Chronology of the first emperor:
22 BC1year Chen Geng twenty-six years.
-220 years.
-2 19 Twenty-eight years of Renwu -2 18 Twenty-nine years of Guiwei -2 17 Thirty years of Shen Jia -2 16 Thirty-one years of beneficial friends.
-2 15 Thirty-two years in Xu Bing -2 14 Thirty-three years in Dinghai -2 13 Thirty-four years in Wuzi -2 12 Thirty-five years in self-ugliness -2 10/36 years in Gengyin-2/kloc-0.
[Edit this paragraph] Life story of the character
According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Lv Buwei, Qin Shihuang's mother was originally the concubine of Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei dedicated the pregnant Evonne to an alien (that is, the king of Qin Zhuang) for political purposes. Later, Zhao Ji gave birth to a child. According to "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang", "The Emperor of Qin Shihuang, Qin Zhuangzi also. King Xiang of Zhuang made a proton in Zhao Shengqin. When he met Ji, he gladly took it and became the emperor. " Ying Zheng, an underrated son of protons, spent his childhood in Handan, the capital of Zhao. At this time, the aliens have returned to Qin through mediation and recognized Mrs. Huayang as their mother. After many political struggles, he finally won the trust of Huayang. Spent a lot of energy and money to take Evonne and her son back to Qin, and Ying Zheng started his political career in Qin king Palace.
For Qin Shihuang, the most familiar woman is the mother. When Qin Shihuang was 3 years old, his father left their mother and son as hostages in Zhao. Mother is a concubine, so the rumor of "two fathers" has been accompanied by the growth of Ying Zheng, and the spurning and contempt of Zhao people made the young Qin Shihuang full of complicated feelings of love and hate for his mother, the only person he could rely on.
Qin Shihuang lived with his mother. From being born in Zhao to 9 years old, this stage is just an important stage of a child's psychological development. He can't develop the identities of his father, his mother and Guan Zhong-Lv Buwei, perhaps his biological father. These complicated situations caused Qin Shihuang's complicated psychological feelings. He had to rely on his only woman, his mother, to survive, but he despised and hated his mother's behavior, because it had caused great trauma to his childhood. All the negative emotions caused by these injuries will be projected on the mother, the only woman.
[Edit this paragraph] enthronement
In the third year of the reign of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang (247 BC), King Xiang died, and Ying Zheng ascended the throne as King Qin. When he acceded to the throne, because he was young, national politics was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was honored as Guan Zhong. Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). Seeing that Qin Shihuang was getting older, he was afraid of being discovered by him, wanted to leave Empress Zhao, and was afraid of the Empress Dowager's resentment, so he presented false eunuch's old moxa to the Empress Dowager, which was fake and rotten, and only pulled out his beard and entered the palace. Qin Shihuang grew up day by day, so they lied to Qin Shihuang, saying that the queen mother's bedroom was not feng shui and she wanted to move out of here. Qin Shihuang believed it, so they moved far away from Qin Shihuang. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children. This false eunuch, Ai, pretended to be the king's father. With the help of the Queen Mother, he sealed a long letter, owned Yang Shan, Taiyuan and other places, and collected his own henchmen. Lao Ai has been operating in Yongcheng for many years, and has established a huge force, which is another powerful political force after Lv Buwei.
Ai's success is inevitable. When he was drunk, he scolded a minister: "I am the false father of the king of Qin, how dare you provoke me." The minister was very angry after hearing this, and secretly found an opportunity to tell Qin Shihuang. Ed panicked and was ready to rebel.
