IP is the abbreviation of the English Internet Protocol (protocol for interconnection between networks), and the Chinese abbreviation is "Network Association", which is a protocol designed for computer networks to connect to each other for communication. In the Internet, it is a set of rules that enable all computer networks connected to the Internet to communicate with each other. It stipulates the rules that computers should abide by when communicating on the Internet. Computer systems produced by any manufacturer can interconnect with the Internet as long as they comply with the IP protocol. It is precisely because of the IP protocol that the Internet has rapidly developed into the world's largest and open computer communication network. Therefore, the IP protocol can also be called "Internet Protocol". In layman's terms: an IP address can also be called an Internet address or Internet address. It is a logical address used to uniquely identify a computer on the Internet. Every computer connected to the Internet relies on an IP address to identify itself. It's very similar to our phone number. Use the phone number to find the physical address of the corresponding customer using the phone. Phone numbers are unique worldwide. The same goes for IP addresses.

Internet Protocol (IP) is a method or protocol for transferring information from one computer to another on a network. Every computer (host) on the network has at least one IP address that distinguishes it from other computers on the network. When you send or receive information (for example, an email message or a web page), the information is broken into several small pieces called packets. Each packet contains the network addresses of the sender and receiver. The gateway computer reads the destination address, and the packet continues forward to the next neighboring gateway, which reads the destination address as usual, and so on through the network until a gateway confirms that the packet belongs to its nearest neighbor or computer within its range. Eventually going directly to the computer at its designated address. Because a message is divided into many packets, each packet can be sent through a different path through the network if necessary. Packets can arrive in a different order than the order in which they were sent. Internet Protocol (IP) simply delivers them. Another protocol, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), is able to put them back together in the correct order. IP is a connectionless protocol, which means that there are no continuous wire connections between the end points of the communication. Each information packet is transmitted on the network as a processed independent unit, and there is no mutual connection between these units. (Packets are placed in the correct location because of TCP, a connection-oriented protocol that understands the order of packets within a message.) In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communication model, the IP protocol is located at the third layer, the network layer. The most widely used version of IP today is IPv4. However, IP version 6 (IPv6) has also begun to be used. IPv6 prepares for longer addresses, so it can meet the needs of more network users. IPv6 includes the functionality of IPv4, and any server that supports IPv6 packets also supports IPv4 packets.

[Edit this paragraph] How does IP realize network interconnection?

How does IP realize network interconnection? Network systems and equipment produced by various manufacturers, such as Ethernet, packet switching network, etc., cannot interoperate with each other. The main reason why they cannot interoperate is because of the basic unit of data they transmit (technically called "frame"). The format is different. The IP protocol is actually a set of protocol software composed of software programs. It uniformly converts various "frames" into "IP data packet" format. This conversion is one of the most important features of the Internet, enabling all kinds of computers to All can achieve interoperability on the Internet, that is, they have the characteristics of "openness".

So, what is a "packet"? What are its characteristics? Data packets are also a form of packet switching, which means to segment the transmitted data into "packets" and then transmit them out. However, unlike traditional "connection-type" packet switching, it is "connectionless". Each "packet" (group) is sent out as an "independent message", so it is called "data". Bag".

In this way, there is no need to connect a circuit before starting communication, and each data packet is not necessarily transmitted through the same path, so it is called "connectionless". This feature is very important as it greatly improves the robustness and security of the network.

Each data packet has two parts: header and message. The header contains necessary content such as the destination address, so that each data packet can accurately reach the destination without going through the same path. Reassemble and restore the originally sent data at the destination. This requires IP to have the functions of packet packaging and collection assembly.

During the actual transmission process, the length of the data packet must be changed according to the packet size specified by the network it passes through. The maximum length of the IP data packet can reach 65535 bytes.

There is also a very important content in the IP protocol, which is that every computer and other device on the Internet is assigned a unique address, called an "IP address". Because of this unique address, it is ensured that users can efficiently and conveniently select the objects they need from thousands of computers when operating on connected computers. Now the telecommunications network is integrating with the IP network. New technologies based on IP are popular technologies. For example, the technology of using IP network to transmit voice (ie VoIP) is very popular. Others such as IP over ATM, IP over SDH, IP over WDM Etc., are all the focus of research on IP technology.

[Edit this paragraph]IP address (IP v4)

The so-called IP address is a 32-bit address assigned to each host connected to the Internet.

