This is the epitaph of Stendhal's

Stendhal: lived, loved and wrote. Stendhal was an outstanding French critical realism writer in the 19th century. His life is not long, less than 6 years, and he started late in literature and began to publish his works in his thirties. However, he left a huge spiritual legacy to mankind: several long articles, dozens of short stories or stories, millions of words of literary theories, essays and essays, and travel notes. Stendhal's real name is Henry Bell. Born in Grenoble, France on January 23rd, 1783. Father is a bourgeois, but he supports kingship and church, and his mind is full of noble ideas. Stendhal's tutor is a priest. The priest gave him a strict aristocratic education and forbade him to play with ordinary children. It was his mother's grandfather who had the greatest influence on him. His mother is of Italian descent, lively in nature, free and open-minded, and can read the works of Dante and others in Italian. But she died when Stendhal was seven. Stendhal's grandfather is a doctor. Especially open-minded, he is a disciple of Rousseau and Voltaire, and supports * * * and faction. When Stendhal was a teenager, he often lived in his grandfather's house, where he read a lot of world famous works. Stendhal's childhood was spent in the storm of the French Revolution. From 1796 to 1799, he attended the central school in Grenoble, which was a new school established in accordance with the revolutionary ideological trend and educational thought of the bourgeoisie during the French Revolution. Stendhal systematically studied new ideas and knowledge, and became interested in French literature and materialist philosophy. In 1779, he came to Paris, originally prepared to enter the famous comprehensive technical school, but encouraged by the revolutionary situation, he joined the army led by Napoleon. In 18, he arrived in Milan, Italy with the army led by Napoleon. Milan people have been ruled by Austria for a long time and regard Napoleon's army as their savior. Their enthusiasm for the French revolution and their excellent cultural traditions have a deep influence on Stendhal. After that, he lived and wrote in Milan for a long time, and claimed to be a Milanese. From 186 to 1814, Stendhal went to Europe with Napoleon's army. During the great retreat from Moscow in 1812, he served as a logistics officer. Long-term struggle practice has strengthened his view of * * * and faction, and even more abhorred the decadent feudal aristocracy and the dark rule of the church. Therefore, it is not surprising that when he took off his military uniform and devoted himself to literary creation, his critical pen always pointed to the nobility and the church. Napoleon stepped down in 1814 and the Bourbon dynasty was restored. Bourgeois revolutionaries were suppressed, while feudal princes and nobles celebrated each other. In this situation, Stendhal felt that he could get nothing but humiliation, so he left his motherland and lived in Milan, Italy. Here, he has great sympathy for the patriots in Italy and keeps close contacts with the Charcoal Party members who are striving for national liberation. His actions attracted the attention of the Austrian military and police who ruled Italy. When the Italian revolution failed in 1821 and many patriots were imprisoned, he was also deported by the police authorities as a sympathizer of the charcoal burner. It was not until 1834 that he was appointed as the French consul in the city of civitavecchia under the jurisdiction of the Pope that he returned to Italy again. Stendhal began to publish his works in 1817. The first work was done in Italy, and it was called "History of Italian Painting". Soon after, he published his travels "Rome, Naples and Florence" under the pseudonym of Stendhal for the first time. From 1823 to 1825, he successively published articles that were later collected in the collection of literary theories Racine and Shakespeare. After that, he turned to novel creation. Harmance was published in 1827, and the famous short story Vanina vanini was published in 1829. His masterpiece Red and Black was written in 1829 and released in 183. From 1832 to 1842, it was the most difficult period in Stendhal, with financial difficulties, diseases and bad environment. But it is also his most important creative period. He wrote the novel Lv Xian Louwan (also known as Red and White), the Abbey of Bama, the long autobiography The Biography of Henry Braula, and more than a dozen short stories. When Stendhal died on March 23rd, 1842, he still had several unfinished manuscripts. Stendhal is famous for his novels. His masterpiece "Red and Black" has been handed down for more than 1 years, and its charm has not diminished. However, his short stories are also very wonderful. His masterpieces, such as Vanina vanini and Ai Lei (literally translated as Abbot Castro), are vivid and well-known, and can be called the wonderful flowers in the world short story garden. Together with Merimee's Matteo Fargot, Tamango and Balzac's Gobsek, they mark the maturity of French short story creation. This book contains thirteen short stories by Stendhal. Among them, five pieces of The Past (literally translated as Memories of an Italian Gentleman), Boxes and Ghosts, Mina de Wangel, Mei Yao, and Philippe were translated from Selected Novels of Stendhal by France's Thayer Publishing House, and the remaining eight pieces were translated from Italian Anecdotes by France's Galema Publishing House. This