ibm
International Business Machines Corporation, or International Business Machines Corporation, referred to as IBM (International Business Machines Corporation), company website: ibm.
The company is headquartered in Armonk, New York. Founded in the United States in 1911, it is the world's largest information technology and business solutions company. It currently has more than 300,000 employees worldwide and operates in more than 160 countries. countries and regions.
In 2006, IBM's global operating revenue reached US$91.4 billion.
When the company was founded, its main business was commercial typewriters, and later converted to word processors, and then to computers and related services.
Over the past ninety years, the world economy has continued to develop and modern science has changed with each passing day. IBM has always led the development of the global information industry with advanced technology, excellent management and unique products, ensuring that the world Almost all industry users within the scope have comprehensive needs for information processing.
As we all know, as early as 1969, the Apollo spacecraft carried three astronauts, shouldering the mission of mankind, and landed on the moon for the first time; in 1981, the Columbia space shuttle successfully flew into space. .
These two historic space flights embody IBM’s unparalleled wisdom.
IBM was founded by Thomas Watson Sr., and the company later ushered in the computer age under the leadership of his son Thomas Watson Jr.
IBM's current CEO is Samuel Palmisano, transliterated as Samuel Palmisano, and his Chinese name is Peng Mingsheng.
IBM China, that is, the current chairman of IBM (International Business Machines Co., Ltd.) Greater China is Henry Chow. In early 2007, Qian Daqun served as CEO.
IBM is a long-term leader in the computer industry, with its most notable achievements in mainframe/minicomputers and portable computers (ThinkPad).
The personal computer (PC) standard he created is still used and developed today.
In addition, IBM also leads the industry in mainframes, supercomputers (mainly represented by dark blue and blue genes), UNIX, and servers.
In terms of software, IBM Software Group integrates five major software brands, including Lotus, WebSphere, DB2, Rational, and Tivoli. They are leaders or strong competitors in the software industry in their respective aspects. .
It was only after 1999 that Microsoft's overall size surpassed that of the IBM Software Department.
As of now, the IBM Software Department is also the second largest software entity in the world.
IBM also has great achievements in the fields of materials, chemistry, physics and other sciences.
Hard disk technology was invented by IBM, and scanning tunneling microscope (STM), copper wiring technology, and atomic etching technology were also invented by IBM Research Institute.
IBM still maintains its position as the owner of the most patents in the world.
Since 1993, IBM has topped the list of patent registrations in the United States for thirteen consecutive years.
By 2002, IBM's R&D personnel had been awarded a total of 22,358 patents. This record was unprecedented and far exceeded the total number of patents obtained by the top 11 American companies in the IT industry. These 11 Strong IT players include: HP, Intel, Sun, Microsoft, Dell, etc. IBM filed 2,941 patent applications in 2005. Although it was less than the 3,248 patent applications in 2004, it still left the second place far behind. Large distances.
In 2003, IBM's total revenue was US$89.1 billion and it had 230,000 employees worldwide.
In 2004, IBM's total revenue was US$96.5 billion and it had 310,000 employees worldwide.
In 2005, IBM's total revenue was $91.1 billion (after the sale of the PC division to Lenovo).
2006 Full Year Operating Results
- - Total revenue was US$91.4 billion, excluding the divested PC business, an increase of 4;
-- Income from continuing operations was US$9.4 billion, an increase of 18 year-on-year, excluding extraordinary items in 2005, an increase of 9;
-- Diluted earnings per share from continuing operating activities was $6.06, a year-on-year increase of 23%, excluding the increase of 14% from non-recurring items in 2005;
-- Net cash from operating activities was 15.3 billion US dollars, excluding the receivables of the Global Financing Division, which increased by 2.2 billion US dollars
IBM China includes:
IBM China Development Center and IBM China Software Development Center CSDL: //ibm //cdl/
IBM China Research Center (formerly IBM China Research Center) CRL: //ibm//ibm/crl
IBM China website: //ibm/
In 2004, we cooperated with Hong Kong Cultural Communications Group to promote Chinese CPU cash registers
IBM software part is divided into five parts
DB2, Webshpere, Tivoli, Rational, Lotus
Company news:
In December 2004, IBM sold its global personal computer and laptop business to Lenovo.
