Window grilles have a history of thousands of years, and gradually spread and shaped during the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
China folk paper-cut handicraft art has its own formation and development process. China's paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty BC, and the art of paper-cutting could not have appeared before that. However, at that time, people used thin material hollowing-out carving technology to make handicrafts, but it was popular long before paper appeared, that is, carving, carving and cutting patterns on gold foil, leather, silk and even leaves. According to Records of the Historian Jiantong Di Feng, in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, a king claimed the title of king, and cut a plane tree leaf into a "reed" and gave it to his younger brother, who was named Hou in the Tang Dynasty. During the Warring States period, leather carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from Chu Tomb No.1 in Jiangling, Hubei Province) and silver foil carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from the Warring States site in Guwei Village, Huixian County, Henan Province) were all demolished together with paper-cutting, and their appearance laid a certain foundation for the formation of folk paper-cutting. The earliest paper-cutting works in China were discovered in 1967, when China archaeologists discovered two paper-cuts with flowers of the Northern Dynasties in Astana near Gaochang site in Turpan Basin, Xinjiang. They use hemp paper, all of which are folded sacrificial paper-cuts. Their discovery provides physical evidence for the formation of Chinese paper-cutting.
The history of paper-cutting handicraft art, that is, paper-cutting in the true sense, should begin with the appearance of paper. The invention of paper in Han Dynasty promoted the appearance, development and popularization of paper-cutting. Paper is a moldy material. In the southeast of our country, the climate is humid, and the rainy days in May and June every year, paper products will rot over time. Folk paper-cutting is a popular thing. People don't keep it as a treasure, and they can cut it if it is broken. In the northwest of China, the weather is dry, the climate is dry, and the paper is not easy to get moldy, which may also be one of the important reasons for the discovery of paper-cutting in the Northern Dynasties in Turpan, Xinjiang.
Paper-cutting in Tang Dynasty-Paper-cutting in Tang Dynasty has been in a period of great development. There is a saying in Du Fu's poem that "warm water fills my feet, and paper-cutting calls my soul". The custom of paper-cutting calling my soul has spread among the people at that time. The paper-cut in the Tang Dynasty, which is now in the British Museum, shows that the paper-cut at that time had a high level of manual art and a complete picture composition, expressing an ideal realm between heaven and earth. Popular in the Tang Dynasty, the carved patterns of flowers and trees have the characteristics of paper-cutting. For example, the pattern of "Duiyang" in Masakura Hospital in Japan is a typical artistic expression of hand cutting. In the Tang dynasty, there was also block printing made of paper-cutting. People carved it into wax paper with thick paper, and then printed the dye on the cloth to form beautiful patterns.
In Song Dynasty, the paper industry was mature and there were many kinds of paper products, which provided conditions for the popularization of paper-cutting. For example, it can be used as "fireworks" for folk gifts, "window grilles" pasted on windows, or as decorations for lanterns and teacups. The application scope of folk paper-cutting in Song Dynasty gradually expanded. Jiangxi Jizhou Kiln uses paper-cut as the pattern of ceramics, and makes the ceramics more exquisite by glazing and firing. Folk also use paper-cutting to carve figures in shadow play with the skins of animals such as donkeys, cows, horses and sheep. The engraved version made by the blue printed cloth technology is carved into patterns with oil cardboard, and the scratched patterns are made by paper-cutting technology, which is divided into yin and yang engraving. Long lines should be cut off to distinguish facts from truth.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the paper-cut handicraft art matured and reached its peak. Folk paper-cut handicraft art has a wider range of applications, such as flower decorations on folk lanterns, decorative patterns on fans and embroidery patterns, all of which are reprocessed with paper-cut as decoration. What's more, Chinese people often use paper-cutting as decoration to beautify the home environment, such as door battlements, window grilles, cabinet flowers, wedding flowers and ceiling flowers, which are all used to decorate doors, windows and rooms. In addition to the paper-binding pattern craftsmen who appeared after the Southern Song Dynasty, the most basic team of folk paper-cutting handicrafts in China is rural women. Female red is an important symbol of the perfection of traditional women in China. As a compulsory skill of needlework, paper-cutting has become a skill that girls have to learn since childhood. They want to learn paper-cut patterns from their predecessors or sisters, cut out new patterns through cutting, re-cutting, painting and cutting, and describe the natural scenery they are familiar with and love, the scenery of fish, insects, birds, beasts, flowers, trees, pavilions and bridges, and finally reach the realm of their will.
China folk paper-cut handicraft art, like an ivy, is ancient and evergreen, and its unique popularity, practicality and aesthetics have become a symbolic meaning that meets people's psychological needs.
