Eighth grade politics (volume 2) knowledge points

Unit 1:

1. ★The nature of our country (p4) Our country is led by the working class , a socialist country with a people's democratic dictatorship based on the alliance of workers and peasants.

2. The people of our country at this stage include (p4) workers, farmers, intellectuals and other socialist workers, builders of the socialist cause, patriots who support socialism, and patriots who support the reunification of the motherland. who. Note that those who do not belong to the people but belong to Chinese citizens include: ① criminals who have been deprived of political rights, ② people who split the country, ③ hostile forces and elements that are hostile to and undermine the socialist system.

3. The people are the masters of our country and society. (p4) (Exhibition of master status: equal rights to manage state and social affairs)

4. What are civil rights; what are the basic rights of citizens? (p5) Civil rights refer to certain rights and interests confirmed and granted to citizens by the constitution and law. ★Since the civil rights stipulated in the Constitution are the most important and fundamental rights of citizens, they are called basic rights of citizens.

5. What are the similarities and differences between people and citizens? What are citizens of our country? (p6) People is a political concept, which has different class content in different countries and different historical periods of the same country. Citizens is a legal concept, which means having the nationality of a certain country and enjoying rights and interests in accordance with the country’s constitution and laws. One who bears obligations. Chinese citizens: ★Everyone with Chinese nationality is a Chinese citizen.

6. How are the rights of our citizens protected (p7)★ Our country has established a rights protection system with the Constitution as the core and legislative protection and judicial protection as the main content to protect the rights of citizens. ①Legislative protection: It means confirming citizens’ rights in the form of law and using state coercive power to safeguard them. ②Judicial protection: refers to the legal sanction of various infringements and the protection of citizens’ rights.

7. What are the basic rights of our citizens? (p9) Citizens’ basic rights involve various fields such as politics, economy, and culture, and cover many aspects such as family life, school life, and social life. Specifically, they include: ① The right to equality ② Political rights and freedoms ③ Freedom of religious belief ④ The right to personal freedom ⑤...⑨ (The Constitution is a confirmation and guarantee of citizens’ basic rights, and ordinary laws further stipulate the specific rights of citizens based on the Constitution.)

8. How should citizens exercise their rights correctly? (p10--11) ① Citizens must respect the rights of others when exercising their rights. ② When exercising their rights, citizens shall not harm the interests of the country, society, or the collective. ③Exercise rights within the scope permitted by law. ④ Exercise your rights in a legal manner.

9. How to exercise the right to freedom of speech (P11) First, citizens must not use freedom of speech to insult or slander others. Second, citizens may not use their freedom of speech to instigate or incite others to commit acts that endanger national security, undermine national unity, undermine social morality, or disrupt social order.

10. Citizens’ obligations are divided into two categories: legal obligations and moral obligations. What are legal obligations? What are the basic obligations of our citizens stipulated in the Constitution? (p16) The civil obligations stipulated in the Constitution of our country are legal obligations and the basic obligations of our citizens. Legal obligations refer to the obligations that citizens must fulfill as stipulated in the constitution and laws.

11. What are moral obligations? What are their functions? What are the basic moral norms that our citizens must abide by? (p17) It means that members of society consciously and voluntarily assume moral responsibilities to others and society in accordance with social moral norms. Patriotism and law-abiding, courtesy and integrity, unity and friendship, diligence, thrift and self-reliance, dedication and dedication

12. ★Why must citizens perform their obligations while enjoying their rights? (Page 14-15) ① We cannot just get without paying, and we cannot just enjoy rights without fulfilling obligations.

② We must fulfill our legal obligations because this is stipulated in the constitution and law. ③ In our country, the rights and obligations of citizens are consistent. Each of us is both a subject enjoying rights and a subject performing obligations.

13. ★What is the relationship between my country’s law and socialist morality? (p19.d1) Connection: my country’s law and socialist morality cooperate, promote and complement each other. All behaviors prohibited by law are condemned by socialist morality; there are many legal obligations that are also requirements of socialist morality. There are also differences between the two. Legal obligations are stipulated by national laws, while moral obligations are spontaneously formed in social life; legal obligations are backed by state coercion to ensure their fulfillment, while moral obligations are fulfilled by public opinion, customs, and the voluntariness of social members. That is to say, moral obligations are not equal to legal obligations. Failure to perform moral obligations does not necessarily violate legal obligations.