Lenovo owns the ThinkPad and ThinkCenter trademarks and can use the IBM brand within 5 years.
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IBM is also a company highly respected by the world.
One of the reasons why we are respected is that we have been able to lead industrial revolutions many times over the course of nearly a hundred years, especially in the IT industry, where we have set many standards and worked hard to help customers succeed.
In addition, the company has always been among the top 500 companies in the world.
The most important thing is that the reason why it is respected is that IBM has always adhered to the "Watson Philosophy" in its nearly one hundred years of history:
Founded IBM in 1914 When the company was founded, Thomas Watson Sr. formulated the "Code of Conduct" for the company. These principles have always been kept in the minds of everyone in the company. Every action and policy is directly affected by these three principles. The "Watson Philosophy" has great influence on the company. The contribution to our success is greater than technological innovation, marketing skills, or huge financial resources.
Mainly include:
l. Individuals must be respected.
2. We must provide customers with the best service possible.
3. We must pursue excellent work performance.
", the content in quotation marks is exactly the expression of "Watson Philosophy" on customer attitude.
History
Early Years
IBM's history dates back to the decades before the development of electronic computers, and before the development of electronic computers, it invented punched card data processing equipment on June 15, 1911 in Binghamton West. A few miles away, Endicott, New York, was registered as CTR Corporation.
Three separate companies merged to form CTR Corporation: the Tabulating Machine Company (founded in Washington, 1896), and the Calculating Table Company (1901). Founded in Dayton, Ohio in 1900) and International Era Records (founded in Endicott, New York in 1900)
The president and founder of the list machine company at that time was Herman Hollerith.
The key figure behind the merger was financier Charles Flint, who brought together the founders of the three companies to propose the merger and served at CRT until his retirement in 1930.
Thomas. J. Watson was the founder of IBM. He served as general manager of CTR in 1914 and president in 1915. In 1917, CTR entered the Canadian market as International Business Machines Co., Ltd., and changed its name on February 14, 1924. for International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
The companies merged into CTR to manufacture a variety of products, including employee timekeeping systems, scales, automatic meat slicers, and, most importantly, developed computers, punched card equipment. Paragraph At that time, CTR concentrated on punch cards and no longer participated in other activities.
World War II, the Era of the Holocaust
In 2001, writer Edwin Black published "IBM and the Big Apple" "Slaughter" (ISBN0609808990), this book claims to explain how IBM's New York headquarters and CEO Thomas J. Watson provided punch card machines to the Third Reich through overseas subsidiaries, and they knew that the machines could help the Nazis implement the "Final Solution" .
The book says that with the cooperation of New York, IBM's Geneva office and Dehomag, its German subsidiary, actively participated in supporting Nazi atrocities.
Black also said that the machines allowed the Nazis to work more efficiently. A 2003 documentary on the company also explored this issue.
IBM has since dismissed these accusations and based their The lawsuit was also dismissed.
During World War II, IBM produced the M1 carbine and Browning automatic rifle.
The Allied forces widely used IBM equipment for military computing, logistics and other military needs.
IBM punched card machines were widely used at Los Alamos for calculations during the Manhattan Project's development of the atomic warhead; this was documented by Richard Feynman in his best-selling book, "You're Kidding Me, Mr. Feynman!" 》Specially discussed.
IBM also built the Harvard Mark I for the Navy during the war, which was the first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States.
Air Force and Aeronautical Engineering
In the 1950s, IBM became the prime contractor for the development of computers for the U.S. Air Force's automated defense systems.
In setting out to recreate the anti-aircraft gun system, IBM was exposed to key research conducted at MIT; work on the first generation of real-time, digital computers (which included many other advances such as a comprehensive video demonstration, Magnetic core experience inheritance, lightweight guns, the first effective algebraic computer language, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion technology, digital data transmission telephone lines, duplexing, multi-processors, networking). IBM built the price per unit Ten thousand of 56 smart computers were built, with more than 7,000 employees (accounting for 20% of the total employees) invested in the project at its peak. However, in the long run, what is more important than profits is the military investment in research using cutting-edge electronic computers.
IBM neglected to fight for more dominance in emerging industries, leaving the Rand Corporation to take over the design of the new computer because, according to one project participant (Robert PCrago): "We can't imagine that work in this area will disappear in the future. And where can we attract 2,000 programmers to work in this area at IBM?"