Paper-cut Art Each art has its own unique artistic style. Paper-cutting materials (paper) and tools (scissors and carving knives) determine that paper-cutting has its own artistic style. Paper-cut art is a kind of folk art that is easy to learn but difficult to master. Most of the authors come from rural women and folk artists. Because they take what they see and hear in real life as the theme, and observe things according to simple feelings and intuitive impressions, they have formed a special style of paper-cutting art, which embodies the unpretentious spirit of farmers.
The history, meaning and cutting method of window grilles are very simple. Window grilles are one of the paper-cut varieties, which are pasted on window paper or window glass. In order to set off the festive atmosphere, the styles of paper-cut window grilles pasted on the windows in rural areas before the Spring Festival are generally free, except for the "corner flowers" pasted on the four corners and the "group flowers" folded and cut, and there is no restriction on their outlines. Because they are suitable for ordinary panes, and attention should be paid to hollowing out and transparency. In order to enhance the artistic effect and create a strong atmosphere, many window grilles are often pasted on a window, either matching in content or echoing in form. The theme of window grilles is very wide, and there are a lot of drama stories. Window grilles are more common in the north. Window grilles are paper-cut pasted on window paper or window glass. Chinese New Year used to be posted in stick grilles, regardless of the north or the south. Now it is only posted in the south when you get married, and it is generally not posted during the Spring Festival. However, it is still popular on the stick grill in the north. Window grilles can not only set off the festive atmosphere, but also bring people beautiful enjoyment, integrating decoration, appreciation and practicality. Window grilles evolved from paper cutting. Paper-cutting is a very popular folk art, which has been loved by people for thousands of years, so people generally call it "window grilles". Paper-cutting is closely related to the festival of spring. Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote in his poem: "Carve gold to get refined customs, and cut green to make people start the Jin style." The "Jing customs" and "Jin style" in the poem point out this trend and clearly express the customs of Jin people. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the time for clipping window grilles to welcome the Spring Festival was changed from beginning of spring to Spring Festival. People use paper-cutting to express their happy mood of celebrating the arrival of spring. Window cut is the most widely distributed, the largest number and the most popular variety among folk paper-cuts. Other paper-cut varieties are developed and extended on the basis of window grilles. The rural areas in the north and the south all want stick grilles to decorate the environment and make up the atmosphere during the Spring Festival. It is also entrusted with the desire to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, and to accept blessings and blessings. Window grilles are the most representative carving art in terms of subject matter, expression and carving techniques. Modern window grilles have gradually formed an independent art category, but they are called "window grilles" because they originally originated from clip art in folk celebrations or folk activities and are mostly attached to the white paper of rural windows. For everyone, it is a beautiful title that can arouse a lot of sadness. On the first day of the first lunar month, commonly known as the Spring Festival, decorating the living room environment with stick grilles has become an important part of the Spring Festival celebrations in China. The cutting and carving of window grilles is a kind of monochrome cutting and carving, which is mostly used for cutting red paper and has a wide range of applications. The other is color-coded paper-cutting, which is used in large windows of courts and shops or windows of halls and facades. The third kind is embossed paper-cutting, which is popular in Gansu and Qinghai. It combines cutting and origami technology with unique style. Fourth, colored window grilles can be divided into dyeing and color matching. Dyed window grilles are the most famous in Fengning and Yuxian, Hebei Province. Carved first and then dyed, with bright colors and excellent light and shadow effects. Color matching window grilles are the most famous in Foshan, Guangdong. The main pattern is cut and carved with gold paper and tin foil paper, and the background color is gorgeous and elegant. In the northwest, the whole paper-cut is divided into four pieces, and there is a cross in the center of the window, which is also suitable for this area. In Hunan, window grilles have a fixed combination. Generally, double happiness flowers are inserted in the center, butterfly horns are inserted in the four corners, and a pair of wedding candles, flower baskets and plates are placed on both sides of the group flowers. In order not to affect indoor lighting, window grilles are mostly cut in the sun to obtain more hollow areas. The flowers outside the window, in addition to beautiful decorative factors, can also play a practical role in cold protection and ventilation. In order to pursue fresh, bright and lively interior decoration effect, the window grilles are carved with fine line cutting to achieve hollow and exquisite visual effect. Peacock peony painting is a typical window flower, with complete composition and dense and accurate modeling. Due to the limitation of window grilles, auspicious window grilles in the Year of the Sheep are divided into four pieces, forming a perfect picture. Dramatic figures, historical legends, flowers, birds, fish and insects, landscapes, real