Tianjin's modern industry began with the Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau founded by the Qing government in the Westernization Movement. Since then, Yuan Shikai carried out the "New Deal" in Tianjin, and built Hebei New District on the north bank of Haihe River, where a large number of modern industrial enterprises gathered. Industrialists, including Zhou Xuexi, have set up a number of large-scale industries with the nature of "official supervision and commercial operation" in Tianjin. At the beginning of the 2th century, China's non-governmental industries began to flourish. Among them, the representative Yongli Soda Factory won the gold medal and certificate in the 1926 Philadelphia World Expo, which called it "the symbol of developing the main chemical industry of the Republic of China". The development of Tianjin's modern industry and the construction of Tianjin Concession promoted Tianjin's rapid development in modern times to become the largest city and industrial and commercial center in northern China, and the second largest industrial, financial and commercial city in China. The development of modern industry in Tianjin has roughly experienced four stages: germination, development, prosperity and Japanese occupation. Due to the development and prosperity of Tianjin's modern industry, Tianjin has built the Tianjin Museum of Modern Industry at Sanchahekou. \xd\ xd \ embryonic period \ xd \ The embryonic period of modern industry in Tianjin is the period of Westernization Movement after the opening of the port. Since 1866, influenced by the Westernization Movement, the Qing government has gradually established a series of military industries in Tianjin and its surrounding areas. In order to cope with foreign trade affairs, the Qing government set up three trade ministers in Tianjin (in 187, it was changed to Beiyang Trade Minister, and the governor of Zhili was concurrently appointed). Tianjin became the core area of Li Hongzhang's Beiyang base, and this period was also the early stage of Tianjin's modern industrial development. \xd\ Military Industry Established by Westernization School \xd\ After the Second Opium War, the Westernization Movement in Qing Dynasty rose, and the "Westernization School" began to set up government-run industries represented by military industry in modern times. In 1867, Chonghou, the minister of three ports of trade, found 22 hectares of land near Jiajiagu Road, 18 miles east of Tianjin, dug trenches around it, built a wall with a length of more than 1,5 feet, and built the East Bureau of Tianjin Machinery Bureau, which was the fire pharmaceutical factory of Tianjin Machinery Bureau, commonly known as the "East Bureau", and was the earliest and largest military industry in northern China at that time. The Bureau provided guns and ammunition for the northern provinces. After the completion of Beiyang Navy, it was also responsible for providing the munitions needed by beiyang fleet. After Chonghou, Li Hongzhang, Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang Trade, presided over Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau, which quickly developed into a large-scale military enterprise with considerable scale such as machine manufacturing, metal smelting, casting, thermal processing, basic chemistry and ship building. The East Bureau of Tianjin Machinery Bureau was called one of the largest machinery bureaus in the world at that time. \xd\ In order to strengthen coastal defense, the Qing government established the Beiyang Navy Dagu Dock in Tianjin in 188 by Li Hongzhang. Dagu Dock is the first dock in northern China in modern times. It is also called the three bases of Beiyang Navy together with Lushun Military Port and Liu Gongdao, ahava. It was used to repair the warships of Beiyang Navy, and arms were made in 189. \xd\ Establishment of "official supervision and commercial office" industry \xd\ In order to cooperate with the development of modern military industry, the Qing government built the earliest telegraph line in Tianjin and the first independent standard gauge railway in China, and founded Kaiping Railway Company and Kaiping Mining Bureau, which was the earliest mechanized large coal mine in China to ensure the energy and materials needed by the military industry. In 1878, the comprador Tang Tingshu was appointed by Li Hongzhang to establish Kaiping Mining Bureau, which was originally intended to be run by the government, but was changed to be run by the government and supervised by the government. In 1879, a telegraph line was set up from the Governor's Office in Zhili, through the East Bureau of Tianjin Machinery Bureau, Zizhulin Concession and China Merchants, to Dagu Fort and Beitang Barracks, which was the earliest telegraph line in China. Since then, a telegraph line from Tianjin to Shanghai has been laid. After that, a general telegraph office was set up in Tianjin, with three sub-bureaus: East Telegraph Bureau, North Telegraph