In the first 238 years, Qin Shihuang held a coronation ceremony at Yongnian Palace in Yongcheng. Lao Ai rebelled with the imperial seal of the King of Qin and the imperial seal of Empress Dowager Cixi, and captured the Palace of Prayer for the Year. Qin Shihuang had already arranged 3000 elite soldiers in the Prayer Palace to defeat the rebels. Lao Ai moved to Xianyang Palace, where there was already an army. Lao Ai fled alone and was arrested soon. Qin Shihuang dismembered Lao Ai's five horses and made them public. Put his mother Zhao Ji in the Luyang Palace in Yongcheng. Qin Shihuang then dismissed Lv Buwei and exiled Lv Buwei to Bashu. Later, although the nobles of the State of Qin listened to their words and issued an "expulsion order" to expel the diners from the six countries, they were discouraged by Li Si's "persuasion and expulsion" and later appointed Wei Liaozi, Li Si and others.
[Edit this paragraph] Unify China.
From 230 years ago to 22 1 year ago, Qin Shihuang adopted the strategy of far-reaching and near-attacking, divided and alienated from each other, and launched the war of Qin destroying six countries. Seventeen years of Qin Shihuang (first 230 years), nineteen years of Zhao (first 228 years), twenty-two years of Wei (first 225 years), twenty-four years of Chu (first 223 years), twenty-five years of Yan (first 222 years) and twenty-six years of Qi (first 22 1 year). Finally, the first unified, multi-ethnic and autocratic centralized state in the history of China, the Qin Empire, was established, which was also the beginning of the feudal dynasty in China.
Qin captured Jiuding.
It is said that Jiuding was cast in Yu Xia, symbolizing Kyushu, protected by many countries and made of iron from Kyushu. Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are regarded as national treasures, and those who have Jiuding are the emperors. In 256 BC (5 1 59), Qin Jun was attacked in Handan, Zhao, and then Korea and Zhao. Taking this opportunity, the eastern countries launched a joint anti-Qin movement. Under the influence and coercion of Korea, Zhao and other countries, the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty, who was ignorant of current affairs, also participated in this activity. The allied forces, under the banner of Zhou Wang, united against the State of Qin. Zhao Haoqi was furious. Qin had long wanted to erase the Western Zhou Dynasty from the map and remove an obstacle for unifying the world as soon as possible. The Western Zhou Dynasty's participation in the anti-Qin campaign just gave Qin an excuse to send troops. In 256 BC (59 years of Yunwang and 565,438+0 years of Qinwang), Chiyou attacked the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Yunwang listened to the words of the Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty and surrendered Qin to 36 cities and 30,000 households in the Western Zhou Dynasty). The King of Qin made Zhou Nanwang the monarch and the Duke of the Western Zhou the retainer, and sealed him in Liangcheng (now south of Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province). Kuai Wang Yi died in Liangcheng in January. After the country split, he set up Jiuding in Xianyang (a tripod fell in Surabaya on the way, so Qin had to have eight tripods, but it was still customary to call Jiuding). Starting from the following year (52nd year of Zhao Xiang, the first 255th year), historians used the King of Qin to mark this year. In 255 BC, Jiuding moved the capital to Qin, which meant that the king of Qin would be the master of the world and could justifiably crusade against the vassal States.
general policy
After Qin Wang took office, he listened to Li Sijin's suggestion to destroy the six countries and set out to plan the great cause of reunifying China. Its general strategic policy is to concentrate far and near and divide them one by one; Take Zhao in the north, Wei in the middle, Korea in the south, and then forge ahead with Yan, Chu and Qi.
Destroy north Korea
The first target that Qin attacked was Zhao. Because Zhao's strength is the strongest among the six countries, it is the biggest obstacle to Qin's reunification. However, Zhao has not yet reached the point of being vulnerable. Qin Jun attacked Zhao many times and was repelled by Zhao. While attacking Zhao with the main force, Qin adopted the strategy of fostering pro-Qin forces and gradually dismembered South Korea. In 23 1 year BC, Nanyang County of South Korea became a "fake guard" (that is, acting as the county chief) and gave its territory to the State of Qin. Teng was appointed as a literature and history by Qin, and was later sent to lead an army to attack South Korea. Teng knew Korea like the back of his hand, so it went smoothly. In 230 BC (the seventeenth year of the Qin Dynasty), Wang Han 'an was captured. Korea has perished.