life and auspicious patterns can be described as ubiquitous, but most of them are flowers and animals, festive and auspicious patterns, and they are often "auspicious", "bumper harvest", "prosperous people and animals", "rare flowers and auspicious birds". The depiction carefully and accurately expresses people's psychology of praying for good luck. The theme of window grilles is also stories, characters, operas and customs, which are popular in the Yellow River basin and northern rural areas. Common ones are Three Kingdoms Opera, Water Margin Opera, Journey to the West, folk stories, characters and dramatic plots of local operas. Even the folk story "Marry a Mouse" has become the theme of window grilles, among which the number of window grilles is the largest. It not only beautifies the living environment, but also entrusts with the pursuit and yearning for the ideal of life. Blessing for wealth, future generations, long life and avoiding evil are the most commonly expressed themes of window grilles, which reflect ancient and rich cultural connotations. It can be seen from the window grilles circulating in the south of the Yangtze River that window grilles can better express the artistic language of paper-cutting than other paper-cutting styles. The scientific and technological characteristics of window grilles have surpassed the simple decorative function of folk activities, thus changing the development pattern of paper-cutting. The painted window grilles in Hebei draw lessons from folk paintings; The silk window grilles in Nantong organically combine paper and textiles. Paper-cutting of window grilles, as a folk activity of festivals, not only beautifies the living environment, but also becomes the object of people's aesthetic communication. Paper-cutting techniques show the story of the Three Kingdoms, empty city plan, and show a magnificent historical scene in a square inch of space. Besides Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi, there are two street sweepers at the city gate. In addition, there are city walls, horses and Woods. Window grilles are rich in content and wide in subject matter. Because the buyers of window grilles are mostly farmers, window grilles have quite a lot of contents to express farmers' lives, such as farming, spinning, fishing, grazing, feeding pigs and raising chickens. In addition, there are myths and legends, drama stories and other themes. In addition, images of flowers, birds, insects, fish and the Chinese zodiac are also common. Window grilles are summed up with their own characteristics.
The history of window grilles has a history of thousands of years. Window grilles gradually spread and formed in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
China folk paper-cut handicraft art has its own formation and development process. China's paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty BC, and the art of paper-cutting could not have appeared before that. However, at that time, people used thin material hollowing-out carving technology to make handicrafts, but it was popular long before paper appeared, that is, carving, carving and cutting patterns on gold foil, leather, silk and even leaves. According to Records of the Historian Jiantong Di Feng, in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, a king claimed the title of king, and cut a plane tree leaf into a "reed" and gave it to his younger brother, who was named Hou in the Tang Dynasty. During the Warring States period, leather carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from Chu Tomb No.1 in Jiangling, Hubei Province) and silver foil carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from the Warring States site in Guwei Village, Huixian County, Henan Province) were all demolished together with paper-cutting, and their appearance laid a certain foundation for the formation of folk paper-cutting. The earliest paper-cutting works in China were discovered in 1967, when China archaeologists discovered two paper-cuts with flowers of the Northern Dynasties in Astana near Gaochang site in Turpan Basin, Xinjiang. They use hemp paper, all of which are folded sacrificial paper-cuts. Their discovery provides physical evidence for the formation of Chinese paper-cutting.
The history of paper-cutting handicraft art, that is, paper-cutting in the true sense, should begin with the appearance of paper. The invention of paper in Han Dynasty promoted the appearance, development and popularization of paper-cutting. Paper is a moldy material. In the southeast of our country, the climate is humid, and the rainy days in May and June every year, paper products will rot over time. Folk paper-cutting is a popular thing. People don't keep it as a treasure, and they can cut it if it is broken. In the northwest of China, the weather is dry, the climate is dry, and the paper is not easy to get moldy, which may also be one of the important reasons for the discovery of paper-cutting in the Northern Dynasties in Turpan, Xinjiang.
Paper-cutting in Tang Dynasty-Paper-cutting in Tang Dynasty has been in a period of great development. There is a saying in Du Fu's poem that "warm water fills my feet, and paper-cutting calls my soul". The custom of paper-cutting calling my soul has spread among the people at that time. The paper-cut in the Tang Dynasty, which is now in the British Museum, shows that the paper-cut at that time had a high level of manual art and a complete picture composition, expressing an ideal realm between heaven and earth. Popular in the Tang Dynasty, the carved patterns of flowers and trees have the characteristics of paper-cutting. For example, the pattern of "Duiyang" in Masakura Hospital in Japan is a typical artistic expression of hand cutting. In the Tang dynasty, there was also block printing made of paper-cutting. People carved it into wax paper with thick paper, and then printed the dye on the cloth to form beautiful patterns.
