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Due to the extremely high cultural value of wine, Du Mu's "Qingming" poem has triggered many debates about the time and place of the poem's creation, especially the exact location of "Xinghua Village". This article is based on the basic theory of historical geography, and based on the clues provided by Du Mu's poems about Xihe and several other lyric poems in Du Mu's poems, as well as the climate characteristics of the Taiyuan Basin in the late Tang Dynasty, it is inferred that the poem "Qingming" was written around the time of the poet Between 23-26 years old. The creation location was on the author's grand trip to Bingzhou (that is, Taiyuan) Fen (Fenzhou), that is, in the Xinghua Village area of ??Fenyang in the Taiyuan Basin of Shanxi Province. It is a work of the same period as "Bingzhou Road Middle".

Du Mu (803～852), courtesy name Muzhi, was born in Wannian County, Jingzhao (now Chang'an County, Shaanxi Province). He is a unique and outstanding poet in the poetry world of the late Tang Dynasty in my country. Du Mu had quick thinking and free and easy writing style. In his early years, he was proud of his ability to manage the country and help the world. Du Mu loved to travel throughout his life, reciting poems and composing poems, and left many popular poems for future generations. Among them, the poem "Qingming" has a great influence:

During the Qingming Festival, it rains heavily, and passersby on the road want to die.

Where is the restaurant? The shepherd boy points to Xinghua Village in the distance.

The Qingming poem is both elegant and popular, and it also reflects the natural and humanistic features of the Qingming season in Xinghua Village in the Tang Dynasty. As we all know, the poem also has extremely high wine cultural value. However, there is a lot of controversy as to where the "Xinghua Village" in the poem refers to. Several Xinghua Villages have appeared across the country, and the so-called "Diwang" competition has begun around the end of the Ming Dynasty. The "Beifen" theory, the "Nanchi" theory, the "Jiangsu Nanjing theory" and the "Hubei Macheng theory" appeared one after another. So some people have to moderately think that "Xinghua Village" is a general reference, and it is impossible to find out where it refers. Since liberation, some scholars have considered the modern climate and the fact that Du Mu once served as an official in Chizhou, and more people approve of "Xinghua Village" in Chizhou. The magazine "China Local Chronicles" published in May 2003 published more than 13,000 comments by Mr. Lang Yongqing. The long article "Analysis of the Controversy over the Location of "Xinghua Village"" affirmed the Chizhou theory based on the local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty and the modern climate. It seems that the affirmation of Chizhou has become a conclusion. CCTV 2 also reported it in the form of a happy moment. However, the people who approve of Chizhou and Mr. Lang's research have ignored such an important fact, that is: equating the current climate with the ancient climate of the Tang Dynasty, inferring the historical facts of the Tang Dynasty from the records of the Qing Dynasty, and using Du Mu's Chizhou 2 Nian's affirmation of Du Mu's life is actually unconvincing. The era when Du Mu lived was 1200-1150 years ago. According to historical and geographical research, the climate characteristics of the Taiyuan Basin at that time were different from those now. It's not like Du Mu has never been to Shanxi. Reading "Collected Works of Fan Chuan" you will find that Du Mu visited Fen (Fenzhou) in Bing (now Taiyuan) when he was young. The poem "Qingming" should have been composed by Du Mu when he visited Bing Fen.

1. Du Mu’s trip to Fenyang - a grand trip to Fenyang when he was young.

The Li Tang Dynasty flourished in Shanxi. It raised troops from Jinyang (Bingzhou) to capture Xihe (Fenzhou), and designated Jinyang as Beijing. Touring the old Bingfen Road in the Tang Dynasty was almost a compulsory course for literati. Li Bai , Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Li Shangyin and many other celebrities have traveled to Bingfen and written poems. Poems about traveling to Bingfen can be seen everywhere in Tang poetry. As Bai Juyi said, "The old road to Bingfen is full of glory."

In his early years, Du Mu was proud of his ability to manage the country and help the world. He was impassioned and liked to talk about military affairs. The dynasty was upright and upright, and he dared to discuss major issues and point out the shortcomings of the current situation. Politically, he is a knowledgeable and courageous progressive person. He wrote the famous work "Ode to Afang Palace" at the age of 23, and passed the Jinshi examination at the age of 26. During this period, he was trustworthy when he traveled to Bingfen, as evidenced by his poem "Bingzhou Daozhong". Some people think that the poem "Bingzhou Daozhong" comes from a separate collection, and may be mixed with other people's works.