Destroy Zhao
In 229 BC, Qin took advantage of the earthquake and famine in Zhao, and sent Wang Jian to attack Zhao. Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to resist, and the two sides remained at loggerheads for a year. At a critical juncture, Qin used its killer weapon-deviance. Wang Jian bribed Guo Kai, the favorite of Zhao Wang, with a large sum of money to spread rumors of rebellion between Li Mu and Sima Shang. Zhao Wangxin believed it and sent someone to replace Li Mu. Under the current enemy situation, Li Mu refused to give up the relieving. Zhao secretly sent someone to capture Li Mu and kill him, and at the same time killed Sima Shang. Killing Li Mu undoubtedly cleared the way for killing Zhao. From then on, like nobody's business, attack the city and attack Zhao. In 228 BC (the 19th year of Qin), Qin Jun attacked Handan, and this famous city fell into the hands of Qin. Soon, the fugitive Zhao was forced to give the map of Zhao to Qin. Zhao actually perished. But Gong Zijia fled to Daixian County (now Yuxian County, Hebei Province) with a group of people and became king on his own. In 222 BC, after Qin Jun destroyed Yan State, it occupied Yan State. At this point, Qin unified the north.
Destroy the state of Wei
In 23 1 year BC, King Wei Jingmin was forced by the powerful forces of Qin State to cede Li Yi to Jin Qin and let him stall his army. At this time, the king of Qin was mobilizing troops to launch a general attack on Zhao. He didn't want to disperse his troops to attack Wei, so he accepted the land proposal. This enabled Wei to maintain the endgame for several years. In 225 BC (twenty-two years of Qin Dynasty), when the main force went south to attack Chu, Wang Ben, a general of Qin Dynasty, led an army to besiege the girder (now Kaifeng, Henan). Wei Jun shut the gate, don't hold on. Because the girder Yugoslav capital has been built for many years and is extremely strong, Qin Jun cannot storm it. Wang Ben came up with a way to attack by water. A large number of foot soldiers in Qin Jun were arranged to dig ditches, take water from the Yellow River and canyons and pour it into girders. Three months later, the wall barriers of the girders all collapsed, and Wei had to surrender. The state of Wei perished.
Destroy Chu state
Chu, a big country in the south, has a vast territory, dense forests and rich products, and is known as a million soldiers. However, the internal affairs of Chu have been sluggish, and the nobles always struggle for power and profit, which is particularly serious at the end of the Warring States Period. In 228 BC, Chu Youwang died and the ruling group split. Wang You's half-brother Jude ascended the throne and became king of mourning, but only two months later, he was killed by his half-brother's humble disciples. I became the king of Chu. The Chu royal family is even more divided. In 226 BC, civil strife broke out in Chu, and the King of Qin lost no time in transferring Qin Jun from the front line of cutting Yan in the north to attack Chu in the south, and successively captured several cities in Chu 10. In 224 BC, the decisive battle of Qin Chu was about to begin. Li Xin, the young general of the King of Qin, led 200,000 Qin Jun to attack the State of Chu and was defeated by the Chu army. Then he sent general Wang Jian to lead 600,000 Qin Jun to attack Chu. After Wang Jian entered Chu, he did not immediately launch an offensive. He summed up the lesson that Li Xin underestimated the enemy's aggressiveness, and adopted the strategy of stationing troops to practice martial arts, guarding the city wall, paralyzing the enemy and waiting for death. In this way, after more than a year, Qin Jun basically adapted to the situation of Chu, with high morale and abundant physical strength. At the same time, the Chu army, which was called to fight against Qin Jun, gradually slackened its fighting spirit. Because of the lack of food and grass, they were ready to return to the East. When Chu Jun retreated, Wang Jian seized the opportunity and ordered the whole army to attack. Qin Jun defeated the main force of Chu army in one fell swoop, marched into the mainland and killed Xiang Yan, commander-in-chief of Chu army. Then, Qin Jun captured Shouchun (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu. In 223 BC (the 24th year of Qin Dynasty), Chu was destroyed.