14. ★★How to faithfully perform your obligations? ①We actively do what the law encourages us to do. ②We must do what the law requires. ③We resolutely do not do what the law prohibits.

Unit 2:

1. ★Personal rights are the most basic and important rights of citizens. They include personality rights and identity rights, among which personality rights are inherent to people. The basic rights of human beings include the right to life and health, the right to personal freedom, the right to name, the right to portrait, the right to reputation, and the right to privacy. (p25)

2. The right to life and health is the most fundamental personal right of citizens. What does the right to personal freedom include? (P26) ① Within the scope permitted by law, citizens’ bodies and will are completely at their own disposal ② Citizens’ bodies are not subject to illegal searches ③ Citizens’ bodies are not subject to illegal confinement ④ Citizens’ bodies are not subject to illegal detention (i.e. illegal searches, illegal Confinement, illegal detention, etc. are all behaviors that restrict or deprive citizens of their personal freedom).

3. Why does our country’s laws provide special protection to minors’ right to life and health? (p26.d2) Minors are the future and hope of the motherland. Due to their young age, lack of ability and lack of finances, their lives and health are more likely to be infringed.

4. What are the laws in my country that protect citizens’ rights to life and health? (p27) "Constitution", "Criminal Law", "General Principles of Civil Law" and "Public Security Administration Punishment Law"

5. What are the laws that specifically protect minors? "Law on the Protection of Minors", "Law on the Prevention of Delinquency of Minors" and "Compulsory Education Law" (protecting minors' right to education)

6. What are the ways for citizens to exercise their right to health? (p28) ① We have the right to cherish life, maintain health, actively exercise, and improve our health so that we can have a strong body and a positive spirit ② We have the right to receive timely treatment when we are sick, restore health, and enhance our physical fitness ③ When we When one's life and health are illegally infringed upon by others, one has the right to self-defense and request legal protection in accordance with the law

7. What does the right to personal dignity include? (p35) Reputation rights, portrait rights, name rights, privacy rights, etc.

8. The meaning and expression of the right of reputation (P38): The right of reputation is the right that people enjoy in accordance with the law to exclude the infringement of others on their objective social evaluation. The main manifestations are: the right to control reputational interests and the right to maintain reputation. The infringer may be required to apologize, eliminate the impact, and restore his reputation. If the infringer has caused greater mental pain, he may also be entitled to claim for mental compensation.

9. ★What are the behaviors that infringe on the right of reputation? (p38, 39) ① Insult: refers to behavior that derogates another person’s personality and harms his or her reputation through language, writing or violent means, which is divided into verbal insults, written insults and violent insults. ② Defamation: refers to the act of fabricating and spreading false facts out of thin air, and maliciously slandering others. It is divided into oral libel and written libel. ③News reports are inaccurate. ④False accusation.

10. What is the status of portraits? (p40) Portraits are also the basic symbol of each person’s personality.

11. What does the right of portrait include? (p41) Portrait rights include: portrait production rights, use rights and remuneration rights.

12. ★What are the infringements of portrait rights? (p41.d2) (1) If a citizen’s portrait is used for profit (advertising, magazine covers, calendars), the consent of the owner of the portrait right must be obtained, otherwise it will constitute an infringement. (2) Maliciously damaging, tarnishing, or besmirching citizens’ portraits. (3) Personal attacks using portraits, etc.

13. What is the right to name? (p43) ★The right to name refers to the right of citizens to decide, use, and change their names in accordance with the law, and to exclude infringement by others. Adults over the age of 18 have the right to decide independently what name they want; the right to decide and use their own name, pen name, and stage name; and the right to change their name in accordance with regulations. However, the name rights of minors and mentally ill patients shall be exercised by their guardians.

14. What content does a person’s name include? What is the status of a name? (p43) (Content) Name includes formal name, former name, pen name and stage name. (Status) Name is the basic symbol of each person's personality.