In fact, there are other poems that prove that he traveled to Bingfen, such as "Guotian Family House" "Outside the south gate of Anyi, whose house has a high wooden board. In the Fengcheng Garden, basil can be seen on the gaps in the wall." The Anyi here is exactly where Tang Dynasty went to Taiyuan in the north. must pass through. The route northward in the Tang Dynasty was Puzhou (now Yongji) - Jinzhou (now Linfen) - Fenzhou (now Fenyang) - Bingzhou (now Jinyuan area), and Anyi (now north of Yuncheng) was between Puzhou and Jin .

2 Research on the exact location of "Xinghua Village" in Du Mu's poem "Qingming"

The purpose of Du Mu's trip to Bingfen is not only to visit the old roads of Li and Tang Dynasties, but also to visit the old fiefdoms of Fenyang King The inspection is also relevant. Before he became an official, Du Mu liked to talk about the art of war, and he admired Guo Ziyi who pacified the Anshi Rebellion. This can be confirmed from his poems. In his later years, Du Mu went to the south to become an official, but he never forgot King Fenyang in his heart. The first quatrain entitled "Yunmengze" reads:

The sun flag and dragon flag are flying, and the King of Chu is tied up with a single stroke of skill.

He has always been a detached guest from the Five Lakes, not as always as Guo Fenyang.

In Du Mu's heart, Guo Ziyi was greater than Fan Li, who helped the King of Yue achieve hegemony. The above poem echoes Du Mu's early rhymed poem "Four Rhymes in a Long Sentence" about the Xihe River in Fenzhou:

Nine gold divine cauldrons are piled high on hills and mountains, and five jade princes are wearing rings.

The constellations are hunted by wolves all night long, and the flutes are played in the garrison.

The Purple Qi Dragon is buried in the prison, and the Honglu Emperor in the sky casts his face.

If you miss the old friend in Xihe, the fish father promises to leave the letter.

There is a small preface before the poem: "Tao Yi Cun's bachelor Tingmei's bachelor's slips came to Xiaohan in Shengming, and he and his younger brother went back and forth in the past to live in poverty and poverty. They stole books, beautiful songs and poems from the same command. The four rhymes of the poem "The Story of Growth" are as follows: "Three Gentlemen." From this short preface, "Mu Zhi was poor and haggard, and he wrote beautiful songs and poems, and also talked about his ambitions." It can be determined that this poem was written by Du Mu when he was young. Or recall the works of your youth. The "Xihe" in the poem is the ancient name of Fenyang in the Tang Dynasty. In the poem, "The purple dragon is buried in the prison between the battles," and "The garrison plays the flute and the tiger's teeth are idle." are descriptions of the ancient city of Xihe. Xihe is now Fenyang City. Where are the "old friends of Xihe"? When it comes to power, "nine golden tripods are heavy on hills and mountains", when it comes to wealth, "five jade princes wear rings.", when it comes to fame, "the constellations are dark all night," (meaning that the constellations of Xihe illuminate the sky, and the famous wolf hunting constellations are all (become eclipsed), in terms of talents and achievements, "Heaven's Hong Furnace Emperor molded his face." (It means that it has been tested for a long time, as if it was refined in the fire of Taishang Laojun, a blessing from heaven.) Such a great old friend of Xihe Besides the Fenyang Wang family, who else could it be? So much so that our poet couldn't sit still and asked "Father Yu promised to leave Hanguan." He vowed to write and join the army! This poem is an expression of Du Mu's lofty ambitions when he was young.

There are many poets who traveled to the Xihe River. In Tang poetry, there is an image of "the Xihe River is like a dragon". It doesn't matter who the "old friends in Xihe" refer to in the poem. What's important is that this sentence not only shows that Du Mu passed through Fenyang City and Xinghua Village during his tour to Bingzhou, but also stayed for a while, so that he made new friends in Xihe.

Another evidence that the "Qingming" poem was written in Fenyang, Shanxi Province is another poem "Fable" written by Du Mu when he was an official in the south in his later years:

The warm wind is late At the beginning of the day, Gu Ying felt ashamed when he looked at himself.