According to the TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) protocol, IP addresses are represented in binary. Each IP address is 32 bits long. Bits are converted into bytes, which is 4 bytes. For example, an IP address in binary form is "00001010000000000000000000000001". It is too laborious for people to process such a long address. In order to facilitate people's use, IP addresses are often written in decimal form, with the symbol "." in the middle to separate different bytes. Therefore, the above IP address can be expressed as "10.0.0.1". This representation of IP addresses is called "dotted decimal notation", which is obviously much easier to remember than 1 and 0.

Some people may think that a computer can only have one IP address. This view is wrong. We can specify a computer to have multiple IP addresses, so when accessing the Internet, do not think that one IP address is one computer; in addition, through specific technologies, multiple servers can also use one IP address. The server looks like a host to the user.

After dividing the IP address into two parts, the network number and the host number, the designer must decide how many bits each part contains. The number of digits in the network number directly determines the number of networks that can be allocated (calculation method 2^number of digits in the network number); the number of digits in the host number determines the maximum number of hosts in the network (calculation method 2^number of digits in the host number-2) . However, since the network size contained in the entire Internet may be relatively large or relatively small, the designers finally cleverly chose a flexible solution: dividing the IP address space into different categories, each category has a different network number digits and host number digits.

The IP address is the basis for data transmission in the IP network. It identifies a connection in the IP network. A host can have multiple IP addresses. The IP address in the IP packet remains unchanged during network transmission.

(1) Basic address format (IPv4)

Current IP networks use 32-bit addresses, expressed in dotted decimal notation, such as 192.168.0.1.

The address format is: IP address = network address + host address or IP address = network address + subnet address + host address.

Network addresses are assigned by ICANN (the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) of the Internet Society, which includes InterNIC responsible for North America, RIPENIC responsible for Europe, and APNIC responsible for the Asia-Pacific region. The purpose is to ensure Global uniqueness of network addresses. Host addresses are assigned by the system administrator of each network. Therefore, the uniqueness of the network address and the uniqueness of the host address within the network ensure the global uniqueness of the IP address.

(2) Allocation of reserved addresses

Depending on the purpose and security level, IP addresses can be roughly divided into two categories: public addresses and private addresses. Public addresses are used on the Internet and can be accessed anywhere on the Internet. Private addresses can only be used within the internal network and can communicate with the Internet only through a proxy server.

[Edit this paragraph] Classification of IP addresses

Network number: used to identify the network where the host is located;

Host number: used to identify the network host.

IP addresses are divided into five categories, Class A is reserved for government agencies, Class B is allocated to medium-sized companies, Class C is allocated to anyone who needs it, Class D is used for multicast, and Class E is used for Experiment, the number of addresses that each type can accommodate is different.

Characteristics of the three types of IP addresses A, B, and C: When the IP address is written in binary form, the first digit of the Class A address is always 0, and the first two digits of the Class B address are always 10. The first three digits of a Class C address are always 110.

1. Class A address

(1) The first byte of the Class A address is the network address, and the other 3 bytes are the host address.

(2) Class A address range: 1.0.0.1—126.255.255.254

(3) Private addresses and reserved addresses in Class A addresses:

① 10.X.X.X is a private address (the so-called private address is an address that is not used on the Internet but is used in the local area network).

Range (10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255)

② 127.X.X.X is a reserved address and is used for loop testing.

2. Class B address

(1) The first and second bytes of the Class B address are the network address, and the other two bytes are the host address.

(2) Class B address range: 128.0.0.1—191.255.255.254.

(3) Private addresses and reserved addresses of Class B addresses

① 172.16.0.0—172.31.255.255 is a private address

② 169.254.X.X is reserved address. If your IP address is obtained automatically and you do not find an available DHCP server on the network. You will get one of the IPs.

3. Class C address

(1) The 1st, 2nd and 3rd bytes of the Class C address are the network address, and the 4th byte is the host address. In addition, the first three digits of the first byte are fixed to 110.

(2) Class C address range: 192.0.0.1—223.255.255.254.

(3) Private address in Class C address:

192.168.X.X is a private address.

(192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255)

4. Class D address

(1) Class D address does not distinguish between network address and host address. Its first byte The first four digits are fixed at 1110.

(2) Class D address range: 224.0.0.1—239.255.255.254

5. Class E address

(1) Class E address does not distinguish between networks Address and host address, the first four bits of the first byte are fixed to 1111.