In Song Dynasty, the paper industry was mature and there were many kinds of paper products, which provided conditions for the popularization of paper-cutting. For example, it can be used as "fireworks" for folk gifts, "window grilles" pasted on windows, or as decorations for lanterns and teacups. The application scope of folk paper-cutting in Song Dynasty gradually expanded. Jiangxi Jizhou Kiln uses paper-cut as the pattern of ceramics, and makes the ceramics more exquisite by glazing and firing. Folk also use paper-cutting to carve figures in shadow play with the skins of animals such as donkeys, cows, horses and sheep. The engraved version made by the blue printed cloth technology is carved into patterns with oil cardboard, and the scratched patterns are made by paper-cutting technology, which is divided into yin and yang engraving. Long lines should be cut off to distinguish facts from truth.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the paper-cut handicraft art matured and reached its peak. Folk paper-cut handicraft art has a wider range of applications, such as flower decorations on folk lanterns, decorative patterns on fans and embroidery patterns, all of which are reprocessed with paper-cut as decoration. What's more, Chinese people often use paper-cutting as decoration to beautify the home environment, such as door battlements, window grilles, cabinet flowers, wedding flowers and ceiling flowers, which are all used to decorate doors, windows and rooms. In addition to the paper-binding pattern craftsmen who appeared after the Southern Song Dynasty, the most basic team of folk paper-cutting handicrafts in China is rural women. Female red is an important symbol of the perfection of traditional women in China. As a compulsory skill of needlework, paper-cutting has become a skill that girls have to learn since childhood. They want to learn paper-cut patterns from their predecessors or sisters, cut out new patterns through cutting, re-cutting, painting and cutting, and describe the natural scenery they are familiar with and love, the scenery of fish, insects, birds, beasts, flowers, trees, pavilions and bridges, and finally reach the realm of their will.
China folk paper-cut handicraft art, like an ivy, is ancient and evergreen, and its unique popularity, practicality and aesthetics have become a symbolic meaning that meets people's psychological needs.
The history of window grilles Velcro tape has a long history in China. Zhou Mi in the Southern Song Dynasty said in the Miscellaneous Compilation of Zhiyatang: "The people who cut various colors in the streets of the old capital (then the capital of song dynasty, now Kaifeng) are extremely exquisite, and they cut their own specialties at will. Then suddenly a teenager can cut words and flowers on his sleeve. So I was famous for a long time, and there is no such thing anymore. " These famous paper-cut artists described in this paper can cut them out with sleeves, which is a stunt. When did paper-cutting originate? Zuo Hanzhong said in the book "China Folk Art Modeling": "Paper-cutting: using paper as material, cutting, engraving, dyeing and other methods, through the hollowing-out effect to produce the contrast between reality and reality, reflecting various images. Cultural relics unearthed in Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi and other places show that precious metal carvings have been attached to lacquerware in Han Dynasty, indicating that the carving technology was not limited to paper at first. Five groups of flowers, such as Ma Dui and Dui Monkey, unearthed from the former site of Gaochang in Xinjiang in the Northern Dynasty (AD 386-58 1 year) are the earliest paper-cut objects that can be seen at present. "
The History of Paper-cutting Folk paper-cutting is an ancient traditional folk art in China. It has a long history and unique style, and is deeply loved by people at home and abroad. The main material of paper-cutting is paper. Paper is one of China's four great inventions. It has always been recognized that papermaking was invented by Cai Lun around 105. Later, the paper of the Western Han Dynasty was unearthed in Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province. Experts believe that China had paper before Emperor Han Ping, probably during the period of Xuan Di (73 BC-49 BC). No matter what the final conclusion is, there will be no real paper-cutting before the invention of paper. However, other thin materials are used to cut and carve flowers. However, before the publication of the paper, let's take a look at the relevant historical records of cultural relics: during the excavation of Guwei Village in Huixian County, Henan Province during the Warring States Period (22 1 year BC)1950-1952, we found the arc-shaped ornaments carved with silver foil; ② the gold-plated ornaments unearthed in Huangni Town, Changsha, Hunan Province. These decorations are made of silver. But from the perspective of engraving technology and artistic style, it can be said that the predecessor of paper-cutting art has been formed. In the Northern Dynasty (AD 386-534), paper was cut into beautiful patterns. At present, the earliest and well-documented discovery is near the Flame Mountain in Turpan, Xinjiang. There are five kinds of paper-cut with flowers unearthed, namely, horse flowers in the southern and northern dynasties, monkey flowers in the southern and northern dynasties, honeysuckle