15. ★What are the forms of infringement of name rights? (p44) Misappropriation and impersonation of other people’s names are two specific manifestations of infringement of citizens’ right to name.

16. The meaning of privacy (P46) Privacy refers to the secrets of personal private life that citizens are unwilling to know or disclose and have nothing to do with public interests. It includes three aspects: private information, personal matters, and private space.

17. The significance (necessity) of protecting privacy (P46, 47) (1) It is the need for people’s independence and freedom (2) It is people’s need for their own peace and security (3) It is the construction of a people-oriented, The needs of modern society that advocate human nature and individuality.

18. The meaning of the right to privacy (P48) The right to privacy refers to the right of citizens to enjoy a peaceful private life and keep private information confidential in accordance with the law. Our country's laws protect citizens' right to privacy.

19. Contents of the right to privacy (p48-50) (1) The right to peace of private life (2) The right to confidentiality of personal information (3) The right to confidentiality of private communications. (★However, if an individual’s private life and personal information are related to social public interests and social and political life, it is not privacy, and activities and illegal and criminal activities in public places are not privacy.)

20. How should we respect the privacy of others? (p51-52) (1) Establish privacy awareness: Understand that everyone is an independent individual and everyone has their own privacy. We cannot interfere in other people’s private affairs, do not inquire or spread other people’s secrets, and correct those who do not respect other people’s privacy. bad habits. Strengthen the awareness of responsibility and credibility (2) It is necessary to strengthen the awareness of responsibility and credibility, and keep secrets for relatives and friends.

21. What are the behaviors that infringe on privacy rights? (p53) (1) Monitoring and peering into other people's private lives, using every means to pry into other people's secrets by peeking into diaries, opening letters privately, etc. (2) Spreading other people's privacy by hearsay, illegally using other people's personal information, etc., are all violations of privacy rights. Behavior.

22. ★Methods to protect your privacy (p55)★ (1) Use the law to protect your privacy. When privacy rights are infringed, we should bravely take up legal weapons, negotiate with the infringer on our own, request judicial protection, etc., and ask the infringer to stop the infringement, apologize, and eliminate the impact. If it causes greater mental pain, You also have the right to claim moral compensation. (2) Enhance your awareness of self-protection and lock your privacy.

Unit 3:

1. ★The meaning and role of education (p58--60) Meaning: Education is for the purpose of promoting human development and social progress. Transfer knowledge and experience as a means to cultivate people's social activities. Function: For individuals: On the one hand, it is preparation for each person's life and a necessary prerequisite for individuals to live independently. On the other hand, it arouses people's potential, constantly improves and innovates themselves, thereby opening up the path for human development and laying the foundation for the future. Education acquires knowledge, and knowledge changes destiny. (P59) For a nation and a country, education creates the future.

(P60)

2. What is the right to education? (p60) The right to education refers to the right of citizens to have the opportunity to receive cultural education from the state and to obtain material assistance for education. Modern society should have the concept of lifelong education.

3. What is compulsory education? What is its legal basis? (p61) Compulsory education is a national education that school-age children and teenagers must receive in accordance with legal provisions and must be guaranteed by the state, society, schools and families. The "Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China" is the legal guarantee for the implementation of compulsory education in our country.

4.★What are the characteristics of compulsory education? (p61) (1) Mandatory: The state’s compulsory force ensures its implementation and implementation. (2) Public welfare, that is, free of tuition and miscellaneous fees. It is associated with free sex. (3) Uniformity, implementing unified compulsory education nationwide.

5. As a student receiving nine years of compulsory education, how should we fulfill our educational obligations? (p64) First, conscientiously fulfill the obligation to enroll in school on time; second, conscientiously fulfill the obligation to receive compulsory education for the specified number of years, and shall not drop out of school; third, conscientiously fulfill the obligation to abide by the law and school disciplines, respect teachers, and strive to complete the required studies mission obligations.

6. ★Why is it not a private matter for children to go to school? According to the provisions of the Compulsory Education Law, education is a right of citizens and no one has the right to deprive it, including parents. At the same time, receiving compulsory education is not only a right of citizens, but also a legal obligation of citizens, which must be fulfilled. Not going to school if you don't want to go to school is a violation of the Compulsory Education Law and will be punished by law. It can be seen that children not going to school is not just a personal matter, but a major event related to the future of the country and the nation.