(2) Class E address range: 240.0.0.1—255.255.255.254

The concept of IP is very broad, including brand, trademark, copyright, and very importantly Trade secrets, business models, business standards, etc. The amount of IP owned is the most important indicator that distinguishes manufacturing from creation. If a country owns too little IP, its industries or enterprises can only play the role of primary processors in the international division of labor.

[Edit this paragraph] Special IP addresses

In the IP address space, some IP addresses cannot be assigned to devices, some IP addresses cannot be used in the public network, and some The IP address can only be used on this machine. There are many special IP addresses such as:

Restricted broadcast address

Broadcast communication is a one-to-all communication method. If the binary numbers of an IP address are all 1, that is, 255.255.255.255, then this address is used to define the entire Internet. If the device wants the IP datagram to be received by the entire Internet, it sends a broadcast packet with a destination address of all 1, but this will bring a catastrophic burden to the entire Internet. Therefore, all routers on the network prevent packets of this type from being forwarded, limiting such broadcasts to the local network segment.

Direct broadcast address

The last address in a network is the direct broadcast address, that is, the address with all HostIDs 1. The host uses this address to send an IP datagram to all devices on the local network segment, and the router forwards this datagram to all hosts on the specific network.

Note: This address can only be used as the destination address in the IP datagram. In addition, direct broadcast addresses reduce the number of addresses that can be assigned to devices in a network segment by one.

The IP address is 0.0.0.0

If the IP address is all 0, that is, 0.0.0.0, then this IP address can only be used as the source IP address in the IP datagram. This happens when the device boots up but does not know its IP address. Such addresses are common in network environments that use DHCP to assign IP addresses. In order to obtain an available IP address, the user host sends an IP packet to the DHCP server, using such an address as the source address, and the destination address is 255.255.255.255 (because the host does not yet know the IP address of the DHCP server at this time).

IP address with NetID 0

Such an address can be used when a host sends a message to other hosts on the same network segment, and the packet will not be forwarded by the router. . For example, when a host 12.12.12.2/24 in the network 12.12.12.0/24 communicates with another host 12.12.12.8/24 in the same network, the destination address can be 0.0.0.8.

Loopback address

All addresses in the 127 network segment are called loopback addresses, which are mainly used to test whether the network protocol is working properly. For example, you can use ping 127.1.1.1 to test whether the local TCP/IP protocol has been installed correctly. Another use is when the client process uses the loopback address to send a message to the server process located on the same machine. For example, enter 127.1.2.3 in the browser. This can be used to test whether IIS starts normally when network routing is excluded. .

Private addresses

In the IP address space, some IP addresses are defined as private addresses. Such addresses cannot be assigned to devices on the Internet network and can only be used within the enterprise. Therefore, Also called a private address. To use such an address on the Internet, network address translation or port mapping technology must be used.

These private addresses are:

10/8 address range: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 ***There are 2 to the power of 2 addresses

172.16/12 Address range: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 ***There are 2 to the 20th power addresses

192.168/16 Address range: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 ***There are 2 16th power address

[Edit this paragraph] IPV6 development and characteristics

IPv6 is the abbreviation of "Internet Protocol Version 6", also known as the next generation Internet protocol. It is a new IP protocol designed by the IETF group (Internet Engineering Task Force) to replace the current IPv4 (current IP) protocol.

We know that all hosts on the Internet have a unique IP address. The IP address uses a 32-bit binary number to represent a host number. However, the 32-bit address resources are limited and can no longer meet the needs of users. Therefore, the Internet Research Organization released a new host identification method, IPv6. In RFC1884 (RFC is the abbreviation of Request for Comments Document. RFC is actually some standards for Internet services), the specified standard syntax recommends writing the 128 bits (16 bytes) of the IPv6 address as eight 16-bit unsigned Integers, each integer is represented by four hexadecimal digits, and these numbers are separated by colons (:), for example: 3ffe:3201:1401:1280:c8ff:fe4d:db39

IPv6 Features ：

Extended addressing capabilities

IPv6 extends the IP address length from 32 bits to 128 bits, supporting more levels of address hierarchies, more addressable nodes, and Easier address autoconfiguration. Improved scalability of multicast routing by adding a "scope" field to the multicast address. A new address type is also defined, called an "anycast address", for sending packets to any one of a group of nodes;

Simplified header format

Some IPv4 header fields have been removed or made optional to reduce the cost of routine processing in packet processing and limit the bandwidth consumed by IPv6 headers;

Improvements in extended header and option support

Changes in the encoding of IP header options can improve forwarding efficiency, make restrictions on option lengths more relaxed, and provide greater flexibility in introducing new options in the future;

The ability to identify flows

Added a new capability that makes it possible to identify packets belonging to a specific communication "flow" that the sender requires special handling (such as non-default quality of service or "real-time" service);

Authentication and encryption capabilities

IPv6 specifies extended capabilities that support authentication, data integrity, and (optionally) data confidentiality.

