The SATA socket, SATA, is the abbreviation of Serial ATA, that is, serial ATA. This is a new type of hard disk interface that is completely different from Parallel ATA. It is named after the serial method of transmitting data. The SATA bus uses an embedded clock signal and has stronger error correction capabilities. Compared with the past, its biggest difference is that it can check the transmission instructions (not just data). If an error is found, it will automatically correct it. This is very important in many aspects. It greatly improves the reliability of data transmission and belongs to Zuokang Co., Ltd. Basic introduction Chinese name: SATA socket Company: Zuokang Co., Ltd. Full name: Serial ATA socket Properties: New hard disk interface type socket product overview, product performance, advantages, principles, physical design, compatibility, advantages, standards and specifications, foreword ,Standard changes,Interface advantages,Storage standards,Connector differences,Specification enhancement,Application enhancement,Next stage,Problems and solutions,Problems,Operation methods,ESATA,Introduction,Prospects, Product overview SATA is the abbreviation of Serial ATA, that is, serial ATA. This is a new type of hard disk interface that is completely different from Parallel ATA. It is named after the serial method of transmitting data. The SATA bus uses an embedded clock signal and has stronger error correction capabilities. Compared with the past, its biggest difference is that it can check the transmission instructions (not just data). If errors are found, they will be automatically corrected. This is very important in many aspects. The reliability of data transmission is improved to a great extent. Serial Product Performance Advantages Compared with parallel ATA, SATA has greater advantages. First of all, Serial ATA transmits data in a continuous serial manner, and can use a higher operating frequency with a smaller bit width to increase the bandwidth of data transmission. Serial ATA only transmits 1 bit of data at a time, which can reduce the number of pins in the SATA interface, reduce the number of connecting cables, and be more efficient. In fact, Serial ATA can complete all the work with only four pins, which are used for connecting cables, connecting ground wires, transmitting data, and receiving data. At the same time, this architecture can also reduce system energy consumption and reduce system complexity. sex. Secondly, Serial ATA has a higher starting point and greater development potential. The data transfer rate defined by Serial ATA 1.0 can reach 150MB/sec, which is higher than the current maximum of 133MB/sec that the fastest parallel ATA (i.e. ATA/133) can achieve. The data transfer rate is still high, and the data transfer rate of the already released Serial ATA 2.0 will reach 300MB/sec. Eventually, Serial ATA 3.0 will achieve the highest data transfer rate of 600MB/sec. Principle It is necessary to explain the data transfer rate of Serial ATA here. In terms of serial communication, the data transfer rate refers to the actual bit rate of serial interface data transmission. The transfer rate of Serial ATA 1.0 is 1.5Gbps, and the transfer rate of Serial ATA 2.0 is 3.0Gbps. Like other high-speed serial interfaces, the Serial ATA interface also adopts a set of encoding mechanisms to ensure data flow characteristics. This encoding mechanism encodes the 8-bit data (i.e. 1Byte=8bit) originally contained in each tuple into 10 bits. bit data (i.e. 1Byte=10bit). In this way, each tuple serial data stream of the Serial ATA interface contains 10 bits of data. The encoded Serial ATA transmission rate will correspondingly become the actual Serial ATA transmission rate. One-tenth of , so 1.5Gbps=150MB/sec, and 3.0Gbps=300MB/sec. Physical design The physical design of SATA can be said to be based on Fiber Channel (Fiber Channel), so four-core wiring is used; the required voltage is significantly reduced to 250mV (up to 500mV), which is 20% less than the 5V of the traditional parallel ATA interface. Times! Therefore, manufacturers can add advanced hard drive functions to Serial ATA hard drives, such as hot swapping.

