On October 24, 1960, a rocket launch explosion at the Baikonur Space Center in the Soviet Union killed more than 100 people on the ground. lt;br /gt;
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On March 23, 1961, Bondarenko was identified as the first Soviet cosmonaut to fly into space. During intense training in a cabin filled with pure oxygen, during a break, after wiping the part of his body where the sensor was fixed with alcohol, he casually threw it onto an electrode plate. As a result, a fire broke out in the cabin and he was severely burned. 10 He died hours later, becoming the first astronaut to die in human manned spaceflight activities. lt;br /gt;
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On January 27, 1967, when the Kennedy Space Center in the United States was conducting a joint ground simulation flight test of a manned spacecraft, the spacecraft The command module accidentally caught fire, and within tens of seconds three astronauts were burned to death in the module. The three astronauts were: Colonel Virgil B. Grissom, Lieutenant Colonel Edward H. White, and Major Roger B. Chafee. lt;br /gt;
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On April 23, 1967, Soviet cosmonaut Colonel Vladimir M. Komarov flew aboard the Soyuz After the No. 1 spacecraft entered space, the spacecraft repeatedly malfunctioned, and it was difficult to repair it despite many efforts. When it returned to the ground, the spacecraft's parachute had an accident and could not be opened, causing the spacecraft to rush to the ground at a speed of more than 100 meters per second. Komarov was thrown on the spot. die. lt;br /gt;
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On June 30, 1971, the Soviet Soyuz 11 spacecraft successfully completed various tasks to enter the Salyut 1 space station. , before re-entering the atmosphere, when the return capsule and the orbital capsule are separated, after the separation plug connecting the two capsules is separated, the pressure valve of the return capsule is shaken open, the sealing performance is destroyed, the air in the return capsule leaks from there, and the capsule The rapid decompression inside the spacecraft caused the death of three astronauts - Georgy Komarov, Vladimir Volkov and Viktor Pashayev due to acute hypoxia and boiling body fluids. lt;br /gt;
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On January 19, 1974, the United States launched the British "Skynet 2A" satellite using a Delta rocket. A small piece of insulation peeled off near a small solder joint on one of the device's printed circuit boards, causing a short circuit and failure to transmit. lt;br /gt;
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On March 18, 1980, a rocket launch explosion at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Soviet Union killed 50 technicians on the ground. People lost their lives. This incident was only made public in 1989. lt;br /gt;
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On May 23, 1980, during the second test flight of the Ariane rocket, a staff member accidentally The trademark of a component was knocked off, blocking the nozzle of the engine combustion chamber, causing launch failure. lt;br /gt;
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In May 1985, when the United States launched the "Trident" missile, a piece of soybean peeled off from the engine combustion chamber. The insulation layer, as a result, high-temperature flames burned through the metal wall there, gas was sprayed outward, and the engine exploded. lt;br /gt;
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On January 28, 1986, during the 10th flight of the U.S. space shuttle Challenger, the 73 seconds after takeoff, due to a problem with the sealing device of the right booster rocket, fuel leaked and the space shuttle exploded, killing seven astronauts on the spot. lt; br /gt;
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On April 18, 1986, the United States launched a spy satellite using the "Hercules" rocket, and the booster sealing gasket failed. It failed and exploded 5 seconds after takeoff.