Why is it that the Ming Dynasty is lonely and melancholy? The apricot blossom season is in the south of the Yangtze River.

The general meaning of the poem is: On a sunny spring morning, facing the beautiful spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, the poet sitting in the government apartment was in a bad mood. If something was missing, why? Because it will be the season when apricot flowers bloom in the north again, but I am in the south of the Yangtze River. "Fable" confirms that the "Qingming" poem was indeed composed in the north.

The poem "Qingming" is Du Mu's famous work. It is an expression of concern for the country and the people when he was in trouble when he was young. The excitement when "the shepherd boy pointed at Xinghua Village" will be something I will miss for the rest of my life.

However, the poetry collections of the Tang Dynasty were not included. We know that after Du Mu became an official, he wrote poems and sent them to his nephew. The "Fan Chuan Collection" was compiled by his nephew. If it was written when he was in Chizhou, the "Fan Chuan Collection" should be included. , it can be seen that "Qingming" should be his early work.

2. "March Rains in Fenchuan" in the Tang Dynasty - Climate Changes in Historical Periods

Although there are frequent rainfalls during the Qingming Festival in Shanxi, some people still think uneasily: Shanxi Spring should be "windy and sandy", but "rains fall heavily during the Qingming Festival". Could it be Shanxi? Yes, the spring in Shanxi in the Tang Dynasty was exactly the period of "rainfall during the Qingming Festival". Let's give a few examples of Tang poems describing the spring in Shanxi and the north. Yu Xuanji, a famous talented woman in the Tang Dynasty, said in her poem "Send to Liu Shangshu": " It rains in Fenchuan in March, and flowers bloom in Jinshui. "Dugu Liang of the Tang Dynasty said in "Qingming Banquet": "The drizzle is heavy and the spring breeze is late, and the wine is brewing late." Yang Shi'er of the Tang Dynasty said in a poem when he was enjoying apricots and snow. "The Sutra of Falling Flowers has passed, and the drizzle brings clarity." When describing the scenery of Chang'an, Wei Yingwu wrote in a poem: "The spring rain is drizzle, and the palace trees and wild smoke are harmonious." Chang'an is also in the north.

3 A study on the exact location of "Xinghua Village" in Du Mu's "Qingming" poem

In the Tang Dynasty, Shanxi not only had abundant spring rains, but also full of spring water. For example, Yao Heyou of the Tang Dynasty wrote: "Dai Ma Longxiang" Miscellaneous, the Fenhe River is secretly connected to the sea. "The rain in Jinye has just begun, and the waves of the Fenhe River are also clear." Still water runs deep, it was not what it is today. Let’s call this kind of climate during the Qingming Festival in the north during the Tang Dynasty “Flower Rain”. “Flower Rain” is different from today’s “spring rain” and “plum rain” in the Yangtze River Basin. Today’s plum rain occurs around June, the same as Qingming Festival. Far from it.

Why did the "Flower Rain" of the Tang Dynasty disappear today? Zhu Kezhen, the founder of my country's meteorology, and many geographers have discovered through extensive research that the climate in China's historical period has gone through four cold periods and three warm periods. During the warm periods, precipitation in the north increased. The Sui and Tang Dynasties (589-907) happened to be the third warm period (7th to 9th centuries). According to historical records, there was no ice and snow in Chang'an at that time, and both plums and oranges could grow in the Guanzhong area. Zhu Kezhen also found that the precipitation index anomaly in my country in the 9th century was 0.08, which was a large value. I think that when the rain belt moves northward to the Fenwei River Basin during the warm period, "flower rain" will appear.

Changes in the Fen River flow can also prove climate changes. Historical documents record that during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, in order to supply the capital Chang'an with grain, attention had to be paid to grain transportation, and the Fen River Basin was the supply area. In the Sui Dynasty, the rice collection and transportation system was set up in Puzhou (near today's Yongji), specializing in the transportation of grain from Fen to Jin. It was implemented as usual in the early Tang Dynasty. This means that the Fenshui River was navigable during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it could reach as far as Fenzhou and Jinzhou, which are today's Fenyang County and Linfen City.