[Edit this paragraph] Other concepts of IP

1. In electronic products, IP also means waterproof and dustproof level

IP (International Protection) protection level system was drafted by IEC (International Electro Technical Commission). Lamps are classified according to their characteristics of being dust-proof, preventing the intrusion of foreign objects, being waterproof, and being moisture-proof. The foreign objects referred to here include tools, human fingers, etc. Do not touch the live parts of the lamp to avoid electric shock.

The IP protection level is composed of two numbers. The first number indicates the degree of dust-proofing and preventing the intrusion of foreign objects; the second number indicates the degree of sealing of the lamp against moisture and waterproof intrusion. The larger the number, the higher the protection level. The protection levels represented by the two marked numbers are as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.

The first marked characteristic number (number) refers to the degree of protection

The first marked number:

0 No protection against external people or objects No special protection IP0-

1 Prevent the intrusion of solid objects larger than 50mm, and prevent the human body (such as the palm of your hand) from accidentally touching the internal parts of the lamp. Prevent the intrusion of large-sized foreign objects (diameter greater than 50mm) IP1-

2 Prevent the intrusion of solid objects greater than 12mm and prevent human fingers from contacting the internal parts of the lamp. Prevent the intrusion of medium-sized foreign objects (diameter greater than 12mm, length greater than 80mm) IP2-

3 Prevent the intrusion of solid objects greater than 2.5mm, prevent tools, wires or similar small objects with a diameter or thickness greater than 2.5mm IP3-

4. Prevent the intrusion of solid objects greater than 1.0mm and prevent the intrusion of tools, wires or similar small foreign objects with a diameter or thickness greater than 1.0mm. Access to the internal parts of the lamp is IP4-

5 dust-proof, completely preventing the intrusion of foreign objects.

Although it cannot completely prevent the intrusion of dust, the amount of intruded dust will not affect the normal operation of the lamp IP5-

6 Dust tightness completely prevents the intrusion of foreign objects and can completely prevent the intrusion of dust IP6-

The second marked characteristic number (number) refers to the degree of protection

The second marked number:

0 No protection. No special effects on outside people or objects. Protection IP-0

1 Prevents the intrusion of dripping water. Vertically dripping water droplets (such as condensation water) will not have harmful effects on the lamps. IP-1

2 Prevents the intrusion of dripping water when tilted to 15°. Intrusion of dripping water. When the lamp is tilted from vertical to 15°, dripping water will not cause harmful effects to the lamp. IP-2

3. Prevent the intrusion of sprayed water, and prevent rain or the angle between the upper and the vertical is less than 60 Water sprayed from the direction of ° enters the lamp and causes damage IP-3

4 Prevent the intrusion of splashing water and prevent water splashing from all directions from entering the lamp and causing damage IP-4

5. Prevent the intrusion of sprayed water and prevent water ejected from nozzles from all directions from entering the lamps and causing damage. IP-5

6. Prevent the intrusion of large waves. The lamps installed on the deck should be protected from the intrusion of large waves. Damage caused by water immersion IP-6

7 To prevent water intrusion during immersion, immersing the lamp in water for a certain period of time or the water pressure below a certain standard can ensure that no damage is caused by water intrusion IP-7

8 Prevent water intrusion during sinking. The lamp can sink indefinitely under the specified water pressure to ensure that no damage is caused by water ingress. IP-8

2. IP representation Ingress Protection (ingress protection)

The first marked number of the level, such as IP6_, indicates the dust protection level (6 means no dust ingress, see the table below)

The second marked number, such as IP_5 Indicates the level of protection against water (5 indicates protection against water jets, see table below)

Protection against the intrusion of solid substances

The first number defines the description of the protection against the intrusion of liquids – the second number defines the description

0 No protection. No special protection. 0 No protection. No special protection.

1 Protects against solid foreign objects with a diameter of 50mm and larger. Protects against objects with large surface areas such as hands (does not protect against intentional intrusion). 1 Protection against water droplets (vertically falling water droplets)

2 Protection against solid foreign objects with a diameter of 12mm and larger. Protect against fingers or other objects not exceeding 80mm in length. 2 When the equipment is tilted 15 degrees, it is protected from water drops. Vertically falling water drops should not cause damage.