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On May 3, 1986, the United States launched a weather satellite worth US$57 million using a "Delta" rocket. The explosion occurred shortly after ignition. lt;br /gt;
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On May 30, 1986, during Ariane’s 18th launch, the third stage of the rocket was not launched in time. Ignition and launch failed. lt;br /gt;
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On February 22, 1990, during the 36th launch of the Ariane rocket, a staff member accidentally A piece of wiping cloth left in the water circulation system of the first-stage engine blocked the pipe and caused the rocket to explode. lt; br /gt;
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On March 14, 1990, when the U.S. "Hercules" rocket launched "Intelsat 6", due to A wrong wire was connected, the second-stage rocket did not separate, and the satellite did not reach the intended orbital altitude. lt;br /gt;
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On September 7, 1990, the U.S. Hercules 4 rocket was being transported at Edwards Air Force Base. A booster suddenly fell, exploded and caught fire. The flames reached a height of 45 meters, killing at least one person. lt;br /gt;
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October 4, 1990: A Russian Zenith rocket launched an electronic reconnaissance satellite from Baikonur An explosion occurred seconds after takeoff, causing serious damage to the launch facility. lt;br /gt;
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On June 18, 1991, the " The Explorer rocket crashed shortly after launch due to disorientation. lt;br /gt;
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On March 22, 1992, China used the "Long March 2E" rocket to launch the Ausat. When the controller was turned on, a tiny bit of metal shavings unscrewed from the screw, shorting the circuit and causing the rocket engine to stall and the launch to fail. lt;br /gt;
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On August 2, 1993, a U.S. Air Force Hercules 4 rocket launched from Vandenberg, California. An explosion occurred less than two minutes after the air force base was ignited and lifted off. A top-secret advanced spy satellite carried by the rocket was subsequently turned into fragments and fell into the sea. lt;br /gt;
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On December 1, 1994, the 70th launch of the Ariane rocket failed and the rocket fell into the sea. The US PAS-3 communications satellite worth US$150 million was destroyed. lt;br /gt;
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On January 26, 1995, when China's "Long March 2E" launched the Asia-Pacific 2 satellite, because the United States did not The resonant frequency of the satellite is informed, and it happens that the resonant frequency of the satellite is the same as the resonant frequency of the rocket fairing. Due to the effect of high-altitude shear wind on the rocket, it causes oscillation and causes the rocket to explode. lt;br /gt;
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On October 23, 1995, the US "Caravan" rocket was launched at the NASA Wallops Island The launch base exploded 45 seconds after it was ignited and lifted off, destroying the 14 scientific experimental instruments it carried. lt; br /gt;
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On February 15, 1996, China’s Xichang Satellite Launch Center launched the International Space Station using the newly developed Long March 3B carrier rocket. Communication 708 satellite, the rocket's flight attitude became abnormal after takeoff. After 22 seconds of flight, the rocket crashed to the ground and exploded, destroying all the satellites and arrows.
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On May 14, 1996, the Russian "Soyuz-U" carrier rocket launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome Contact with the ground was lost six minutes after launch. The rocket carried a "Cosmos" series of terrain surveying satellites. lt;br /gt;
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On June 4, 1996, the Ariane 5 rocket was launched for the first time, 40 seconds after the rocket took off Deviating from the intended track. The control center was worried that the rocket would cause a catastrophe if it fell to the ground, so it detonated it at an altitude of 4 kilometers above the ground. lt;br /gt;
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June 20, 1996: A Russian Soyuz V rocket launched a reconnaissance satellite from Plesets The fairing opened prematurely 50 seconds after takeoff from the launch site, causing the rocket to crash. lt;br /gt;
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January 17, 1997: A U.S. Delta II rocket launched a Global Positioning System (GPS) ) satellite exploded 13 seconds after takeoff. lt;br /gt;
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On May 20, 1997, a Russian "Zenit-2" carrier rocket only Forty-eight seconds later, the rocket's first-stage engine stopped working due to a malfunction, and the rocket immediately fell and exploded. lt;br /gt;
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On August 12, 1998, a "Hercules 4" rocket carrying a US military spy satellite landed in Florida An explosion occurred during launch from Cape Canaveral, New Jersey, causing the most significant damage in U.S. history. The satellite was worth $1 billion. lt; br /gt;
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On August 27, 1998, the latest rocket developed by the American Boeing Company, the Delta 3 rocket, was Cape Navilar exploded shortly after launch, destroying the rocket and a communications satellite it was carrying. lt;br /gt;
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September 10, 1998: A Ukrainian Zenith II rocket took off during the launch of 12 commercial satellites A computer failure occurred 272 seconds later, causing the star arrow to fall to the ground. lt;br /gt;
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On July 5, 1999, a Russian "Proton-K" rocket carried the Russian military communications satellite " "Hong-1" exploded after being launched into space, destroying all the stars and arrows. lt; br /gt;
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On September 23, 1999, the American Mars Climate Explorer lost contact with the ground while "very close" to Mars. connect. Scientists believe the unmanned probe has been destroyed. The Mars Climate Explorer was launched by NASA on December 11, 1998. NASA plans to use the two scientific instruments it carries to detect water vapor and dust in the Martian atmosphere. lt;br /gt;
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On October 28, 1999, Russia launched a communications satellite from the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan. The "Proton-K" rocket crashed into Kazakhstan due to a malfunction in the second-stage rocket engine. lt;br /gt;
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On November 15, 1999, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launched the spacecraft from the Tanegashima Space Launch Center in Kagoshima Prefecture. A multifunctional satellite failed to enter its intended orbit and was forced to explode and be destroyed. lt;br /gt;
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On December 3, 1999, NASA’s Mars Polar Explorer lost contact with the Earth after reaching the surface of Mars. , the Mars polar exploration plan was cancelled.