flowers in the southern and northern dynasties, chrysanthemum flowers in the southern and northern dynasties, and eight-character flowers in the southern and northern dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907), paper-cutting was applied to other crafts: ① 1963- 1965 unearthed in Turpan, Xinjiang. The pattern is hollow. (3) From Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty, a kind of gold and silver inlay technology was developed, in which the carved gold and silver foil was stuck on the back of lacquerware or bronze mirror, filled with pigment and dried. The gold and silver mirror of the Tang Dynasty unearthed in Zhengzhou, Henan Province (diameter 36.2 cm) ④ The carved gold foil of Rensheng in the Tang Dynasty is now in the Zhengcang Hospital of Japan. ⑤ 195 1 Carved patterns of gold foil in Han Dynasty unearthed in Changsha, Hunan. There are many records about paper-cutting in Song Dynasty (960- 1279). Some are pasted on windows, some are decorated with lanterns, and some are cut into so-called "dragons and tigers". During the Southern Song Dynasty, there appeared artists who took this as their profession. Some were good at seal cutting "all kinds of calligraphy characters", and some specialized in seal cutting "all kinds of colors". At this time, shadow play was popular, and the materials for carving shadow play were not only animal skins, but also thick paper. Paper-cutting in Song Dynasty is an important creation of craft decoration. There are phoenix, plum blossom, loquat and auspicious words. Lively and lively. It was made by the author in the process of glaze, paper-cutting and firing in the kiln. Modern folk blue printed cloth is scraped into patterns with carved cardboard. This printing and dyeing process has been very common in the Song Dynasty. The calico of the Southern Song Dynasty unearthed in Shanxi is an example. In the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368- 1644), the yarn-clamping lamp was very famous. It is another application of paper-cutting in daily life. Now people call it "lantern". In the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1644-664) Kunning Palace in the Palace Museum in Beijing, the ceiling of the room and the walls of the aisles on both sides of the palace were set off with white paper. Paper-cutting is recorded in relevant historical records: in the poems left by Cui Daorong in the Tang Dynasty, there is a saying: "If you want to cut Yichun characters, people will cut spring. "Yichun Post" mentioned here is also known as "paper-cut works of art". Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said in his poem Manyue that the ribbon-cutting ceremony was also written about this. Duan's Miscellaneous Notes on Youyang said: "beginning of spring Day is the home of literati, and paper-cutting is a small pole, which is hung on a beauty's head or decorated under a flower and cut into butterflies in spring. Spring wins with drama. Zia's Miscellaneous Notes on Tang Poetry, which was carefully written by the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote: "Therefore, everyone has the title of heaven and all kinds of colors.
What is the historical significance of paper-cutting? Paper-cutting, also called paper engraving, is one of the ancient folk arts in China. It has a long history and is a treasure of China folk art, and its characteristics are mainly manifested in the concept of two-dimensional space, the sense of knife and paper, lines and decoration, freehand brushwork and implication, and many other aspects. Paper cutting has a long history. As early as the Han and Tang dynasties, folk women cut it into a winning style with gold and silver foil and colored silks, and flowers and birds were attached to the temples as decorations. Du Fu's poem "Warm water tickles feet, paper-cutting appeals to my soul" shows that paper-cutting has been in a period of great development in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the paper industry gradually matured and there were many kinds of paper products, which provided conditions for the popularization of paper-cutting. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the book Miscellaneous Notes on Zhi Ya's Tang Poems once recorded: "In the old capital, people cut various colors and patterns, which are extremely exquisite. And those who are more ambitious in the Central Plains will be professional every time they cut their calligraphy. Later, some teenagers have been able to cut words and flowers on their sleeves very accurately. " Among them, "cutting various colors" is paper-cutting. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the paper-cut handicraft art gradually matured and reached its peak. Flower decorations on folk lanterns, decorative patterns on fans and embroidery patterns are all paper-cut. Those happy flowers posted at the wedding of the Emperor Kunning Palace in the Forbidden City are paper-cuts. Paper-cut has many contents and certain meanings, such as dolls, gourds, lotus flowers and other patterns that symbolize many children and many blessings. As a folk art, paper-cutting is spread all over the country. In addition to Beijing paper-cutting, there are Hebei paper-cutting and Shaanxi paper-cutting, each with its own characteristics. Beijing folk paper-cut is unpretentious, with lions and phoenix birds. Hebei paper-cut is beautiful and gorgeous, and Shaanxi window grilles are simple and bold.