paper introduces them one by one according to the writing year as follows: After Stendhal's death, his cousin Columbo found part of the manuscript of this work when sorting out his manuscript, so he included it in the 1854 edition of Stendhal's Novels. This novel describes the social customs, social conditions and human feelings during the occupation of Italy by Napoleon's army. Conservatives gathered under the banner of the church in an attempt to protect the Virgin Mary and stop the rolling revolutionary wave, while the church forces took the opportunity to create miracles and fabricate lies about the so-called manifestation of the Virgin Mary to deceive ignorant people; Young people and rational people are opposed to the church, and they welcome the arrival of Napoleon's army. The novel describes an important historical event-the action of hijacking the Pope, and has some wonderful descriptions of heroes in troubled times. In short, the Italian society described in the novel is a conservative and ignorant society, and the general public regards the Pope as the representative of God on earth. Therefore, the defeat of Napoleon's army in Italy, the restoration of the Pope and the revenge movement are inevitable. Boxes and Ghosts was written at the end of 1829. Stendhal read it to Merimee this Christmas. Through the story of a police chief who used his power to seize a commoner and break up a pair of lovers alive, this novel exposed the cruelty and hegemony of the Spanish Restoration forces to readers. As the opposite of this evil force, the purity and kindness of two lovers, for the sake of love, do not hesitate to shed blood plot, very touching power. Mei Yao was written in January 183 and published in the Paris Review in June of the same year. Stendhal claimed to write this work to "treat headaches and relax". And he admitted to referring to a work by the 17th century French writer Scarron. He said: "The sauces of each era are different. I just changed the sauce from 166 to 183. " This work describes a young Spanish woman who is obsessed with ghosts and abandons her rich but elderly husband. The story of eloping with a circus performer on the run, and still being deceived. Perhaps it is really a pastime, with mediocre ideas, but it is unique in creative techniques, especially the beginning and end. The time, place, atmosphere and plot described at the beginning are very harmonious, which can catch the reader very well; The ending is concise and profound, giving people room for imagination. Mina de Wangel was written between December 1829 and January 183. It has been revised several times since then. But Stendhal didn't publish it before his death. It was not until eleven years after his death that the Paris Review of Two Worlds published it. Among Stendhal's works, this is one of the rare works describing the Germans. Mina de Wangel came from a noble family in Germany. Her father was watched by the court because he hated unjust battles, and eventually died of depression. In order to pursue her own happiness, she left her hometown to go to Paris and fell in love. In order to achieve her goal, this fantasy-loving German girl condescended and disguised herself to work as a maid in the home of the person she secretly fell in love with. Unexpectedly, she was overjoyed and revealed the secret, which led to tragedy, and finally she died a double suicide. Through this sad and tortuous love story, Stendhal shows the differences in personality between Germans and French and their different attitudes towards love. Mina de Wangel, the heroine of the novel, is a flesh-and-blood and dazzling figure in the author's character gallery. Experts have not yet come to a conclusion as to when Felipe was published. Some people think it was between 1827 and 183. Others think it was in 1839. However, the French literary historian Crewe analyzed the personality characteristics of Philippe and Lv Xian, the protagonist in Red and White, and found that they were similar, so he thought that it was formed between 1835 and 1839. Strictly speaking, it may not be a short story, only a short story, and it is a bit like China's note novel. The content is indeed like a subtitle, which is a few fragments of a rich child's life, such as business, love, moving, etc., written more extensively. In Stendhal's short story creation garden, it may only be a blade of grass, but it is beneficial for us to fully understand Stendhal's creation, so we also put it into the collection. Among the eight short stories included in Italian Anecdotes, except Vanina vanini, which was written in 1829, the rest were written after 1833. About these novels, some situations need to be briefly introduced. In 1833, after Stendhal came to Italy again, he found a batch of "ancient manuscripts" in a friend's library. These manuscripts truly recorded some important "social news" in Italy in the 16th and 17th centuries. After reading them, Stendhal was greatly interested and thought that they were "a useful supplement to Italian history in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries"; They described "the local conditions and customs that gave birth to the genius of Raphael and Michelangelo", so they spent a lot of money to buy the right to copy, and asked people to carefully copy some chapters, keep them with them, read them repeatedly, and rewrite these manuscripts into short stories by means of partial translation and partial creation. During his lifetime, he selected Ai