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On December 11, 1999, Brazil launched its homemade SACI-2 meteorological and environmental satellite using a VLS launch vehicle. A malfunction occurred 3 minutes after liftoff. Ground controllers immediately detonated the rocket that had deviated from the orbit, destroying both the rocket and the rocket. lt;br /gt;
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On August 15, 2002, NASA’s $159 million Comet Voyager The comet probe lost contact with the ground while flying out of Earth's orbit. The comet probe "Comet Nucleus Travel" was launched on July 3. lt;br /gt;
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On December 11, 2002, the European Space Agency’s Ariane 5 rocket was launched from the Kourou launch site. Then there was an explosion, and the rocket and the two satellites it carried, worth $600 million, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean. lt; br /gt;
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On February 1, 2003, the U.S. space shuttle Columbia disintegrated on its way back to the ground from space, with 7 people on board. All astronauts died. The Accident Investigation Board has basically determined that foam material that fell from the external fuel tank struck the left wing of the space shuttle shortly after the launch of Columbia. This impact formed a hole in the wing, allowing ultra-high temperature gas to enter. This is the most likely reason for the disintegration and crash of the "Columbia" on February 1. lt;br /gt;
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On August 22, 2003, Brazil’s third VLS satellite launch vehicle was undergoing final testing before launch. The explosion killed at least 21 people. The accident may have been caused by a problem with the ignition device of one of the four engines in the main body of the rocket. lt; br /gt;
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On April 12, 1961, 27-year-old Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin took the Vostok 1 spacecraft and flew around the earth for 108 minutes in an orbit 181,000 meters above the ground. This is a milestone in the history of human spaceflight. Russian aerospace industrylt;br /gt;
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On May 5, 1961, American astronaut Alan Shepard accompanied "Freedom 7" The spacecraft reached an apogee of 116.5 miles from the Earth. He flew in the suborbit for 15 minutes and became the first American astronaut. lt;br /gt;
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On July 21, 1969, American astronaut Armstrong opened the door of the "Apollo 11" lunar module. Take the first step for man to set foot on the moon. The U.S. Apollo Manned Moon Landing Project, Humanity’s Road to the Moon, Johnson Space Centerlt;br /gt;
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April 19, 1971, The former Soviet Union successfully launched the world's first experimental manned space station, the "Salyut-1" space station. lt;br /gt;
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During the orbit of the Mir space station launched in 1986, there were 135 astronauts from 12 countries. Worked on the space station and conducted 16,500 scientific experiments. On March 23, 2001, the "Mir" crashed in the South Pacific. lt;br /gt;
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In the process of developing manned spaceflight, international cooperation has extended from the blue planet to the vast space. On July 17, 1975, the American Apollo spacecraft and the former Soviet Soyuz spacecraft docked in Earth orbit and conducted the first international joint flight.