Bureau and South Telegraph Bureau. Although Tianjin Telegraph Bureau is an "official supervision and commercial office", all westernization and military affairs telegrams are "first-class official newspapers", and the order of sending telegrams is "official before business". \xd\ The Tang-Xu Railway, which was built in 188, was later extended to Dagu and Tianjin at Li Hongzhang's suggestion, and was mainly used for the transportation of Kaiping coal and the transportation of arms by soldiers in Beiyang coastal defense. In 1887, Li Hongzhang renamed Kaiping Railway Company as China Tianjin Railway Company (also known as Jingu Railway Company). After the completion of the Tianjin-Tangshan Railway, Li Hongzhang took Tianjin as the center and built a railway from Tianjin to Shanhaiguan. In addition to the above-mentioned modern industry of "official supervision and commercial office" serving the military industry, Li Hongzhang founded the Steamship Merchants Bureau as early as 1872 to facilitate the north-south trade. The general administration was in Shanghai and the Tianjin Bureau was located in the south of Zizhulin, Tianjin. \xd\ Early foreign-funded enterprises \xd\ The earliest modern enterprise operated by foreign capital in Tianjin was Dagu Barge Company of Britain in 1874, but it was a little later than the China Merchants Bureau organized by Li Hongzhang. Foreign capital was only allowed to operate barge transportation business in Tianjin in 1871, and the trial period was required by the Qing government. In May 1874, Dagu Barge Company, funded by British businessmen, was established with a capital of $33,. In September 1889, Dagu Barge Company was reorganized into a joint stock company with a capital of 52, yuan. By 19, there were 19 foreign-funded enterprises in Tianjin, with Britain and Germany accounting for 16. Among the 19 foreign-funded enterprises, foreign trade enterprises are the main ones, including 11 packaging factories. In addition, other early foreign capitals were mostly small-scale civilian industries. \xd\ Founding of Private Capital Industry \xd\ Tianjin's private capital industry is later than that of foreign capital industry. In 1878, Yilaimou Machine Mill was founded by Zhu Qi 'ang. Before 19, Tianjin Yilaimou Machine Mill made a profit of 67,2 yuan a year. Since then, there have been three or four private capital companies, and each company can still make a profit of 67,2 yuan a year, which shows that the sales are booming. These newly established machine mills in the 199s lack specific historical records. At present, there are three machine mills that can be clearly verified: Da Laisheng Machine Mill, Tianlihe Machine Mill and Nanmen Wairui Hecheng Machine Mill. \ xd \xd\1884, Detai Machine Factory founded by Guangdong businessman Luo Sanyou was the first iron factory founded by private capital in Tianjin. In terms of machinery manufacturing industry, there is also Wanshun Iron Works in Tianjin British Concession in 1886. In addition, Detai Machinery Factory and Wanshun Iron Works are located in Haidao Road (now Dagu Road) adjacent to the concession. At the beginning of the 2th century, there were Chichang Iron Works here. Therefore, it was compatible with the development of Tianjin Concession at that time, and Haidao Road was the birthplace of Tianjin's early national capital machine manufacturing industry. The machine processing industry created by private capital in Tianjin in the early days, as well as the Jinjucheng Iron Works built in Sanjiaoshi Street in 1897. Other industries, such as Tianjin Water Supply Company established in 1886, Beiyang Wool Weaving Factory established in 1897, and Beiyang Leather Factory established in 1898, were all invested and established in Tianjin by Wu Maoding, a famous comprador at that time, and were also the earliest among similar industries in Tianjin and even the north at that time. \xd\ There are more than 3 important industries in the initial stage of modern industry in Tianjin, and 19 of them are foreign-funded enterprises. Of the other 17 national industries, six are government-run or government-supervised commercial industries, and these six industries are mostly related to the military. Even if they are government-supervised commercial industries, they are mostly controlled by bureaucrats. Private capital industry investment is late, small in scale and not many in types. Tianjin's early modern industry was mainly military industry with a large scale, which created a number of national firsts and had pioneering value. For example, the first modern pharmaceutical factory in China-Tianjin Machinery Bureau East Bureau; Beiyang Telegraph School, the first industrial technical school in China; The first independent standard gauge railway and the first telegraph line-"Beitang-Dagu-Tianjin" military telegraph line; The first dock in northern China is closely related to Tianjin. \xd\xd\ development period \ xd \ main item: Hebei New District \ xd \ Tianjin's modern industrial development period is from Yuan Shikai's implementation of the "New Deal" in Tianjin to the early years of the Republic of China. Around 192, Yuan Shikai, governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang Trade, vigorously promoted the "New Deal" in Tianjin. Before and after the founding of the Republic of China, it was the development period of Tianjin's modern industry, which was highlighted by the construction of Hebei New District, the prosperity of modern industrial education and the development of private capital industries. \xd\ Development of "Official Supervision and Commercial Office" Industry \ xd \ The "New Deal" promoted by Yuan Shikai in Tianjin at the beginning of the 2th century brought new opportunities for Tianjin's modern industrial development. In 192, Zhou Xuexi was entrusted by Yuan Shikai to establish Beiyang Silver and Dollar Bureau. After success, he established Beiyang Quanye Iron Factory and other important official and commercial industries in 196, and Hebei New District once became an important industrial zone. At the same time, Hebei New District has also established Zhili Higher Industrial School, examination factory, practice workshop and other educational institutions, becoming an important industrial education base. \xd\ Zhou Xuexi took over the Qixin Lime Company, which closed down in Tangshan in 196 due to poor product quality. The company was founded by Tang Tingshu in 1889, and was appointed by Li Hongzhang to recruit private funds. After Zhou Xuexi took over, he introduced the most advanced cement production equipment in the world at that time-the dry cement rotary kiln of Danish Smith Company, which produced high-quality products and set a precedent for China cement industry. \xd\ Transformation of military industry \xd\ Main entry: Dagu Dock \ xd \xd\19, after Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, Tianjin's large-scale government-run military industry was seriously damaged by the invading army. The East Bureau of Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau was occupied by Eight-Nation Alliance and later used as a French barracks, while the West Bureau of Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau, Haiguang Temple Machinery Bureau, was completely destroyed. Occupied by the Japanese in 191, the former site of Xijuzi was used as a Japanese barracks. The Dagu Dock of Beiyang Navy was occupied by Russia for two years from 19 to 192. In 196, Dagu Dock was put into production as the Dagu Branch of Beiyang Quanye Iron Factory, and the original Dagu Dock's gun factory was designated as a military police school. At this time, Dagu Dock has become an industry run by officials and businessmen. \xd\ Development of business-run industries \xd\ During the New Deal, Tianjin's private capital was developed, Hebei New District was built, Tianjin Mint General Factory, Zhili Craft General Administration and Beiyang Quanye Iron Factory were successively built, and Tianjin's machinery industry itself had a certain foundation, so the generation of Sanjiaoshi Street gradually developed into the center of machinery manufacturing industry. At the same time, the scope of the industrial zone spread from Hebei New District along Santiaoshi Street to the west of Tianjin Old City. From 192 to 1911, there were 139 industrial enterprises in Tianjin, involving mining, cement, machine building, textile, chemical industry, food and other industries, among which textile industry ranked first 41, chemical industry (including matches, leather, cosmetics, oil extraction) ranked second 31, and food processing industry (including tobacco) ranked third 2, and Tianjin's pillar industrial structure was initially formed. Famous industries such as Tianjin Pancreatic Company near Dahongqiao was founded in 195, and Ji Jufen founded a cigarette company in 198. The steady development of this period laid the foundation for the prosperity of private capital industry after the Revolution of 1911. \xd\ xd \ prosperous period \ xd \ The period from the beginning of the Republic of China to the Japanese occupation was the prosperous period of Tianjin's modern industry, which was mainly manifested in the prosperity of commercial industries. Flour, matches, textiles, chemistry, tanning and other types occupy an important position in the country. Tianjin has gradually developed into an industrial center in northern China and the second largest industrial and commercial city in China. \xd\ Textile industry \xd\ Since the period of "Beiyang New Deal", Zhou Xuexi, as the founder of Beiyang Industry, founded Zhili General Administration of Crafts, advocated "Daxing Craft" and vigorously set up factories and industrial education. In 194, the training workshop set up subjects such as loom, dyeing and jacquard, and started the machine weaving industry. Since then, dozens of machine weaving factories have been set up in Tianjin and its surrounding areas. Zhili Model