3 Protects against solid foreign objects with a diameter of 2.5mm and larger. Protect tools, metal wires, etc. whose diameter or thickness exceeds 2.5mm. 3 Protect against splashing water. Water splashing from both sides of the vertical line at an angle of 60 degrees should not cause damage.

4 Protects against solid foreign objects with a diameter of 1.0mm and larger. Protect metal wires or strips with a thickness greater than 1.0mm. 4 Protection against water spray. Water spray directed at the equipment from any direction should not cause damage when the equipment is tilted 15 degrees from its normal position.

5 Protection from dust. It is impossible to completely prevent dust from entering, but the amount of dust that enters will not affect the normal operation of the equipment. 5 Protection against water jets. Water jets directed at the equipment from any direction should not cause damage.

6 Impenetrable to dust. No dust enters. 6 Protection from big waves. The amount of water entering the equipment from large waves or strong jets should not cause damage.

7 Protection against water immersion. When immersed in water at defined pressures and times, there should be no intrusion of water in quantities capable of causing damage.

8 Protection against flooding. The device may be immersed in water for extended periods of time under the conditions specified by the manufacturer.

The test method and main test conditions of the waterproof test (IP_5) are defined as follows:

Test method – the inner diameter of the water outlet of the nozzle is 6.3mm, placed 2.5-2.5 meters away from the test sample 3m away.

Water flow rate – 12.5 l/min ±5

Test duration – 1 min/m2 but for at least 3 minutes.

Test conditions – spray the test sample from every feasible angle

3. In 8088 or 8086, IP (instruction pointer) refers to the instruction pointer register, which is an internal The register is used to store the offset of the next instruction to be executed. Its value can be changed through the JMP instruction. For example: JMP AX uses the AX value to change the IP, thereby realizing jumps between segments.

4.Intellectual Property

Intellectual property rights include industrial property rights and copyright (called copyright in our country). Industrial property rights include patents, trademarks, service marks, manufacturer names, names of origin, suppression of unfair competition, etc. Copyright is the legally stipulated right for a certain unit or individual to print, publish and sell a certain work. Anyone who wants to copy, translate, adapt or perform must obtain the permission of the copyright owner, otherwise it will be an infringement of the rights of others. Behavior. The essence of intellectual property rights is to treat human intellectual achievements as property.

Trademark rights refer to the exclusive rights granted by the trademark authorities to trademark owners in accordance with the law to protect their registered trademarks under national laws. A trademark is a commercial sign used to distinguish goods and services from different sources. It consists of words, graphics, letters, numbers, three-dimensional signs, color combinations, or a combination of the above elements. To obtain trademark rights in my country, the trademark registration procedure must be followed, and the first-to-file principle must be implemented.

Copyright is a civil right enjoyed by the original creator of literary, artistic, scientific and technological works in accordance with the law.

Patent rights and patent protection refer to an invention-creation submitting a patent application to the National Patent Office. After passing the examination in accordance with the law, the patent applicant is granted the patent rights for the invention-creation within a specified period of time. entitled. After an invention is granted a patent, the patentee has exclusive rights to the invention. No unit or individual may exploit the patent without the permission of the patentee, that is, they may not manufacture, use, offer for sale, or sell the invention for production and business purposes. Sells and imports its patented products. Exploiting the patent without the permission of the patentee will infringe upon the patent right. If a dispute arises, it shall be resolved by the parties through negotiation; if the parties are unwilling to negotiate or the negotiation fails, the patentee or a closely related person may sue the People's Court or request management. The department handles patent work. Patent protection adopts a protection model of "two channels, parallel operations, and judicial protection" of judicial and administrative law enforcement. Administrative protection in this region adopts the form of patent enforcement in the form of roving enforcement and joint enforcement, concentrating efforts and focusing on intensifying the crackdown on group infringement, repeated infringement and other phenomena that seriously disrupt the patent legal environment.

Three characteristics of intellectual property rights

1. The exclusivity of intellectual property rights, that is, exclusivity or monopoly;

2. The regional nature of intellectual property rights , that is, it is only valid within the confirmed and protected territory;

3. The temporal nature of intellectual property rights, that is, it is only protected within the specified period.

IP

abbr.