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On November 20, 1998, Russia's "Zarya" multifunctional cargo cabin was launched into space, opening up the world of 16 countries. The beginning of the joint construction of the International Space Station. On October 10, 2002, the U.S. space shuttle Atlantis successfully docked with the International Space Station. Roscosmos, NASA, the European Space Agency and the aerospace authorities of Japan and Canada jointly developed a plan for human Mars landing. lt;br /gt;
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At 9:00 on October 15, 2003, the "Shenzhou 5" manned spacecraft independently developed by our country landed in China Launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. At 9:09:50, "Shenzhou 5" accurately entered its planned orbit. This is China's first manned space flight. The astronaut on board the Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft is 38-year-old Yang Liwei. He is the first generation of astronauts trained by our country. After flying 14 times around the Earth in space, he successfully landed and returned at the main landing site in Inner Mongolia at 6:23 on the 16th after a safe flight of 21 hours and 23 minutes and 600,000 kilometers. lt；br /gt;
The development history of human aerospace fieldlt;br /gt;
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With the development of space resources, A new high-tech aerospace technology, also known as space technology, was born. It is a comprehensive project to explore, develop and utilize space and celestial bodies beyond the earth. It is also a highly integrated modern science and technology. lt;br /gt;
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In the 1950s, the concept and feasibility demonstration of artificial earth satellites, satellites, their launch vehicles and ground supporting equipment were experienced The exploratory testing phase of facility development, testing and launch. lt;br /gt;
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In the 1960s, various special instruments and equipment were used on launched spacecraft for remote sensing, information transmission and collection. Various detection data, this is an initial application test. lt;br /gt;
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Since the 1970s, extensive application tests have been carried out using the space environment and its high and remote locations, breaking through many aerospace application fields. The key technologies have expanded a wide range of applications and formed satellite systems such as communications, navigation, meteorology, resources, science, military applications, and deep space exploration. lt;br /gt;
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At the same time, in the past thirty years since the 1960s, manned spaceflight has become technologically complex and has a long development cycle. It has also gone through the development stage of initial exploratory trials. During this period, we will explore the possibility and adaptability of people entering space by sending people into space, understand the basic technologies of manned spaceflight, and research and solve on-orbit technologies such as rendezvous, docking, extravehicular activities, and cabin environment and control. Develop and launch an experimental space station and its corresponding transportation system to study the feasibility of direct intervention or participation of human-machine integrated systems in space development experiments.
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According to authoritative statistics, from 1957 to the end of 1992, countries around the world successfully launched 4,396 spacecraft of various types, 58 countries Invest in the development of aerospace technology, and more than 170 countries and regions have applied aerospace technology achievements, with a total investment of nearly 700 billion US dollars. lt；br /gt;
Memorial events of human space explorationlt;br /gt;
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March 16, 1926: Scientist Robert Goddard, a pioneer in American rocket development, launched the world's first liquid-fueled rocket from his aunt's vegetable garden. The rocket rose 41 feet. lt; br /gt;
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On the evening of October 4, 1957: the Soviet Union successfully launched the first artificial earth satellite-"Sputnik 1" , the successful launch of this slightly rough metal cylinder symbolizes the beginning of a new era of human exploration. lt;br /gt;
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April 12, 1961: 27-year-old Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin boarded the Vostok The spacecraft orbited the Earth and became the first person to fly out of the Earth's atmosphere and into outer space. lt;br /gt;
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May 5, 1961: American astronaut Alan Shepard arrived with the "Freedom" 7 spacecraft At apogee 116.5 miles from the Earth, he flew in a suborbital space for 15 minutes, becoming the first American astronaut. lt;br /gt;
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August 6-7, 1961: 26-year-old Soviet cosmonaut Herman Titov During the two-day and 25-hour flight, he circled the earth 17 times. During the flight, he activated the artificial control system of the spacecraft for the first time.