Spinning Factory, the first machine spinning factory in Tianjin founded by Zhou Xuexi, was built in 1915. In 1916, Zhang Ruiting founded Hengyuan Canvas Co., Ltd., which was later merged with Zhili Model Spinning Factory and renamed Hengyuan Spinning Factory. In 1916, after Zhou Xuexi withdrew from the Beiyang government, he devoted himself to industry and founded Xinhua Textile Co., Ltd., and in 1918, he built Tianjin Huaxin Yarn Factory, with branches in Qingdao, Tangshan and Weihui. From 1918 to 1922, Yuyuan, Yuda, Beiyang and Baocheng mills were built one after another. Six major cotton mills have begun to take shape. In addition, there are 87 single knitting factories in Tianjin. At this point, Tianjin has become the center of modern cotton textile industry in northern China. In 1931, Renli Wool Textile Factory was built in Tianjin, and in 1934, East Asia Wool Textile Co., Ltd. was established and put into operation, and Tianjin modern wool textile industry began to take shape. Renli and East Asia are two famous wool mills in Tianjin. East Asia Wool Textile Company adopted the homonym of "resisting foreign goods", which became the first famous brand of domestic wool in China, and was also the representative of saving the country by industry at that time. \xd\ Grain and oil processing \ xd \xd\1878, there were mills that used machines to grind flour in Tianjin. In 1915, a Sino-Japanese joint venture established Shouxing Flour Company in the Italian Concession of Tianjin, and its products sold well. It was not until 1919 that the "boycott of Japanese goods" rose, and the company stopped production because of the boycott of Japanese capital. In 1925, the company was reorganized and renamed Shoufeng Flour Company. Later, it gradually developed into a large-scale flour enterprise in North China, with three branches. Dafeng Flour Company was established in 1921 as the second factory, and Minfeng Flour Company was established as the third factory in 1923. Other famous flour enterprises include Fuxing Flour Company, which was established in 1919 to produce "Bat brand" flour, and Jiarui Flour Company, which was established in 1924 to produce "Muniu brand" flour. \xd\ Marine chemical industry \xd\ Main items: Tianjin Soda Plant, Jiuda Refined Salt Company and Huanghai Chemical Industry Research Institute \xd\ Salt industry has existed in Tianjin since ancient times and belongs to "long reed salt". However, the traditional salt production is rough and the quality is poor, so refined salt production has become an inevitable trend. In 1914, with the permission of Beiyang government and the support of Jing Taobai, a salt expert, Jiuda Refined Salt Company was established in Tanggu, which was strongly supported by many celebrities. The initiators and sponsors included Liang Qichao, Fan Yuanlian, Li Sihao, Wang Jiaxiang, Jing Xueyuan, Hu Juntai and Liu Kuiyi. \xd\ Fan Xudong purchased machines from Japan, land and factories. At first, salt was purchased as raw material, and then the salt field was set up as raw material. The refined salt was produced by recrystallization process, and the product trademark was Neptune with pentagonal shape. The production level of soda ash and sulfuric acid is one of the indicators to measure a country's industrial level in the 2th century. Another contribution of Fan Xudong is the establishment of Yongli Soda Factory. After the outbreak of the First World War, the quantity of alkali imported from China dropped sharply, so people in China could only eat "earth alkali", and many factories with soda ash as raw materials were forced to stop working. Fan Xudong and others decided to adopt the advanced Sulvi soda production technology in the world at that time to produce soda ash. In 1917, they set out to establish Wynn soda production company, completed the basic construction of soda plant in 1923, and produced white soda ash on June 29th, 1926, which was named "Red Triangle". The successful development of refined salt and soda ash has broken the monopoly of foreign enterprises and filled the blank of chemical industry in China. At the same time, the "Red Triangle Brand" soda ash made the chemical products produced in China exported overseas for the first time. As early as 1926, the soda ash produced by Yongli Soda Factory won the gold medal and certificate at the World Expo in Philadelphia, USA. In the certificate, Yongli Soda Factory was called "the symbol of developing the main chemical industry of the Republic of China". \xd\ tannery industry \ xd \xd\1898, after Wu Maoding founded Beiyang tannery in Tianjin, factories were set up all over the country. By 9 years of the Republic of China, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce had counted 3l new tanneries in China. In 1931, there were 11 new tanneries in Tianjin, of which Yujin was the largest, followed by Huabei and Hongji. Although Yujin Factory is a Sino-Japanese joint venture, the main power in the factory belongs to Japan.