More importantly, in terms of connection form, in addition to the traditional point-to-point form, SATA also supports "star" connection, which can provide design convenience for advanced applications such as RAID; In actual use, the SATA Host Bus Adapter (HBA) is like a switch on the network. It can communicate with each individual hard drive in the form of a channel, that is, each SATA hard drive has exclusive access. A transmission channel, so there is no master/slave control problem like parallel ATA. SATA interface cable compatibility The Serial ATA specification is not only based on the future, but also retains a variety of backward compatibility methods, so there is no compatibility problem in use. In terms of hardware, the Serial ATA standard allows the use of converters to provide compatibility with parallel devices. The converter can convert parallel ATA signals from the motherboard into serial signals that can be used by Serial ATA hard disks. There are currently many This type of adapter card/adapter is on the market, which to some extent protects our original investment and reduces upgrade costs; in terms of software, Serial ATA and Parallel ATA maintain software compatibility, which means that manufacturers have no There is also no need to rewrite any driver and operating system code to use Serial ATA. In addition, Serial ATA wiring is much simpler than traditional Parallel ATA (Paralle ATA) wiring, and it is easy to retract and retract, which significantly improves the airflow and heat dissipation in the chassis. Moreover, SATA hard drives are different from parallel ATA which are always trapped in the chassis. They are highly expandable and can be externally installed. The external cabinet (JBOD) not only provides better heat dissipation and plug-in functions, but also can Multiple connections to prevent single points of failure; since the designs of SATA and Fiber Channel are the same, the transmission speed can be guaranteed by using different channels, which is of great significance in servers and network storage. Advantages Serial ATA has many advantages over Parallel ATA and will become a cheap alternative to Parallel ATA. And the transition from Parallel ATA to Serial ATA is also a general trend and should be just a matter of time. Relevant manufacturers are also vigorously promoting SATA interfaces. For example, compared with ICH5 series Southbridge chips, Intel's ICH6 series Southbridge chips support an increase in SATA interfaces from 2 to 4, while the number of parallel ATA interfaces is reduced from 2 to 1. nVidia's nForce4 series chipsets already support SATA II or Serial ATA 2.0, and Samsung has used Marvell 88i6525 SOC chips to develop a new generation of SATA II interface hard drives, which were launched in early 2005. It is worth noting that whether it is SATA or SATA II, it actually has little impact on hard drive performance. Because the current bottleneck of hard drive performance is concentrated on the internal data transfer rate of the hard drive, which is determined by the internal mechanical mechanism of the hard drive, the hard drive storage technology, and the disk speed. Even the current top-notch 15,000 rpm SCSI hard drive has an internal data transfer rate. The speed is only about 80MB/sec, let alone an ordinary 7200 rpm desktop hard drive. Unless there are revolutionary changes in the data recording technology of hard disks, such as perpendicular recording technology, etc., the internal data transfer rate of current hard disks will not be significantly improved. To put it bluntly, the current hard drives using ATA 100 are completely sufficient. The reason for using more advanced interface technology is to achieve higher burst transfer rates, support more features, and be more convenient and easy to use. And it has more potential for development. However, with the development of technology, SSD technology is now developing rapidly. Some companies have launched SSD, which is much faster than HDD. Therefore, the launch and further development of SATA and SATA II are necessary. Standard Specification Preface The emergence of the SATA standard has caused a huge stir in the computer storage industry. In addition to changing the past parallel transmission method to a serial method, not only has the cable size been effectively reduced, but also the transmission Speed ??has also been greatly improved. Standard Change In fact, the name of SATA II that we often see was originally the name of a committee. The purpose of the committee was to formulate the earliest SATA 1.x standard.

Later the organization was renamed SATA International Organization (SATA-IO). But the SATA II name remained. Since the related products launched by different manufacturers have different functions or support levels, the naming rules of each SATA product are different. Since SATA-IO does not strictly stipulate naming rules and functional requirements, it also caused a lot of product positioning problems in the early stages of promotion. Generally speaking, manufacturers use specific functions as naming rules. Generally speaking, the most common ones are based on the maximum transmission speed. Common names include SATA 300, SATA 3Gb/s and SATA 3G. Some also use SATA II directly. Support specification names. Later, its products are quite complete in terms of hardware specifications, so most of them have abandoned the past speed naming rules. In addition, SATA-IO will be used by each manufacturer at the autumn IDF exhibition at the end of August 2005. Certified SATA II content: such as 3Gbps, local command queue (NCQ), port multipliers and port selectors, etc., are unified into the SATA 2.5 standard specification, which greatly reduces market confusion. Phenomenon. In the first quarter of 2007, SATA-IO launched the 2.6 version of the specification, and the further version 3.0 specification will be launched in the second half of the year. Interface Advantages The emergence of SATA 1.0 represents the computer industry's official transition from low-clock parallel transmission to high-clock sequential transmission. The initial specification is set at 1.5Gbps, which obviously has more abundant transmission energy than the past IDE interface. However, although SATA provides such a wide bus, the progress of hard drive speed is very slow, and the speed and disc density are not improved fast enough, so the improvement of SATA bus speed is of little significance. Storage standards: An example that many people like to cite: riding a 50CC Little Sheep motorcycle