With the arrival of the fourth cold period, Shanxi became a bit "barren and cold", and the center of Chinese culture began to move southward. Shanxi, which was famous for its prosperity in the Tang Dynasty, gradually came under suspicion. Shaanxi The history of Chang'an, the capital of all nations, is gone forever. Facing the bright March sun, we can only sigh:

The spring breeze has reached Fenhe Bay again, and there are no shadows of wild geese crossing the long sky.

The relics of the Han and Tang dynasties are all over the Fenwei River, and many towers complain of the west wind.

Environmental changes have natural causes, but man-made causes are the main factor, among which deforestation is the main reason. Environmental changes are naturally heartbreaking, but the decline in the humanistic quality of Fen people is particularly heartbreaking.

3. Apricot Blossom Poetry Society - Singing Harmony between the Poet and Du Mu in the Late Tang Dynasty

The customs of Qingming Festival in the Tang Dynasty may be very different from those today. For example, Dugu Liang of the Tang Dynasty wrote in " It is said in Qingming Banquet: "The orioles fly heavy in the drizzle, and the wine brews late in the spring breeze." When Yang Shier of the Tang Dynasty was admiring apricots and watching the snow, he wrote a poem: "The Sutra of Falling Flowers is already here, and the drizzle brings the Qingming Festival." It shows that in the Tang Dynasty, the main activities of Qingming Festival may not be tomb sweeping and ancestor worship like today, but spring outing. Of course, this needs further study by folklore, which means that we cannot apply today's customs when appreciating Tang poetry.

The poem "Qingming" is an eternal masterpiece of the grand tour! This swan song attracted drinkers and poets. Following Du Mu was the late Tang poet Zhao Gu. His poem "Farewell at Fenshang" depicts a picture of a spring feast in the apricot forest:

The clouds and objects are like my hometown, and the mountains and rivers are like strangers.

I haven’t returned home in years, and spring is about to begin.

A bottle of flowers and wine, the sun is shining in the water and the trees are in the west.

Don’t wait for the orchestra to end, just shake the whip and carry the flowers away.

Du Mu came on foot and then left quietly, Zhao Gu came on horseback and left quietly. They came hard and left hard, and they didn't take away a cloud. Zhao Gu is a good friend of Du Mu. Du Mu once wrote the poem "Xue Qing Visits Three Rhymes of Zhao Gu's Residence on the West Street". I think Zhao Gu's poem may have been influenced by the poem "Qingming". Zhao's poem also explains Fenshang (Fenzhou) )'s apricot blossom was famous in the Tang Dynasty, and Cen Shen's "But I went to Jinshan Lao, and I was worried about seeing Fenyang flowers" is also an example. This inspired another Shanxi poet in the late Tang Dynasty, Sikong Tu, to write the poem "Apricot Blossoms in My Hometown":

Send flowers and wine to celebrate the new blooms, holding the flower branches on the left and the cup on the right.

I want to ask why old friends come from different places, like a flower branch and a glass of wine.

At first glance, this poem seems a bit imitative of Du Mu, but it is not. This poem is actually the work of He Du Shi. In addition, someone who is familiar with Xinghua Village is Wen Tingyun, the grandson of the Duke of Xihe County (now Fenyang), a poet of the late Tang Dynasty. He was relatively close to the water, so he simply wrote a poem with the title of "Xinghua": Love has accumulated thousands of poems for the world, drunk This is a bottle of my hometown wine.

Yao Yao's beautiful songs are played on a spring afternoon, where do you go out and separate from the Zhumen.

The poems of several late Tang poets prove from another aspect that Du Mu's Qingming poem may have attracted people's attention in the Tang Dynasty, which is another evidence that it was written in Shanxi.

In summary, the exact location of the "Xinghua Village" mentioned in Du Mu's poem "Qingming" should be Xinghua Village in Fenyang, Shanxi and not elsewhere.

Reference materials

1 "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty", Zhonghua Book Company 1983

2 Lin Zhiguang, Zhang Jiacheng "Climate in China" Shaanxi People's Publishing House 1985

3 Liu Jixian and Wen Jingming, "Wine is like a spring in Xinghua Village" Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1978

4 Shi Nianhai, "Research on the Historical Geography of the Loess Plateau" Yellow River Water Conservancy Publishing House, 2002

5 Zhu Kezhen, "Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in the Past Five Thousand Years" Journal of Archeology, 1972, Issue 2