7. What are the categories of property, and what are the legal properties of citizens? (p68--69) Classification: state-owned, collective-owned, individual-owned. Citizens' legal personal property includes: citizens' legal income, houses, savings, daily necessities, cultural relics, books and materials, woods, livestock, means of production and other legal property permitted by law to be owned by citizens. (Property obtained through illegal means does not belong to an individual)

8. What is property ownership? (p70) ★Property ownership means that the owner has the right to possess, use, benefit from and dispose of his own property in accordance with the law. It is the legal expression of who owns the property and is a civil right directly linked to economic interests. In our country, the ownership of citizens’ legal property is protected by law.

9. Why does our country’s laws protect the ownership of citizens’ legal property? ① It is directly related to the clothing, food, housing and transportation of the citizen himself and his family members, and is the material basis for citizens to realize other rights ② It is of great significance for maintaining the normal life of citizens and motivating them to accumulate wealth and create wealth.

10. How does our country’s laws protect the ownership of citizens’ legal property? (p71--73) (1) Civil law is an important weapon to protect citizens’ legal property and its ownership. It often protects citizens’ legal property by ordering the infringer to restore the damaged property to its original state and compensating the victim for economic losses. of ownership. (2) Criminal law is a sharp weapon to protect citizens’ legal property and ownership. Penalties such as fixed-term imprisonment, life imprisonment, and death penalty are usually used to protect the ownership of citizens' legal property.

11.★What are the ways for citizens to protect their legal property ownership? (1) Confirm the ownership of the property, which is the prerequisite for implementing various other methods of protecting legal property ownership stipulated by law (you can file a lawsuit with the People's Court in accordance with the law and request confirmation of its ownership) (2) You can also request ① return of the original property ② exclusion Prevent ③ restoration to the original status ③ compensation for losses. (3) File an administrative lawsuit with the People's Court, requesting that the award be revoked or administrative compensation be paid in accordance with the law. (P74)

12. What is inheritance? What conditions must be met for it to be genetic? (P76) The legal property left by the deceased is called inheritance.

There are three necessary conditions for inheritance: 1. It must be the property left by the citizen when he dies; 2. It must be the property owned by the citizen personally; 3. It must be legal property

13. What does it mean to be a citizen? Heirs and heirs? (p76--77) Legally, the deceased who left property is called the decedent. The person who inherits the estate of the deceased in accordance with the law is called the heir.

14. Who are the heirs? On what basis is the scope of heirs determined? (p77) Spouse, children, parents, siblings, grandparents. The scope of heirs is established based on blood relationship, marriage relationship and custody relationship. (The People's Court shall protect the inheritance rights of minors in accordance with the law)

15. How is the order of legal heirs divided? (p77, p77) Our country’s inheritance law stipulates that inheritance must be inherited in accordance with the order of inheritance. The first-order heirs include: spouse, children, and parents. Second-order heirs include: brothers, sisters, grandparents, and maternal grandparents. After the inheritance begins, the first-order heir will inherit, and the second-order heir will not inherit. If there is no first-order heir to inherit or the first-order heir gives up the right to inherit, the second-order heir shall inherit.

16. What is inheritance right? (p77) Inheritance right refers to the heir’s right to obtain the inheritance of the deceased in accordance with the law. When hearing inheritance cases, the People's Court shall protect the inheritance rights of minors in accordance with the law.

17. ★What is legal inheritance? How is the order of legal heirs divided? (p77-78) Legal inheritance refers to an inheritance method in which the law directly stipulates the scope and order of inheritance of the heirs, and the law directly stipulates the principle of inheritance share distribution.

18.★What is testamentary inheritance? What are the advantages of testamentary inheritance? (p78) Testamentary inheritance refers to the way in which the heir inherits the estate of the deceased in accordance with the will made by the deceased. Its biggest advantage is that the deceased can fully dispose of the property according to his own wishes. Testamentary inheritance takes precedence over statutory inheritance.