Destroy Yan state
In the process of destroying Zhao, the army of Qin reached the border of Yan. Yan Guojun was in a state of panic all day. Seeing that Qin destroyed Sanjin, he tried to commit suicide, but there was nothing he could do. Yan Taizi Dan finally came up with a desperate assassination, that is, the famous Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin in history, which was in 227 BC. The assassination failed, but the king of Qin almost died under Jing Ke's dagger. He hated Yan deeply and immediately sent more troops to attack. In 226 BC, Qin Jun captured Yan Dou thistle (now Beijing), and Yan and Taizi Dan fled to Liaodong County. Li Xin, the general of Qin Dynasty, led thousands of people to pursue Taizi Dan to Yanshui in Qin Jun. Prince Taizi Dan survived because he was lurking in the water. Later, after weighing the interests, Wang Xi of Yan sent someone to kill Taizi Dan and dedicate his head to Qin, hoping to get a truce and keep Yan. After Prince Xi fled to Liaodong, Qin Jun's main force was transferred to the downtown to attack Chu. In 222 BC (twenty-five years of the King of Qin), Wang Ben was ordered to attack the remnants of Yan State in Liaodong, capture the Ledu of Rebecca, and Yan State was completely destroyed.
In the same year, the army that just destroyed Chu in the south conquered the Vietnamese army and established Huiji County. As a result, all the Yangtze River basins were incorporated into the territory of Qin State.
Destroy the state of qi
In 22 1 year BC (the 26th year of Qin dynasty), the Qin dynasty ordered Wang Ben to go south and attack the last Qi state in the six eastern countries. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the mid-Warring States Period, Qi was one of the most powerful countries in Shandong. However, in 284 BC, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei and Chu successively attacked Qi, especially Yan's sweeping, which almost destroyed Qi. Since then, Qi has been devastated. Moreover, at this time, Qi is an incompetent person. He relied on his mother when she was alive; Before his mother died, he stubbornly asked her to write down the names of ministers who could help him. In 249 BC (the 16th year of Qi Dynasty), the unyielding king died and became prime minister. The state of Qin soon launched a campaign to buy off insiders and gave a large number of gold and jade articles to Housheng. After gaining the benefits of Qin, they sent a large number of guests to Qin one after another. Qin also bribed them, gave them money and treasure, and sent them back to Qi to be spies. After returning from the state of Qin, these people actively created pro-Qin public opinion. They said that Qi should go west to the Qin Dynasty as a sign of submission, not by in-laws. It was not necessary to prepare for the war against Qin, nor should it help Sanjin and Yanchu attack Qin. It is in this case that Wang Ben went south to cut Qi, hardly meeting any resistance. Wang Ben led the army into Linzi, and Qi and Hou Sheng surrendered without fighting. The state of Qi perished.
At this point, the state of Qin completed the last journey of wiping out the heroes and unifying the six countries.
[Edit this paragraph] The first name is Emperor.
In 26 years, Wang Zheng ascended the throne of Qin State and finally unified China. At the beginning of the world, the first thing Qin, 39, was eager to do was to redefine his title.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, governors of various countries called "Jun" or "Wang". At the end of the Warring States period, Qin and Qi were once called "emperors", but this title was different at that time. Qin, who dominated the country, thought that these titles in the past were not enough to show his respect. "Today's name is even less important, so it is impossible to call it success and pass it on to future generations." He ordered ministers to discuss titles.
After some discussions, Prime Minister Wang Wan, jie feng, Tingwei Lisi and others thought that the government of the Qin Dynasty was "Xingyi soldiers, killing residual thieves and leveling the world", and its achievements were "unprecedented since ancient times, and the five emperors were far behind". Quoting the traditional honorific words, it is said that "emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang were the most expensive in ancient times", and it is suggested that the title of "Tai Huang" should be adopted by the King of Qin. However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this. He only used the word "emperor" and added the word "emperor" under it, creating a new title for himself.
From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the supreme ruler of China.