1. =Internet Protocol

5. A rank of the Hong Kong police

IP is the abbreviation of Inspector of Police: Team Commander.

IP Certification

IP certification (Identity Preservation Certification) is a guarantee system established by enterprises to maintain the specific identity of products (such as genetically modified identity). It is audited and issued in accordance with specific standards.

The certification process.

The IP system is to prevent potential contamination of genetically modified ingredients in food, feed and seed production, from the sowing of non-GMO crop seeds to the field management, harvesting, transportation, export and processing of agricultural products

Through strict control, testing, and the establishment of traceability information throughout the entire production supply chain, we ensure the purity of the "identity" of non-GMO products and improve the production and quality assurance of product value

Certification system.

The characteristics of the IP system are:

(1) Traceability, providing products with comprehensive information on the entire production supply chain

(2) Strict Isolation to prevent accidental mixing of all uncontrolled materials

(3) Strategic representative sampling and testing to verify the non-GMO identity of the product

(4) Complete system documents and procedure manual, the basis of product quality assurance

(5) Strict internal and external controls to ensure the effective operation of the IP system

Another: The world's largest paper products and forest products company: the United States International Paper (International Paper) IP for short

What is a proxy IP?

Proxy IP is a proxy server, and its full English name is Proxy Server. Its function is to act as a proxy for network users to obtain network information. To put it figuratively: it is a transfer station for network information. Under normal circumstances, when we use a web browser to directly connect to other Internet sites to obtain network information, we must send a Request signal to get a reply, and then the other party sends the information back in bit mode. The proxy server is a server between the browser and the Web server. With it, the browser does not go directly to the Web server to retrieve the web page but sends a request to the proxy server. The Request signal will be sent to the proxy server first. The proxy server retrieves the information needed by the browser and sends it to your browser. Moreover, most proxy servers have a buffering function, just like a large Cache, which has a large storage space. It constantly stores newly obtained data in its own memory. If the data requested by the browser If it already exists and is the latest in its local memory, then it will not re-fetch the data from the Web server, but directly transfer the data in the memory to the user's browser, which can significantly improve browsing speed and efficiency. More importantly: Proxy Server (proxy server) is an important security function provided by the Internet link-level gateway. It works mainly in the conversation layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The main functions are:

1. Break through your own IP access restrictions and access foreign sites. Network users such as Education Network and 169 Network can access foreign websites through proxies. 2. To access internal resources of some units or groups, such as FTP of a certain university (provided that the proxy address is within the allowed access range of the resource), using the free proxy server in the address segment of the education network can be used for open access to the education network. Various FTP downloads and uploads, as well as various data query and other services. 3. Break through China Telecom's IP blockade: China Telecom users have restricted access to many websites. This restriction is artificial, and different Serves block addresses differently. Therefore, if you cannot access it, you can try a foreign proxy server. 4. Improve access speed: Usually proxy servers set up a large hard disk buffer. When external information passes through, it is also saved in the buffer. When other users access the same information again, it is directly accessed by The information is taken out from the buffer and passed to the user to improve access speed.

5. Hide real IP: Internet users can also hide their IP through this method to protect themselves from attacks.

IP address query

Start---Run, enter cmd---enter ipconfig/all in the pop-up dialog box, and then press Enter to display the list,

One of them: ip address is ip address

IP is the abbreviation of intellectual property, which means intellectual property (full name: intellectual property right).

Intellectual property is an intangible property right, also known as the right to intellectual achievements. It refers to the results obtained through intellectual creative labor, and is the exclusive right to the results that intellectual workers enjoy in accordance with the law. Such rights include personal rights and property rights, also known as moral rights and economic rights. The so-called personal rights refer to rights that are inseparable from the person who has achieved intellectual achievements, and are the legal reflection of personal relationships. For example, the author's right to sign on his or her work, or the right to publish or modify his or her work, etc. The so-called property rights are the rights that the obligee can use the results of intellectual work to obtain remuneration or receive rewards after the results of intellectual work are recognized by law. This right is also called economic rights. The object of intellectual property protection is the human mind and human intelligence. Creation is a person's right to intellectual achievements. It is the legal right to intellectual achievements created by engaging in all intellectual activities in the fields of science, technology, culture, and art. Intellectual property is a legal concept widely used internationally.