19. ★What is a legacy? (p79) It is permitted by law for citizens to not leave their property to their relatives after their death, but to give it to people other than the legal heirs. This is called a legacy. The legacy received by the legatee is protected by the laws of our country. Bequests are not testamentary inheritance.

20. What should you do when there is a dispute over inheritance rights? (1) When the right to property inheritance is violated, it is necessary to enhance the awareness of rights protection, learn to rely on social forces, and use legal weapons to safeguard one's legitimate rights and interests. (2) We should also pay attention to the spirit of affection, mutual understanding and mutual accommodation, mutual care, and mutual respect, inherit and promote traditional Chinese virtues, and practice socialist ethics.

21. What are intellectual achievements? (p81) Refers to the fruits of labor created by human mental labor, manifested in scientific and technological achievements, inventions, literary and artistic works, etc.

22. What is the right to intellectual achievements? Is there an age limit on the right to intellectual achievements? (p82) Intellectual achievement rights, that is, intellectual property rights. It is a legal recognition and protection of the exclusive rights or exclusive rights of "products" created by people (including citizens and legal persons) in science, technology, literature, art and other spiritual fields. Including copyright, patent and trademark rights, as well as trade secret rights, etc. There is no age limit for intellectual achievements, and the state protects minors’ rights to intellectual achievements and honor from infringement in accordance with the law.

23. Protection of the right to intellectual achievements depends on the public’s awareness of rights protection. (1) As a citizen, when one's intellectual achievements are infringed upon, one must use legal weapons to safeguard one's legitimate rights and interests. (2) We must also actively participate in society's protection of intellectual achievements, respect the intellectual work of others, and refrain from doing anything that infringes on the intellectual achievements of others.

24. What is the relationship between consumers and operators? (p86, p87) (1) Consumers determine whether goods and their operators can be recognized (2) Consumers are at a disadvantage and operators are in a favorable position. Individual operators defraud and harm consumers, which makes consumers suffered huge losses.

25. ★What is the importance of protecting consumer rights? (p89) Protecting consumer rights is conducive to promoting the development of production, ensuring the smooth progress of social reproduction, maintaining the normal order of society, and allowing people to live a better life.

26. What are the laws in my country that specifically protect the rights and interests of consumers? "Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law of the People's Republic of China"

27. What rights do consumers enjoy? (p91) (9 items) ★Consumers in my country enjoy the right to safety (personal and property safety are the basic conditions for citizens to survive in society) and the right to know (the right to know the true situation of the goods they purchase and use or the services they receive) , the right of independent choice (the right to independently choose operators who provide goods or services), the right to fair trade (quality assurance, reasonable prices, correct measurement, and the right to refuse forced transactions by operators), the right to claim compensation according to law, the right to associate, 9 rights including the right to education, the right to respect personal dignity and national customs, and the right to supervise.

28. As consumers, what obligations should we fulfill? (p92) Maintain the market order and be a well-educated, orderly and moral consumer (be modest, speak politely, consider the products beforehand, express gratitude to the salesperson for their excellent service, and safeguard the legitimate interests of producers and operators) .

29. How should consumers protect their rights to avoid being deceived? (p93--94) Developing a pair of "intelligent eyes" requires us to enhance our judgment and selection abilities, learn and master knowledge about consumption, and master knowledge about the protection of consumer rights and interests.

30. When consumers’ rights are violated, what channels can be used to safeguard their rights? (p96) (1) Negotiate and settle with the operator (2) Request the consumer association for mediation (3) Complain to the relevant administrative department (4) Submit to the arbitration agency for arbitration according to the arbitration agreement reached with the operator (5) File a lawsuit in the People's Court .

Unit 4:

1. Do they have the same understanding of fairness? Different eras, different individuals, face different problems, and have different understandings of fairness. Fairness reflects people's pursuit of freedom, respect for rights, and affirmation of their own strength.

