companies are more attractive to employees, because the stock market can independently determine the stock price, thus ensuring the realization of employees' interests.
4 Enhance the company's prestige
(1) Going public can help the company improve its popularity in society. Through press conferences and other public channels and the daily performance of the company's shares in the stock market, the business community, investors, the press and even the general public will notice your company.
(2) Investors will make a decision based on both good and bad news. If a listed company is well-run and full of hope, then the company will have a first-class reputation, which will provide all kinds of inestimable benefits for the company. If a company's trademarks and products are well-known, not only investors will notice, but also consumers and other enterprises will be happy to do business with such a company.
Second, on the other hand, the listing of stocks will also bring disadvantages to the company:
1. Loss of privacy
(1) It is the most annoying thing for a company to lose its "privacy" in various changes caused by public listing. The US Securities Regulatory Commission requires listed companies to disclose all accounts, including the salaries of top managers, bonuses to middle managers, and the company's business plans and strategies. Although this information does not need to include every detail of the company's operation, all information that may affect investors' decisions must be made public. This information must be publicly disclosed at the time of initial listing, and the latest situation of the company must be continuously notified thereafter.
(2) As a result of the loss of confidentiality, the company may have to stop paying dividends or pay cuts to the relevant personnel at this time, which is normal for a non-listed company, but unacceptable for a listed company.
2. The flexibility of managers is limited
(1) Once a company goes public, it means that managers give up part of their freedom of movement. Non-listed companies can generally make their own decisions, and every step and plan of listed companies must be approved by the board of directors, and some special matters even need to be approved by the shareholders' meeting.
(2) Shareholders measure managers' achievements through company benefits, stock prices and so on. This pressure will force managers to pay too much attention to short-term benefits rather than long-term benefits to some extent.
3. Risks after listing
The profits of many publicly listed stocks are not as high as expected, and some even plummet for various reasons. The reason for these disappointments is probably that the stock market is generally depressed, or the company's profit is not as good as expected, or the public finds that they don't have real experts to advise them when the stock is listed. The setback of stock listing and after listing will seriously affect the recovery profit of venture capital, and even make venture capital fall short. Therefore, when deciding whether to go public or not, venture capitalists and corporate entrepreneurs will comprehensively weigh their advantages and disadvantages. ...> >
question 3: what are the advantages and disadvantages of company competition? Advantage refers to the unique factors that are beneficial to growth and development or winning in competition. However, enterprise advantage refers to the factors or resources that exist within the enterprise, which are conducive to promoting the development of production and operation or improving the productivity of the enterprise or winning in competition, such as strong scientific research strength, sufficient talent reserve, visionary and energetic leaders, advanced corporate culture, advanced production equipment, strong marketing ability, high overall quality of staff, a large number of high-quality talents, scientific and reasonable management mechanism and high management efficiency. Advantage is resources; With resources, there is development.
the disadvantage of an enterprise is a factor that is formed in the process of production and operation and has a restrictive effect on the production and operation activities of the enterprise. For example, enterprise leaders lack foresight, employees' thinking is outdated, production equipment is backward, management system is not perfect, technological innovation is insufficient, cost management is extensive, employees' quality is low, corporate culture is backward, there is a lack of competitive products, R&D strength is insufficient, talent gap is insufficient, and high-quality talents are lacking, etc., instead of unfavorable national policies, sluggish industries, too fierce competition, state restrictions on exports, and high taxes.
question 4: how to write the strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise? The so-called advantage refers to the unique factors that are beneficial to growth and development or winning the competition. However, the enterprise advantage refers to the factors or resources that exist within the enterprise, which are conducive to promoting the development of production and operation or improving the productivity of the enterprise or winning the competition, such as strong scientific research strength, sufficient talent reserve, visionary and energetic leaders, advanced corporate culture, advanced production equipment, strong marketing ability, high overall quality of the staff, a large number of high-quality talents, scientific and reasonable management mechanism and management. Advantage is resources; With resources, there is development.
the disadvantage of an enterprise is a factor that is formed in the process of production and operation and has a restrictive effect on the production and operation activities of the enterprise. For example, enterprise leaders lack foresight, employees' thinking is outdated, production equipment is backward, management system is not perfect, technological innovation is insufficient, cost management is extensive, employees' quality is low, corporate culture is backward, there is a lack of competitive products, R&D strength is insufficient, talent gap is insufficient, and high-quality talents are lacking, etc., instead of unfavorable national policies, sluggish industries, too fierce competition, state restrictions on exports, and high taxes.
Compare the lists one by one, and write them clearly.
Question 5: What are the shortcomings of general enterprises in management? Paste the following contents for you:
Management is not standardized and arbitrary
The management system of many enterprises in China is not perfect, and there is no standardized and systematic management system. Most enterprises are reactive. With the emergence of new problems, The new measures formulated by operators have not been studied in depth, or they have been imitated with the adoption of new management systems in other enterprises, but little attention has been paid to the logical relationship between the new system and the original system and whether the new system adapts to the actual situation of the enterprise. The result is either that the system between management systems is not strong, or that it is just an example of the East. This is very obvious when many enterprises in China carry out the IS9O standard.
Enterprises lack long-term strategic goals
Many China enterprises ignore the ultimate goal of entrepreneurs' sustainable operation and blindly pursue short-term benefits or just profit maximization and scale growth; Although some enterprises have formulated strategic objectives, they are very lucky to become a dead letter because of their unrealistic strategic objectives, or cause enterprises to fall into the trap of diversification in order to achieve this strategic goal. Some business operators have begun to reflect on the strategic objectives of their enterprises, strive to overcome the problem of being hot-headed or short-sighted, and gradually extend the average life cycle of enterprises in China, not simply pursuing scale, but shaping the image of the strong in the market competition. Not just to be bigger, but to be stronger; What we need is long-term development, not short-term benefits.
product value orientation is uncertain
Some enterprises in China have begun to take market changes and customers' needs as the compass of their business strategy, but most enterprises are still content to develop new products and explore the market according to their own ideas. The direct result of this enterprise orientation is the way of thinking based on me, which may not ensure that the products produced can meet the needs of customers, and the products that cannot meet the needs of customers cannot be transformed into the value created by enterprises. According to management guru Peter? Drucker's point of view: Enterprises exist to create customers. Those enterprises that constantly track the changes of customer demand have tasted the sweetness in the market competition. The best-selling products not only directly create value for enterprises, but also establish the brand loyalty of the most valuable customers.
Rule by man or rule by law
Since 198s, China has started to select entrepreneurs with various titles, ranging from national prizes to small prizes in provinces and cities. Therefore, business operators in China have attracted more and more attention from the society. Of course, their leadership style and personality have also had an impact on the development of the enterprises they manage. Most business operators in China, whether state-owned enterprises or private enterprises, have the same characteristics, that is, the leadership authority of the operators themselves has a great influence (how influential), and in some enterprises, it even goes to the point where there is no doubt about their decision-making, which, to some extent, increases the risk of business operation, because