on a highway with a speed limit of 200, which is enough to fully describe the dilemma faced by hard drives. According to the SATA 1.0 specification, its maximum transfer speed is about 150Mbyte/s. Currently, even high-end SATA hard drives with a speed of more than 10,000 rpm cannot exceed 100MByte/s. If you want SATA's high bus speed To maximize the bandwidth, you must use a disk array. Another way to take advantage of the high bandwidth of the SATA interface is to use an external hard drive device with a port sharer. The bandwidth of a single SATA port can be Evenly distributed to a different number of hard drives, for now, the transfer speed of a single hard drive will not have a greater advantage than in the past under the IDE interface. Differences in connectors Secondly, although SATA has hot-swappable specifications, most current connection cables are designed for use with internal hard drives. The maximum number of plugs and pulls is only about 200. Beyond this number, the cable connector It will deteriorate and may even cause damage to the hard drive. Even for the eSTAT cable used for external sockets, the number of plugs and unplugs is still only about 2,500 times, which is far behind the USB interface. However, this aspect involves cables. The relationship between material and cost, although theoretically it can achieve higher plug-in times, whether the price can be accepted by consumers is also key. Although SATA cables have an advantage in width, their length is limited to less than 2 meters. This is also a considerable limitation for some applications, but this can be solved with xSATA. ESATA and SATA interface specifications strengthen the technologies added in SATA version 2.6, which are mainly targeted at small embedded storage or mobile applications. These technical contents include the following: 1. SATA optical drives can be installed into small devices (such as *** Built-in daughter card cables and connectors in all form factors. 2. A 1.8-inch hard drive can be installed into the micro-SATA connector of a small terminal such as a UMPC. 3. Now that micro connector specifications are available, built-in or external multi-channel cables and connectors must be designed for this type of micro connector. 4. Enhanced NCQ priority allows data to be dynamically assigned priority levels for data transmission in complex loading environments to avoid traffic jams. 5. Allow the laptop to turn off or not use the NCQ function to avoid dragging down system performance if the driver is incomplete.

Below: The miniaturized connection interface developed by SATA 2.6. (SATA-IO) Application enhancement From the above enhancement points, it can be seen that SATA 2.6 version is mainly aimed at smaller applications, such as samll form factor or UMPC internal and external specifications. However, for such applications, other The number of storage devices is limited, and the speed of the storage device itself will be affected by different factors such as rotation speed (for example, the maximum transfer speed of a 1.8-inch hard drive commonly used in UMPC is only about 20MByte/s, which is lower than that of a traditional 3.5-inch hard drive. 1 out of 3.) It does not seem to be so necessary for the import of SATA specifications. UMPC itself cannot support disk arrays. The only way to utilize the power of SATA is to use a port sharer to connect multiple external storage devices. The shortcomings of traditional mechanical hard drives are clearly visible in UMPCs. Not only are they high in power consumption, slow in speed, and their capacity growth is not fast, so the sudden emergence of solid-state drives (SSDs) may become a boost in the promotion of SATA bandwidth. But from another perspective, UMPC may also have a built-in Express Card interface. Compared with SATA, Express Card actually has an advantage over SATA in terms of specification expansion, speed performance, and connection methods. In the next two to three years, the price and capacity of SSD will still not be accepted by ordinary consumers. Traditional micro hard drives still have room for survival. Therefore, the competition between SATA and Express Card in this area is still uncertain. The biggest improvement of the next stage of SATA 3.0 is to increase the maximum transmission bandwidth of the bus to 6Gbps. This greatly increases the application space of port sharers and connectors, and has the ability to support large capacity and high speed. Its strengths can be used in external applications that meet transmission needs. The connection test with better endurance is also in progress, but as of now, the details are not clear. However, judging from its large bandwidth, it is actually beyond the scope of general consumer applications. It focuses on specific professional applications and the market is much smaller. Mechanical hard drives will continue to exist for a long time in the future, and their transmission speeds will continue to increase at the current rate. Therefore, hardware manufacturers are bound to develop more different connection methods to effectively consume Removing these huge bandwidths allows consumers to more directly feel the benefits of increased numbers, instead of only focusing on the promotion of written specifications, which cannot bring benefits to users in related applications. Problems and Solutions: Using GHOST to back up the system. I think many friends here will do it, but there are also many friends, especially those who use SATA hard drives, who may have encountered such a situation when using GHOST to back up the system. , after booting into the system using a floppy disk or CD, the system goes black and crashes after using the GHOST.EXE command. Does GHOST not support SATA devices? Can't we make a backup of the system after using a SATA hard drive? The answer is no, SATA hard drives can also be used for cloning, but the operation requires a little skill. SATA interface hard disk First, let's analyze why the system crashes under normal circumstances. Generally speaking, motherboards that support SATA hard drives use I865PE (Northbridge) + ICH5R (Southbridge) or above chipsets. However, due to the limitations of the ICH5R Southbridge chip itself, when used in WIN9X, WINNT, and DOS systems, one of them The group IDE channel will be unavailable, which is why after we start GHOST, the system will stop responding, because at this time GHOST cannot determine which group of IDE is available in the system. Once we know the cause, we can prescribe the right medicine.