Lei, Weitorya Courant Bonny (or translated as The Duchess of Pagliano) and The Sangxi Family for publication. Twelve years after his death, his cousin compiled short stories based on his temper, and added Vanina vanini, which described the Italian love story, to form an episode named Italian Anecdotes. Vanina vanini, published in 1829, is a short masterpiece. It eulogized the Italian national liberation movement and the Charcoal Party members who dedicated themselves to national liberation through the love between etro, a Charcoal Party member, and Vanina, a noble lady in Rome. Vanina is a stunning beauty. Although she was born in a noble family, she regarded wealth as a cloud, and willingly pursued a fugitive who was born in humble origins, was seriously injured and was wanted by the government. For love, she is willing to give up everything, even her reputation. But in order to get etro's love, she even ratted out the soldiers under Peter etro and destroyed their uprising. She fell in love with Peter etro because she admired his meaningless spirit of fighting for national liberation. However, due to the domination of selfishness, her love eventually became an obstacle to the just cause. As her opposite, Peter etro showed an epic patriotic spirit. He loves Vanina more than his own life. But when he had to choose between the fate of his motherland and personal happiness, he gave up the latter. He was willing to endure hardships for national liberation. When his soldiers were arrested and the uprising failed, he resolutely surrendered himself to avoid being suspected as a traitor. When he learned that it was his sweetheart who told him the secret, he angrily refused her rescue and broke up with her. His awe-inspiring righteousness and extraordinary personality strength made him a dazzling patriot image in the history of literature. "San Francesco Church on the Shore" is a novel about "Italian passion". Princess Campobasso, the nephew of the Pope, is indifferent and lofty on the surface, but she is full of irresistible passion. She and the French embassy attache in the Holy See, the illegitimate child of the French Regent, have a secret affair. But she was bent on enjoying her lover's love alone. Once she learned that he had moved elsewhere, she colluded with the careerist of the church and sent someone to assassinate her lover. When Stendhal described the twists and turns of the young couple's love, he attached a few strokes, and exposed the ugly facts of the church's nepotism, nepotism and private transactions under the banner of grandiose. "Weitorya Courant Boni" is about two conspiracies and vendettas conducted by court nobles for love and interests. The novel is written in the style of narrating "social news". Although the case is very tortuous and the way to solve the case is thrilling, the most wonderful thing is the description of Montague, who was first a cardinal and then Pope Celestus V. Felix is Montague's nephew and adopted son. The cardinal regarded him as the palm of his hand. However, after hearing the news that his adopted son was assassinated, he "kept a straight face" and showed no shock at all. The next day, the Vatican held a cardinal meeting. People thought that he would not be present. Who knows that he was the first to attend the meeting as usual, and when the Pope himself shed tears to comfort him, he was as calm as usual, and asked the Holy Family not to order an investigation into the case, saying that he had forgiven the killer. His performance has won the favor of the Pope and others. Everyone says that he is a great priest. Shortly thereafter, he was elected Pope (his performance after his nephew's death undoubtedly paved the way for his election temper), and his face changed immediately, forcing people suspected of being involved in his nephew's murder to flee Rome. His various performances vividly show the hypocritical mind of an ambitious and unscrupulous senior priest. The Sangxi family wrote the unfortunate experiences of Beatrice and her family in a mournful and touching style. She is a beautiful girl, at the age as beautiful as flowers and pure as jade, and should have fully enjoyed her parents' love. Who knows her father is a devil wears prada, trying to abuse her and spoil her. She couldn't bear it, and together with her stepmother, she had the slut killed. This murder case has a cause and deserves the sympathy of the judge. However, the church's judging body has ignored the justice and sentenced the girl and her family to death. Here, the author expresses strong indignation at the injustice of the judiciary and deep pity for the unfortunate girl. "The Duchess of Pagliano" narrates a common thing in a noble family: the hostess cheated on her with a young male attendant. Stendhal didn't describe the scene of cheating too much, but gave a detailed description of the process of dealing with this matter, and it took a lot of pen and ink to vividly show the life-and-death struggle within the Vatican. Of course, two cheaters were executed. Even the fetus in the womb. In the feudal family, this inhuman lynching system is shocking. Ai Lei is a tearful love tragedy. Ai Lei, a noble lady, fell in love with Euler, a robber, and was strongly opposed by her father and brother. Unfortunately, in a battle, her brother died by Euler's sword. Her heartbroken parents sent her to a monastery to cut off her love affair with Euler. Euler failed to attack the monastery, so he left him in order to escape investigation.