The appearance of the title "Emperor" is not only a simple name change, but also a new concept of notification. In ancient times, "emperor" meant "great", and people sometimes called ancestor gods and other gods "emperor". "Emperor" is the highest god who dominates everything in ancient people's imagination. Qin Shihuang combined the words "emperor" and "emperor" into one. First, it shows that he wants to express his supreme status and authority, which is given by God, that is, "the supreme power is given by God"; Second, it reflects that he is not satisfied with being only the ruler of the world, but also a god.
It can be seen that the title of "emperor" is the product of the deification of the monarchical power in Qin Dynasty.
Qin became the first emperor in the history of China, calling himself "the first emperor". He also stipulated that when he passed the throne to future generations after his death, the heirs would be called the second emperor, the third emperor and even eternal life. The dream that Qin Shihuang's throne will be inherited by his family forever "spreads endlessly" (Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography).
In order to sanctify the status of the emperor, Qin Shihuang took a series of measures to "respect the monarch":
Cancel the funeral ceremony The funeral ceremony began in the early Zhou Dynasty, and it was given an evaluation title based on the life story of the king after his death. Qin Shihuang, on the other hand, thought that "the son discusses the father and the minister discusses the monarch", which is outrageous and meaningless. He announced the abolition of the obituary law and prohibited future courtiers from evaluating themselves.
The son of heaven calls himself "I" The word "I" has the same meaning as "I". In the past, everyone could use it. Qin Shihuang limited that only the emperor could call himself "I".
The emperor's orders are called "control" or "imperial edict".
It is not allowed to mention the name of the emperor in the text and should be avoided. Whenever the words "emperor" and "first emperor" appear on the document, a new line should be written.
Only the jade carving seal used by the emperor can be called "seal"
The purpose of these regulations is to highlight the special position of the emperor, emphasize that the emperor is different and strengthen the mystery of imperial power in people's hearts. Qin Shihuang fantasized that with these measures, his throne would be passed down from generation to generation.
[Edit this paragraph] Centralization
In order to effectively manage the country and lay a foundation for future generations, Qin Shihuang learned the specific experience of setting up official positions during the Warring States period and established a fairly complete set of centralized and political institutions.
head office
The central government has a premier, A Qiu, and an ancient adviser. The Prime Minister has two members, left and right, who are in charge of political affairs. Qiu is in charge of the military and doesn't often buy it. The Imperial Scholar is the second deputy of the Prime Minister, in charge of the library secretary and supervising officials.
Under the Prime Minister, Qiu, and imperial envoys, there are various ministers who are in charge of specific government affairs, including doctors in charge of the palace, guards stationed in the palace, deputy generals in charge of public security in Gyeonggi, Tingwei in charge of punishment, internal history of Ji Xia, taxes on mountains and seas and handicrafts supplied by the government to the royal family, those in charge of the palace, those in charge of domestic ethnic affairs and foreign affairs, and guest appearances. The prime minister, Qiu, Qiu, discussed the state affairs, and the emperor ruled.
In addition, there were some important official positions in the Qin dynasty, such as doctors, who were familiar with ancient and modern history for the emperor's consultation and were responsible for collecting books. Hua Gai Guo is in charge of minority affairs just like Dian Ke, but the difference is that Dian Ke is in charge of communication with the minorities who are friendly to Qin State, and Hua Gai Guo is in charge of surrendering to the minorities in Qin State. Zhan-managing the affairs of the queen and the prince; Will be a junior official-responsible for the construction of the palace.
The centralization of authority established in the Qin Dynasty was imitated by successive dynasties. Among them, the "three public officials and nine ministers" in the Han Dynasty basically copied the Qin system.
Local institutions
After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he adopted Lisi's suggestion, abolished the enfeoffment system and switched to the county system. Local administrative agencies are divided into counties and counties. Principal officials of counties and counties are appointed and removed by the central government.
There are guards, governors and supervisors in the county. The sheriff is in charge of his county. The county commandant assisted the county magistrate and gave a military salute. Supervised by the county police. Qin Shihuang divided the whole country into 36 counties, and later it gradually increased to 4 1 county.