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June 16, 1963: Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova flew Vostok She launched on the 6th and became the first woman in space. She stayed in space for 2 days and 22 hours and flew around the earth 48 times, more than any other American astronaut at the time. lt;br /gt;
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March 18, 1965: Alexey Leonno, cosmonaut of the Soviet Vokhov spacecraft The husband performed the first human spacewalk, drifting out of the spacecraft and orbiting the Earth at a speed of 15,000 miles per hour for 10 minutes. lt;br /gt;
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March 16, 1966: American astronauts successfully completed the "Gemini" 8 spacecraft and The docking of the unmanned spacecraft "Akina". lt;br /gt;
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On April 24, 1967, when Soviet cosmonaut Komarov returned to the ground on the Soyuz 1 spacecraft, he The parachute did not open and he became the first astronaut to die in space. lt;br /gt;
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From January 14 to 17, 1969, the Soviet Soyuz 4 and 5 spacecraft achieved the first rendezvous and docking in space. , and exchanged astronauts. lt;br /gt;
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July 20, 1969: Astronauts Aldrin and Armstrong on board the U.S. Apollo 11 By landing on the moon, humans left their footprints on a planet other than the Earth for the first time. lt;br /gt;
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April 9, 1971: The Soviet Union launched the world's first long-term spacecraft, "Salyut 1" space station. lt;br /gt;
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July 15-21, 1975, the American Apollo spacecraft and the Soviet Soyuz 19 spacecraft were in space The joint flight became the first international cooperation in manned spaceflight. lt;br /gt;
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April 21, 1981: The United States successfully launched and returned the world's first space shuttle "Columbia", making Reusable space-to-ground shuttle systems become a reality. lt;br /gt;
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On February 7, 1984, American astronauts McCandless and Stewart left the Challenger without tethers The space shuttle became the first batch of "human earth satellites". lt; br /gt;
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On June 7, 1984, McCandless, the US space shuttle Challenger astronaut, used the launch vehicle The human maneuverable device, 320 feet away from the space shuttle, completed the first human spacewalk without safety cables. lt;br /gt;
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On July 25, 1984, Savitskaya of the Soviet Union left the Salyut-7 space station and became the first person to fly Female astronaut walking in space. lt; br /gt;
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On July 25, 1985, Chinese-American astronaut Wang Ganjun entered space on the Challenger space shuttle and became the first person to enter space. A Chinese astronaut. lt;br /gt;
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January 28, 1986: The Space Shuttle Challenger exploded during takeoff, killing all seven astronauts It was an unprecedented and huge space disaster.
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February 20, 1986: The Soviet third-generation space station "Mir" was launched by the "Proton" carrier rocket After entering low-Earth orbit, it weighs 123 tons and has a working volume of 400 cubic meters. It is composed of three parts: a working module, a transition module and a service module. It is currently the longest-lived space station. lt;br /gt;
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From 1994 to 1995, Russian astronaut Polyakov stayed on the Mir space station for 438 consecutive days. She became the astronaut who has stayed in space the longest; Lucid of the United States stayed on Mir for 188 days in 1996, becoming the female astronaut who stayed in space the longest. lt;br /gt;
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In February 1995, on board the Space Shuttle Discovery, American astronaut Collins became the first female space shuttle pilot. long. lt; br /gt;
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From March 2 to 18, 1995, the space shuttle Endeavor flew in space, and the 7 people on it Including the 6 astronauts on Mir, there are 13 astronauts in space at the same time, becoming the largest number of people in space at the same time. lt;br /gt;
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June 29, 1995: The U.S. space shuttle Atlantis and the Russian Mir The space station docked for the first time, starting a total of 9 dockings between the space shuttle and the space station. lt;br /gt;
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From November 19 to December 7, 1996, the Space Shuttle Columbia conducted the longest space flight , which lasted 17 days, 15 hours and 53 minutes. lt;br /gt;
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October 31, 2000: Russia sent its first long-term investigation team to the International Space Station, making the space station under construction The International Space Station transitioned from unmanned to manned status. The expedition team consisted of American astronaut William Shepard and Russian astronauts Yuri Gidzenko and Sergey Krikalev. They stayed on the International Space Station until February 2001. lt;br /gt;
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On February 1, 2003, the U.S. space shuttle Columbia exploded, killing seven astronauts on board (including one Israeli astronauts) were all killed. lt;br /gt;
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From 1969 to 1972, the United States carried out 5 Apollo flights, with 12 astronauts Land on the moon. lt;br /gt;
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From 1971 to 2000, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation launched 7 space stations - 6 Salyuts Space Station and Mir Space Station. lt;br /gt;
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On November 20, 1999, China's first unmanned test spacecraft "Shenzhou" 1 spacecraft took off from Jiuquan , successfully landed at the recycling site in central Inner Mongolia 21 hours later, successfully completing the "virgin trip". This flight successfully laid a very solid foundation for China's manned spacecraft to go to space. On January 10, 2001, China successfully launched the Shenzhou-2 spacecraft from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. On March 25, 2002, China successfully launched the "Shenzhou" 3 spacecraft from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. On December 30, 2002, China successfully launched the "Shenzhou" 4 unmanned spacecraft from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. lt;br /gt;
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At 9:00 on October 15, 2003, the "Shenzhou 5" manned spacecraft independently developed by our country landed in China Launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. At 9:09:50, "Shenzhou 5" accurately entered its planned orbit.