IBM will use its vast design experience to integrate real-time network design with the launch of the Smart Airlines reservation system and achieve great success.
Success from the 1960s to the 1980s
In the 1960s, IBM was one of the eight largest computer companies (Univac, Urban Life, Scientific Data Systems, Control Data Corporation, General Electric Company, and American Radio The largest of the companies, Honeywell. People talking about it say "IBM and Seven Stars" because the other companies or their computer divisions are smaller. Only Metropolis, UNIVAC, NCR, Honeywell produce mainframes, Then someone said "IBM and B.U.N.C.H." Most of IBM's competitors are now long gone, except for Unisys, due to numerous mergers including Univac and Urban Life. NCR and Honeywell gave up their general mainframe and small divisions. and focusing on profitable product markets, NCR made cash registers (hence the name National Cash Register), and Honeywell became the market leader in thermostats. General Electric remained the largest company in the world, but in the computer market No longer in operation. At that time the IBM line of computers gained a position in the market that is still growing today. Originally called the IBM System/360, the more modern 64-bit form is now known as the resident IBM system (commonly known as the "IBM mainframe"). ").
IBM's success in the mid-1960s led the U.S. Department of Justice to investigate IBM for antitrust violations, and on January 17, 1969, the case was filed against IBM in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York.
The lawsuit claimed that IBM violated Section 2 of the Sherman Act by monopolizing or attempting to monopolize the market for general-purpose digital electronic computer systems, particularly computers of commercial design. The lawsuit continued into 1983, challenging the company's practices A significant impact.
Modern History
On January 19, 1993, IBM announced a loss of US$4.97 billion for the 1992 fiscal year, which was the largest annual loss for a company in the history of the United States at that time.
Because of this loss, IBM has undergone significant changes in its business activities, and its focus will shift from hardware to software and services.
In 2002, IBM acquired Pricewaterhouse, a professional consulting services company. Coopers has strengthened its consulting capabilities. The company is increasingly focusing on promoting enterprise solutions in consulting, services and software, with an emphasis on hardware and high-value chip technology; as of 2005, it employs approximately 195 professional and technical personnel. Total *** There are approximately 350 distinguished engineers and 60 IBM researchers, with a large number of senior engineers. In 2002, IBM announced the start of a $0 billion research plan and implemented the necessary technical infrastructure to provide the super resources "required" for use by all enterprises. of effective scale. The plan has been in the works since then.
IBM has continued to grow its patent portfolio in recent years, which is a valuable cross-license with other companies. From 1993 to 2005, IBM has obtained The United States has significantly more patents than other companies. During these 13 years, there have been more than 31,000 patents, and IBM is the first.
Protecting the company's intellectual property has gradually become a corporate undertaking. Here During this period, the company generated a bottom line of $0.0 billion.
. In 2003, Fortune magazine quoted IBM's research director Paul as saying that IBM had brought in $1 billion in profits through intellectual property licenses.
In 2004, IBM announced its proposal to sell its personal computer business to the Chinese computer manufacturer Lenovo Group, which is partly controlled by the Chinese Communist Party, and the transaction was completed for US$650 million in cash and US$600 million in Lenovo stock. The Exchange Commission approved the foreign investment in March 2005, which was completed in May 2005. IBM has a 19-year stake in Lenovo, which will be headquartered in New York State and IBM appoints a chief executive. The company will retain certain rights to use the IBM brand, Initially for five years.
Due to the purchase and inheritance of Lenovo's product line, including Thinkpad laptops, laptops have become IBM's most successful products.
Recently, IBM has considered it from the perspective of hardware science and technology. Most of the energy is focused on providing consulting and acquisition of corporate restructuring services. The new IBM is enhancing global distribution capabilities in the process of consulting, software and technology services, and this change reflects very strongly.
IBM is currently involved in Developing Cell Engineering (together with Sony), designing next-generation processor architecture for multimedia, and high-tech games.
On June 20, 2006, Georgia and IBM jointly announced a new technology Recording silicon-based chip speeds up to 500ghz.
This is done by freezing the chip to F-451°C (-268.0C), which is not comparable to CPU speeds.
Chip 350ghz operates at approximately room temperature.