They are:
Qindi: Ba County, Shu County, Longxi County and Beidi County;
Zhao Di: Taiyuan County, Yunzhong County, Handan County, Julu County, Yanmen County, Daixian County and Changshan County;
Di Wei: Shang Jun, Hedong County, Dong Jun, Dang County and Hanoi County;
Handi: Sanchuan County, Shangdang County and Yingchuan County;
Chu: Hanzhong County, Nanjun County, Yuzhong County, Nanyang County, Chenjun County, Xue Jun County, surabaya county County, Jiujiang County, Huiji County, Changsha County and Hengshan County;
Tiqi: Donghai County, Qixian County, Langya County, Jiaodong County and Jibei County;
Yan Di: Yangguang County, Shanggu County, Yuxian County, Youbeiping County, Liaoxi County and Liaodong County;
Hometown of South Vietnam: Minzhong County, Nanhai County, Guilin County and Xiang Jun County;
Hometown of Xiongnu: Jiuyuan County.
County, 1 10,000 households or more, and 1 10,000 households or less. The county magistrate and the governor have subordinates such as Cheng and Wei. The county magistrate and governor are mainly in charge of government affairs, the county commandant is in charge of military affairs, and the county magistrate is in charge of justice.
There are townships below the county level, and their main functions are as follows: 1. Evaluate the corvee; 2. Collecting land tax; 3. Verify the case in the defendant's hometown; 4. Participate in national grain storage. There are three old men in charge of education, miser in charge of litigation and taxation, and vagabond in charge of public security.
There is a village in the country, which is the most basic administrative unit. There is Li Dian, later known as Li Zheng and Li Kui, with "Hao Shuai" as the powerful person. A strict household registration organization is set up in the village for tribal officers to collect taxes. It also provides for mutual supervision and prosecution of rape, where one person commits a crime and neighbors sit together. In addition, there is a special organization for public security and banning thieves, called pavilion, long. In addition to managing public security, the pavilion is also responsible for receiving officials coming and going, and transporting, purchasing and delivering (documents) for the government. The two pavilions are about 10 miles apart.
[Edit this paragraph] Comprehensive unification
Shu Tongwen
Since the Shang Dynasty, writing has gradually become popular. As an official language, bronze inscriptions are relatively consistent in form. However, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were regional differences in folk characters, such as weapons, Wen Tao, silk books and bamboo slips. This situation has hindered the economic and cultural exchanges between different places, and also affected the effective implementation of policies and decrees of the central government. So, after Qin unified the Central Plains, Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si and others to sort out the unified characters.
On the basis of the big seal script widely used by Qin people in the Warring States Period, Lisi absorbed the advantages of tadpole script popular in Qilu and other places, and created a new character with uniform shape and simple strokes, called "Qin Zhuan", also known as "Xiao seal script", as the official standard character, while abolishing other variant characters. In addition, an official named Cheng Miao was detained in Yunyang for committing a crime. During his 10 years in prison, he summarized a change in font evolution at that time (later called "official change"). This move was appreciated by Qin Shihuang, so he was released, promoted to an imperial history, and ordered him to "set up a book" and develop a new font, that is, "official script." Official script broke the tradition of ancient Chinese characters, laid the foundation of regular script and improved the writing efficiency.
Qin Shihuang's order to unify and simplify Chinese characters is a summary of the development and evolution of ancient Chinese characters and a great reform of Chinese characters, which has played an important role in the development of China culture.
Degree certification system
During the Warring States period, the systems of weights and measures and monetary systems in various countries were very inconsistent. After the unification of Qin dynasty, it was stipulated that the currency could be divided into gold and copper: gold is said to be the superior currency, and the unit is Yi (20 in Qin dynasty is Yi); The copper coin is 10,000 yuan, unified into a round square, with half a square as the unit. Gold coins are mainly for the emperor, and copper coins are the main circulation media.