This is China's first manned space flight. The astronaut on board the Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft is 38-year-old Yang Liwei. He is the first generation of astronauts trained by our country. After flying 14 times around the Earth in space, he successfully landed and returned at the main landing site in Inner Mongolia at 6:23 on the 16th after a safe flight of 21 hours and 23 minutes and 600,000 kilometers. lt;br /gt;
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At 22:39 Beijing time on July 26, 2005, the U.S. space shuttle Discovery was at the Kennedy Space Center It was launched into space and successfully returned and landed on August 9. lt;br /gt;
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Soviet cosmonaut Gagarin, the first person in the history of human spaceflightlt;br /gt;
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The world's first man-made earth satellite was launched from Baikonur, Soviet Union on October 4, 1957 and was put into orbit. Humanity has since entered the space utilization A new era of exploration of outer space. lt; br /gt;
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On April 12, 1961, former Soviet astronaut Gagarin orbited the Orient-1 spacecraft. It took 108 minutes to fly around the Earth and became the first person to enter space. lt;br /gt;
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On February 20, 1962, the United States launched the manned spacecraft "Mercury-6" to orbit the earth three times. Lasted 4 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds. Astronaut John Glenn becomes the first American to enter Earth orbit. lt;br /gt;
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On June 16, 1963, former Soviet female astronaut Valentina Tereshkova took the " The Vostok-6 spacecraft entered space, becoming the first woman to go into space. lt; br /gt;
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On March 18, 1965, the former Soviet Union launched the "Voskhod-2" spacecraft, with astronaut Alexei Leonov completed the first human spacewalk. lt; br /gt;
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On December 21, 1968, the United States launched the "... Apollo-8" spacecraft. The spacecraft entered the lunar orbit 112 kilometers above the moon and flew 10 times, lasting 20 hours and 6 minutes. This is the first time humans have achieved a manned flight around the moon. lt;br /gt;
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On July 21, 1969, the "Apollo-11" spacecraft launched by the United States successfully landed on the moon. Astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin became the first Earthlings to set foot on other celestial bodies. According to the "Apollo Manned Moon Landing Program", the United States carried out 7 manned lunar landing missions from 1969 to 1972, 6 of which were successful. The total number of lunar rock and lunar soil samples brought back to Earth by American astronauts reached 384 . 6 kg. lt;br /gt;
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On April 19, 1971, the former Soviet Union successfully launched the world's first experimental manned space station "Salute" -1" marks the beginning of human space activities from small-scale, short-flight manned spacecraft to larger-scale, longer-flight time space application exploration and testing stages. In the mid-1980s, the Mir space station, a new generation of large-scale space science laboratories, was launched.
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On March 2, 1972, the first American "Pioneer 10" with the mission of seeking extraterrestrial civilization The spacecraft was launched. This unmanned spacecraft carried a coded "letter", which was a carved metal plate with the image of a pair of naked men and women on the earth. Below it was a simplified diagram of the orientation of Shuyang and the nine planets; next to it It is a key orientation map for extraterrestrials to decipher. On the map, radial straight lines mark the position of the solar system relative to the 14 pulsars distributed in the Milky Way. The spacecraft arrived in the constellation Taurus around 8,000,000 AD. lt;br /gt;
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On July 17, 1975, the American "Apollo" carrying Stamford, Slayton and Brand -18" spacecraft docked with the former Soviet Union-10 spacecraft carrying Leonov and Kubasov in Earth orbit, setting a precedent for international space flight cooperation. lt;br /gt;
On June 7, 1984, US space shuttle Challenger astronaut McCandless used a manned maneuvering device to leave the space shuttle 320 feet, completing the human mission The first spacewalk without safety cables. lt;br /gt;
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On April 12, 1981, the United States’ first reusable manned spacecraft, the Space Shuttle Columbia, launched The first space flight was successful. lt;br /gt;
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On June 7, 1984, astronaut Bruce McCander aboard the U.S. space shuttle Challenger Reese used a manned maneuvering device to fly 320 feet away from the shuttle, achieving the first human spacewalk without a safety harness. lt;br /gt;
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On January 28, 1986, the U.S. space shuttle Challenger exploded just 7 seconds after takeoff. All seven crew members died. This was the first and most tragic space accident. lt;br /gt;
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On October 29, 1998, John Glenn, the first American astronaut to enter Earth orbit, died at the age of 77 returned to space aboard the space shuttle Discovery at an advanced age, becoming the oldest astronaut in the history of spaceflight. lt;br /gt;