2. What do you think is fair? (1) Fairness means getting what you deserve (2) Dealing with things must be reasonable and everyone participating in social cooperation should bear his share of responsibilities and get the benefits he deserves. (p100--101)

3. What role does fairness play in social stability and development? (p102) (1) Fairness is conducive to the long-term stability of society (2) With fairness, society can provide equal rights and opportunities for human development, and the survival and development of each social member can be guaranteed; with fairness, we can Through honest work, you can get what you deserve and satisfy your reasonable expectations, thereby mobilizing your own enthusiasm. (3) In order to promote the stability and development of the entire society.

4. Facing unfairness in social life rationally (p103) (1) Fairness is always restricted by certain social conditions. Fairness is always relative. No matter how hard we try, we cannot achieve absolute fairness. Despite this, we must still make unremitting efforts to create a more equitable society.

5. ★Facing the unfairness in real life, what should we do? (p104--105) (1) Enhance the awareness of rights, be good at finding solutions, use legal means to seek help and solve problems, in order to seek maximum fairness. (2) Rationally reflect on one's own values ??and treat "unfair" phenomena in life objectively. (3) Advocate fairness, uphold justice, fight against acts that undermine fairness, and lend a helping hand to victims.

6. What is the significance of fair cooperation? (p106) Society needs cooperation. Cooperation is a necessary condition for normal social life. Cooperation based on fairness is good cooperation. In this kind of cooperation, people's enthusiasm and creativity can be brought into full play, and personal interests can be properly protected. At the same time, unnecessary internal friction can be avoided, and society can operate efficiently and harmoniously.

7. How can we cooperate fairly with others? (p106) In order to cooperate better, we need to assume what we should do. We must not just enjoy the benefits without paying, otherwise it will be unfair to others. Only by doing what we should do can we get what we deserve. When we give, we are also reaping the contributions of others. Fair cooperation must be mutually beneficial cooperation. Establishing a sense of fair cooperation will help us integrate into society smoothly and contribute to society.

8. ★What is a just act and what is an unjust act? Any behavior that promotes the progress and development of human society and safeguards the interests of the public and the legitimate rights and interests of others is a just behavior. Any behavior that hinders the progress and development of human society and damages the interests of the public and the legitimate rights and interests of others is an unjust behavior. Carrying out just actions and not doing unjust things are the basic requirements of being a human being. (p109)

9. ★What is the role of the justice system? (p109--110) (1) Fair treatment must be guaranteed by a just system. A system is a system composed of publicly announced procedures and rules. Its justice lies in the fact that it is not formulated for a few people, but for all. (2) Justice, which is formulated in the interests of social members, is guaranteed by the system. With a justice system, even people at the bottom of society can get basic survival guarantees; even the most disadvantaged groups in society will receive social care and will not become forgotten corners.

10. ★What is the relationship between justice and fairness? When we participate in social cooperation and competition, the system of justice gives people the support and guarantee for fair cooperation; when we encounter unfair things, fair access also requires the support of the system of justice. From this perspective, there is no real fairness without a just system. (p111)

11. How should we consciously safeguard justice? (1) Consciously establish an ideology of pride in abiding by various social systems and rules from an early age, develop good habits of consciously abiding by various social systems and rules, and uphold justice with practical actions (2) Be a person with a sense of justice. (p112--113)

8. What are the harms of injustice? Unjust behavior harms the rights and opportunities of others and harms society as a whole.

9． What are the dangers of choosing a negative attitude when faced with injustice? It will undoubtedly encourage the spread of injustice and ultimately harm not only the interests of a certain individual. It will harm the interests of society as a whole and our own interests.

10. What are the specific contents of the sense of justice? (p114) (1) A person with a sense of justice will show appreciation and reverence for righteous behavior, be full of yearning and pursuit of justice, and will be willing to put his admiration for justice into action. (2) In the face of injustice, emotions such as uneasiness, dissatisfaction, and anger will arise, and even actions may be taken to safeguard justice.

11. Why should you be a person with a sense of justice? (3) This is a good moral character that a person should have

12. How to be a person with a sense of justice? (p115) If injustice happens to you, you can use legitimate methods to fight; if you see injustice happening to others, you can act bravely, support justice, and provide timely support and rescue to the victim. (Note that minors must not only have the courage to act for justice, but also act skillfully when seeing justice, and try their best to uphold justice without harming themselves).