IBM is a long-term leader in the computer industry, with its most notable achievements in mainframe/minicomputers and portable computers (ThinkPad).
The personal computer (PC) standard he created is still used and developed today.
On December 8, 2004, its PC division was sold to Lenovo for US$1.75 billion and it held shares in Lenovo.
IBM also has great achievements in the fields of materials, chemistry, physics and other sciences.
Hard disk technology was invented by IBM, and scanning tunneling microscope (STM), copper wiring technology, and atomic etching technology were also invented by IBM Research Institute.
In 2003, IBM's revenue was US$89.1 billion and it had 230,000 full-time employees.
IBM China includes: IBM China Software Development Center CSDL, China Research Center CRL
In 2004, it cooperated with Hong Kong Cultural Communications Group to promote Chinese CPU cash registers.
On December 8 of the same year, Lenovo Group, which accounts for nearly one-third of China's personal computer market, announced that it would acquire IBM's global desktop and notebook computer production and sales business for US$1.25 billion in cash and stock.
In 2005, the desktop and notebook computer business was sold to the Chinese IT company Lenovo Group. Lenovo will continue to support the IBM brand within five years.
The ThinkPad and ThinkCentre brands are owned by Lenovo Group.
IBM in China
IBM has a long-standing business relationship with China.
As early as 1934, IBM installed the first commercial processor for Peking Union Medical College Hospital.
In 1979, after breaking off contact for nearly 30 years, IBM came to China again along with China's reform and opening up.
In the same year, the first IBM medium-sized computer after the founding of the People's Republic of China was installed in Shenyang Blower Factory.
As China's reform and opening up continues to deepen, IBM's business in China is expanding day by day.
In the mid-to-late 1980s, IBM successively set up offices in Beijing and Shanghai.
In 1992, IBM officially announced the establishment of International Business Machines China Co., Ltd. in Beijing, which is IBM's wholly-owned enterprise in China.
This move makes IBM take a substantial step in implementing its strategy in China and opens a new chapter for its business in China.
Subsequently in 1993, IBM China Co., Ltd. established branches in Guangzhou and Shanghai.
So far, IBM's offices in China have further expanded to Harbin, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Chengdu, Xi'an, Wuhan, Fuzhou, Chongqing, Changsha, Kunming, Urumqi, Jinan, Tianjin, Zhengzhou, Hefei, Nanchang, Nanning, Ningbo, Shijiazhuang and other 24 cities, thus further expanding business coverage in China.
Along with IBM's development in China, IBM China's employee team continues to grow, currently exceeding 8,500 people.
In addition, IBM has also established 9 joint ventures and wholly-owned companies, responsible for manufacturing, software development, services and leasing businesses.
IBM attaches great importance to investment in technology research and development.
In 1995, IBM established the China Research Center in China, which is one of IBM's eight global research centers and currently has more than 200 Chinese computer experts.
Then in 1999, it took the lead in establishing a software development center in China. There are now more than 2,000 Chinese software engineers specializing in product development in areas such as integrated middleware, databases, and Linux.
For more than 20 years, IBM's various information systems have become the most reliable information in many important business fields such as China's finance, telecommunications, metallurgy, petrochemicals, transportation, commodity circulation, finance and education. technical means.
IBM's customers span all fronts of the Chinese economy.
At the same time, IBM occupies leading market shares in many important areas, including: servers, storage, services, software, etc.
Taking from the society, giving back to the society, and benefiting mankind are the principles that IBM has always pursued.
IBM actively supports education in China and has outstanding performance in community activities.
The beginning of IBM's cooperative relationship with Chinese universities can be traced back to 1984, when IBM donated a series of computer equipment hardware and software to Chinese universities.
In March 1995, marked by the signing of a memorandum of understanding on cooperation between IBM and China's State Education Commission (now the Ministry of Education), the "IBM China University Cooperation Project" was officially launched. The basic purpose of this long-term comprehensive cooperative relationship is Committed to strengthening the discipline construction and talent cultivation of Chinese universities in the field of information science and technology.
Over the past 12 years, IBM China University Cooperation Projects have continued to develop towards higher levels, deeper levels and wider fields, and have actively promoted the discipline construction and talent cultivation of information technology-related majors in Chinese universities. effect.