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On April 28, 2001, the first space tourist, 60-year-old American Tito, and two Russian astronauts Together they took off from the Baikonur launch site on the Russian "Soyuz TM-32" manned spacecraft. Two days later, the spacecraft successfully docked with the International Space Station. Tito entered the International Space Station accompanied by Russian astronauts. Six days later, he took the Russian "Soyuz" manned spacecraft. The return capsule of the TM-31 spacecraft returned to the ground, ending the first space tourism that caused a global sensation. lt;br /gt;
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Three major problems in manned spaceflightlt;br /gt;
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Simulated flight diagram of the newly developed X-43A hypersonic space shuttle in the United States. The flight speed of the X-43A during the test will vary with temperature and altitude, and is generally 7 to 10 times the speed of sound. lt;br /gt;
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Manned spaceflight is a highly difficult system engineering project that integrates national political, military and scientific and technological strength. To truly send people into space or even enable people to live in space for a long time, three major technical problems must be overcome. lt;br /gt;
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The first problem is to develop a vehicle with sufficient thrust and extremely reliable reliability. The carrier rockets used by the former Soviet Union to launch manned spacecrafts such as Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz were all excellent carrier vehicles with a carrying capacity of more than 5 tons and few accidents during launch.
In order to ensure that nothing goes wrong during launch, the key components of the launch vehicle and spacecraft must be double or triple backup. Before the rocket and spacecraft go to space, they must go through a series of extremely strict ground tests and simulated flights until there is no hidden danger before they can be released to space. According to records, the Soviet Union/Russia launched manned spacecraft nearly a hundred times, and the astronauts used the escape tower life-saving equipment only once when there was a problem with the launch vehicle. In nearly a hundred flights of the U.S. space shuttle, there was only one catastrophic accident when the Challenger exploded. No wonder some experts say that due to the emphasis on reliability, spacecraft activities actually have the best safety record compared with navigation, aviation and various land transportation vehicles. lt;br /gt;
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The second difficulty is to obtain enough information about the impact of the space environment on the human body and understand the ultimate conditions that the human body can withstand. and find protective measures. lt;br /gt;
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There is a huge difference between the space environment and the terrestrial environment. There is a high vacuum in space, and there is no oxygen or water. Without any protection, if the human body is exposed to such an environment, it will explode in less than a minute due to the huge pressure difference between the inside and outside of the body, and the body fluids will quickly boil and vaporize. There is a huge temperature difference in space. Due to the lack of air convection, the temperature on the sunny side of the spacecraft can reach over 100°C, while the temperature on the shady side can be below -100°C. In deep space far away from the earth, the temperature reaches levels that the human body cannot tolerate at all - 273℃. Space is also filled with harmful cosmic radiation. In addition, the weightless environment in space, especially the acceleration and deceleration during the ascent and return phases of the spacecraft, can cause balance dysfunction, tissue displacement, muscle atrophy, bone decalcification and other pathological changes in the human body. lt;br /gt;
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To ensure human survival in this environment, a sealed radiation-proof spacecraft must be developed, and the spacecraft must be equipped with Basic life support conditions such as air, water, and temperature that can provide people with normal life. At the same time, astronauts must be equipped with space suits. Once the astronauts step out of the spacecraft cockpit and work in space, all life support systems will be provided by the space suits. lt;br /gt;
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In the past forty years of manned spaceflight practice, the Soviet Union/Russia developed Vostok, Voskhod, Voskhod, The third-generation Soyuz manned spacecraft, the United States has also successfully used the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo third-generation manned spacecraft and space shuttles. lt; br /gt;
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The International Space Station traveling in spacelt; br /gt;
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The third problem is reliable life-saving technology and safe return technology. The biggest difference between manned spaceflight and unmanned spaceflight lies in the application of life-saving technology and the absolute reliability of safe return. lt;br /gt;
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The life-saving devices in manned spaceflight include ejection seats, escape towers, separate cockpits and manned maneuvering devices. They play their respective roles at different altitudes of flight. lt;br /gt;