Qin Shihuang took the degree, quantity and balance of the former Qin State as the unit standard and eliminated the system that did not match this. Qin Ting engraved the original standard documents promulgated by Shang Yang, or made the same standard documents with inscriptions and sent them to the whole country. It is forbidden to use the degree, quantity and balance different from that of standard instruments.
In the field system, the Qin dynasty stipulated that 6 feet (now 230 cm) was a step and 240 steps were an acre. This system of dividing land into three parts per mu will remain unchanged for thousands of years.
Cars on the same track
During the Warring States period, vehicles in different countries had different shapes. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, the width of the car was set at six feet, and one car could pass through the whole country.
homotopy
To "do the same thing" is to change customs and establish a unified moral code and code of conduct. In this respect, the Qin Dynasty also attached great importance to it. For example, in the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), Qin Shihuang came to the foot of Mount Tai. It used to be the hometown of Qi, and it was called "the state of etiquette". The first emperor wrote on the carved stone of Mount Tai that "men and women should be courteous, keep their duties, be clear about the inside and outside, and be unclean, and should be given heirs" (meaning that men and women should be treated with courtesy, women should be governed from the inside, and men should be governed from the outside, setting a good example for future generations) and commended them. In the thirty-seventh year of the First Emperor (265,438+00 BC), the inscription left by Huiji Stone severely lashed out at the prevailing local lewd wind, and corrected the custom of lax prevention for men and women in wuyue by killing adulterers.
Build the Great Wall
After the Qin dynasty destroyed the six countries, it began to build the Great Wall in the north, collecting more than 400 thousand civilian workers every year. At that time, the productivity was extremely low, so men could not eat bitterness and women could not knit clothes. So many people are recruited to engage in unproductive labor, and the only result is that the death toll cannot be counted. Thousands of miles away, there are corpses everywhere, and rivers of blood are flowing. It is not surprising that five out of ten households want to rebel. The folklore of "Meng Jiangnu cried and collapsed the Great Wall" also reflects the complaints of ordinary people about the construction of the Great Wall and the darkness of Qin tyranny.
Beginning in 222 BC, Qin Shihuang began to build a large-scale chidao with Xianyang as the center and extending in all directions, similar to modern expressways. Chidao and the implementation of "cars on the same track" are both 50 steps wide. Chidao has several functions, one is to facilitate traffic and management of the old places of the six countries, the other is to facilitate the supply of the front line of the northern war, and the third is to facilitate the smooth inspection of the first emperor. Except for Qin Zhi Road and Qin Plank Road, most of them were built on the basis of Qin's hometown, the old roads in the Six Kingdoms and the roads built during Qin's conquest of the Six Kingdoms. The famous lanes include Shang Jun Road, Linjin Road, Dongfang Road, Wuguan Road, Qinplank Road, West Road and Qin Zhi Road.
After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, in order to facilitate the transportation of troops and materials needed for conquering Lingnan, he ordered Shilu to dig a canal to connect the Xiangjiang River in the Yangtze River system with the Lijiang River in the Pearl River system. This canal was finally completed from the 20th year of the Emperor (2 19 BC) to the 23rd year (2 15 BC). Lingqu is one of the oldest canals in the world. It has been the main waterway transportation route between Lingnan and the Central Plains for more than two thousand years. Therefore, the project is one of the national key cultural relics protection units.
[Edit this paragraph] Burning books to bury Confucianism
At that time, hundreds of schools of thought contended in society, which seriously hindered Qin Shihuang's thought of unifying the people of six countries and threatened the rule of the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, in order to unify the thoughts of the people of the original six countries, Qin Shihuang began to destroy all history books except Ji Qin in 2 13 BC, and only allowed the people to leave books on medicine, divination and planting. It was not until the demise of the Qin Dynasty in 206 BC that it was called "book burning".
In 2 12 BC, Qin Shihuang killed more than 460 alchemists in Xianyang, Qin Dou, because two alchemists fled privately and slandered the emperor, which was called "cheating Confucianism" in history.