Generally, the BIOS of the 865 motherboard provides an option to disable one set of IDE channels, so that the system still only recognizes two sets of IDE channels. Operation method (the following methods are all in CD boot mode) 1. A SATA hard disk is mounted on SATA1 interface, a CDROM is hung in the PRIMARY IDE interface (set as the main disk): a) Boot into the BIOS settings, select IDE Configuration in the MAIN menu b) Change the Onboard IDE Operate Mode to Compatible Mode c) In [Enhanced Mode Support On ], select [Primary P-ATA+S-ATA] d) After restarting and entering the BIOS, you will find that there are only 4 IDE devices in the MAIN menu, [Primary IDE MASTER] is [CDROM], [Primary IDE Slave] is [NONE], [Secondary IDE Master] is [IDE DISK] (the model of your hard disk), [[Secondary IDE Slave] is [NONE] e) After booting into DOS with the CD, just run GHOST 2. A The SATA hard disk is hung on the SATA1 interface, and a CDROM is hung on the SECONDARY IDE interface: Just change [Primary P-ATA+S-ATA] in the third step above to [Secondary P-ATA+S-ATA], and that's it. , at this time the system will regard SATA1 and SATA2 devices as [Primary IDE Master] and [Primary IDE Slave]. 3. If you use a motherboard that supports SATA but do not use SATA devices, the BIOS of some motherboards still opens the SATA channel by default. At this time, using GHOST to back up the system will also cause a black screen, so we also need to set the SATA channel in the BIOS. Set it inside to disable the SATA channel. In the third step of the first case, change [Primary P-ATA+S-ATA] to [P-ATA Ports Only]. At this time, the system will disable Remove the SATA device and you can use it as an ordinary motherboard without SATA devices. By the way, GHOST2003 can directly recognize NTFS formatted hard drives, which makes W2K backup much more convenient. Other models of motherboards have the same settings, but the options are not as rich as those of ASUS. ESATA Introduction The abbreviation of External Serial ATA is an extended specification of Serial ATA 1.0a developed for external drives. Although the scale is relatively small, there are already corresponding products circulating in the market. Flash drive with ESATA interface In order to prevent misconnection, the shape of the eSATA interface is different from that of SATA. The maximum length of the connection line is 2m. Supports hot swapping. The transmission speed can reach more than 2 times the transmission speed of the current mainstream USB2.0. SATA Tools SATA is a famous brand owned by Danaher Tools (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the American Danaher Group in China. The origin of "Danaher" can be traced back to its root word "Dana". In Celtic language in 700 BC, "Dana" means "rapid river". In the early 1980s, the company's founders were on a fishing trip on the Danaher River, a southern branch of the Flat Head River in western Montana. So the company founder named the new organization after the river. Prospects The company has become the most competitive manufacturer in the industry by implementing key development strategies. Danaher Corporation is a US listed company with annual sales of US$8 billion, headquartered in Washington, DC. As of 2005, Danaher had 40,000 employees worldwide, distributed in more than 20 countries and regions... Its main business orientation is: tools and parts, programs, and environmental control products. It has a number of famous brand trademarks and patented technologies, and has a dominant position in the market.

In 1997, the Wall Street Journal selected the 100 best listed companies, and Danaher Corporation ranked 38th. From 1998 to 2005, the company's sales increased to US$8 billion, and operating income increased by nearly 83%. The row interface also has the advantages of simple structure and support for hot swapping.