Since 1995, IBM has donated computer equipment, software and services worth more than 1.5 billion yuan to Chinese universities.
In terms of university cooperation projects, it has currently established cooperative relationships with more than 50 well-known universities in China.
570,000 students have participated in IBM technology-related courses and training, 58,000 students have obtained IBM global professional technology certifications, and more than 4,000 teachers have participated in different forms of teacher training organized by IBM.
In addition to cooperating with the Chinese education sector in the field of higher education, IBM has also actively expanded the scope of cooperation to the field of basic education.
Since the IBM KidSmart "Little Explorer" children's early intellectual development project was introduced to China in 2001, IBM has carried out this project in China for six consecutive years.
At present, IBM has cooperated with nearly 430 early childhood education institutions in 68 cities in various provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions across the country, and donated 2,350 sets of KidSmart children's computer learning centers.
Since 2003, IBM has further cooperated with the Ministry of Education to carry out the Reinventing Education "Basic Education Innovation Teaching Project" in 20 primary schools in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu, adopting more and more valuable methods. The support method introduces mature foreign experience and resources into China, and fully integrates China's current situation and needs to better help schools improve teaching effects with the help of IT means.
Through the above two projects, more than 10,000 key teachers in the field of basic education have received free training from IBM, and 100,000 children have benefited.
In 2003, the IBM TryScience Around the World youth science popularization project was officially launched in China.
Through this project, IBM donated computer terminals to science and technology museums in China. The terminals were connected to off-site servers through high-speed networks and presented rich content on the servers to visitors to the science and technology museums.
The content of "Looking at Science" covers many aspects such as ecological archeology, space exploration, extreme sports, marine life, etc., opening a new door for young people to gain access to popular science knowledge and understand scientific concepts.
Currently, IBM has donated 40 sets of IBM TryScience Kiosk multimedia terminals to science and technology museums in 11 cities.
The media has given IBM great recognition for its outstanding performance and outstanding contributions in China.
IBM has been rated as "China's Most Respected Enterprise", "China's Most Respected Foreign-Invested Enterprise", "China's Most Valuable Brand", "China's Best Employer", etc.
In 2004, IBM China was selected as "China's Most Admired Company" by the Chinese version of Fortune magazine and topped the list.
In 2005 and 2006, IBM was awarded the honorary title of "China's Outstanding Corporate Citizen" by the Corporate Citizenship Committee of the China Association of Social Work for two consecutive years.
When Mr. Gerstner, the former CEO of IBM, talked about IBM China, he once said affectionately: "IBM is committed to China and will build a world-leading information technology company for China.
It is located in China, serves the Chinese people, and will one day serve the whole world.
IBM China will definitely become the 'IBM company of China' and become a part of the Chinese economy. .
"Looking back on IBM's growth history in China, from the initial strategic trial stage, to the mid-term strategic investment stage, to the comprehensive integration stage, IBM has always had a deep commitment to China.
After giving innovation a new definition in 2004, in 2006, IBM further extended the connotation of innovation to six levels, namely "product innovation", "service innovation", "business process innovation", " Business model innovation," "Management and cultural innovation," and "Policy and social innovation."
In the same year, IBM also introduced the concept of "service innovation" into China, and successively signed contracts with the Ministry of Commerce to support the "Thousands and Hundreds Project" to promote the development of China's modern service industry and the upgrading of the export-oriented industrial structure; and the Ministry of Education Signed a memorandum of understanding on the "Modern Service Science Direction" research cooperation project to introduce service science courses into Chinese higher education institutions; cooperated with the Ministry of Health to promote the construction of China's most shared platform for medical information services and improve the quality of regional medical services.
In order to better cooperate with the implementation of service strategy, IBM has successively moved its global procurement headquarters to Shenzhen, China, launched a US$180 million "China Investment Fund" with Lehman Brothers, and brought global One of the two SOA solution centers is located in Beijing.
IBM hopes that through these initiatives, it will bring IBM's leading skills in global information technology services to China, help Chinese enterprises and governments achieve innovation, and thus more effectively support China's growing role in the service industry. growing development needs.
In 2007, IBM China will adhere to the core values ??of "customer success, innovation first, integrity and responsibility", and strive to become an innovative partner for Chinese customers under the global vision and layout, and contribute to China's construction "Innovative countries" do their part.