No matter what kind of learning method, it must be conducive to making your foundation solid, cultivating your good habits and ability at a higher level, and enhancing your interest in learning and self-confidence. The following is a summary of the knowledge points that I often take in the political exam of Grade One in Senior High School, hoping to help you!

a summary of the knowledge points commonly taken in the political examination of senior one 1

1. The importance of labor and employment. (1) Labor is the mental and physical expenditure of workers, and it is the creation activity of material wealth and spiritual wealth. Laborers are the main body of the production process and play a leading role in the development of productive forces. Labor is the source of progress and development of human civilization. Glory belongs to the workers.

2. China's severe employment pressure. ① China's total population and labor force are relatively large, while the level of productivity development is relatively low; ② The quality of labor force is not fully adapted to the needs of social and economic development; ③ The labor market is imperfect and the employment information transmission system is not smooth. All these make China's employment problem more prominent, heavy and urgent than any other country.

④ Starting from the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people, the Party and the government put the expansion of employment in a prominent position in economic and social development, implemented a positive employment policy, and strived to improve the employment and entrepreneurial environment.

3. Laborers should carry forward the spirit of hard work and self-improvement and establish a correct concept of choosing a job.

(1) Establish the concept of independent career choice. Decide what to do independently according to one's interests, specialties and conditions. This is conducive to bringing everyone's intelligence into play and mobilizing everyone's enthusiasm and creativity in production.

(2) Establish the concept of competitive employment. Self-employment should be achieved through competition in the labor market. We should study hard, improve our skills and quality, change our ideas and actively adapt to the needs of the labor market.

(3) Establish the concept of equal employment. All kinds of legitimate professional workers are necessary to create social wealth, and there is no distinction between high and low. No matter what job you are engaged in, as long as you are down-to-earth and conscientious, you can make a difference.

(4) establish a variety of employment concepts. Modern market economy and information technology lead to the diversification of employment forms, such as freelance, flexible working days, temporary workers and other employment methods are increasing, so we can choose more flexibly. People can also choose jobs through employment agencies, media advertisements, online talent markets, job fairs, etc. to achieve employment.

summary of the knowledge points commonly taken in the political examination of senior one 2

national finance

1. What is the meaning and essence of finance? What role does finance play in social and economic life?

(1) Finance refers to the income and expenditure of the country. In essence, finance is a social distribution in which the state participates.

the national annual basic revenue and expenditure plan proposed by the government and approved by legal procedures is the national budget; The accounting report on the implementation results of the national budget in the previous year is the national final accounts.

(2) Finance plays a huge role in social and economic life:

① Finance is the material guarantee for promoting social equity and improving people's lives. Free compulsory education, individual social security, earthquake relief, helping the needy and laid-off workers, etc. ② Finance can promote the rational allocation of social resources. (For example, the state supports the construction of certain industries and regions through finance, and invests in infrastructure industries through finance, etc. (3) Finance can promote the smooth operation of the national economy. The state promotes the basic balance between total social supply and total social demand through fiscal policy, and realizes the smooth operation of the national economy.

when economic growth is sluggish (revenue exceeds expenditure) and economic development is mainly restricted by insufficient demand (supply exceeds demand), the government should adopt an expansionary fiscal policy to stimulate the growth of total demand, reduce the unemployment rate and stimulate economic growth by increasing economic construction expenditure and reducing taxes. On the other hand, when the economic development is overheated, prices are rising (supply is less than demand), and the normal operation of the economy is mainly restricted by the supply capacity, the government can adopt a tight fiscal policy, by reducing fiscal expenditure, increasing taxes, curbing total demand, stabilizing prices, and "cooling down" the economy (spending exceeds revenue).

note: fiscal policy the state adjusts fiscal expenditure and fiscal revenue, such as increasing or decreasing fiscal expenditure, increasing or decreasing taxes, exempting interest tax and agricultural tax, and adjusting export tax rebate. Monetary policy is a national policy on money and finance. The state adjusts the amount of money in circulation through monetary policy to meet the demand of money in circulation. Such as adjusting the interest rate of deposits and loans and the deposit reserve ratio, and encouraging banks to lend to small and medium-sized enterprises.

2. what are the forms of fiscal revenue? Factors affecting fiscal revenue and how to increase fiscal revenue.

(1) fiscal revenue is the funds raised by the state through certain forms and channels. The forms of fiscal revenue are: ① tax revenue-the most common form of fiscal revenue of state organizations and the most important source of fiscal revenue. (It has the widest collection, the most stable and reliable, and occupies a dominant position in fiscal revenue. (2) Profit income: profits paid by state-owned enterprises and dividend income of state-owned shareholding enterprises. ③ Debt income. ④ Other income: fees, fines, etc.

(2) The main factors affecting fiscal revenue are economic development level and distribution policy.

① the influence of economic development level on national fiscal revenue is fundamental, and the two are the relationship between root and leaf, and the relationship between source and flow. Promoting economic development is the fundamental way to increase national fiscal revenue.

② The fiscal revenue is also restricted by the distribution policy. On the premise that the total social wealth is certain, if the national finance concentrates too much wealth, it will directly reduce the income of enterprises and individuals, which is not conducive to the expansion of enterprise production and the increase of individual purchasing power, and will eventually have an adverse impact on the increase of fiscal revenue. If the centralized revenue of state finance is too small, it will directly affect the effective play of state functions, especially reduce the financial support and regulation of economic development, and ultimately it will not be conducive to the development of enterprises and the increase of personal income. Therefore, the state should formulate a reasonable distribution policy, which not only ensures the steady growth of national fiscal revenue, but also promotes the sustainable development of enterprises and the continuous improvement of people's living standards.

3. What are the fiscal expenditures divided into? What are the relations between fiscal revenue and fiscal expenditure?

(1) the allocation and use of centralized financial funds by the state is financial expenditure. The national financial expenditure is divided into: ① economic construction expenditure; ② Expenditure on science, education, culture and health; ③ Administration and defense expenditure; ④ Social security expenditure; ⑤ Debt expenditure.

(2) The relationship between fiscal revenue and fiscal expenditure can be divided into: ① fiscal balance: revenue >; Expenditure, a slight savings; Income <; Expenditure, a slight deficit; Income? Expenditure (refers to the current situation); ② Fiscal surplus: income >; Expenditure,; ③ Fiscal deficit: revenue <; Expenditure, The state shall, according to the specific circumstances, reasonably determine the relationship between fiscal revenue and expenditure, and promote the balance of total social supply and demand.

4. The more fiscal revenue, the better?

fiscal revenue is a certain social wealth possessed or consumed by the state to perform its functions. Finance plays an important role in social and economic development. The more fiscal revenue, the better the state can perform its functions (supporting the construction of infrastructure and key projects, promoting the all-round development of education, science, technology, culture and health environment, promoting the fair and coordinated development of society, promoting the continuous improvement of people's living standards, effectively adjusting the allocation of resources, ensuring the stable development of the national economy, etc.). This statement can only be established when the total national income is increasing and the distribution ratio in all aspects is reasonable. But it cannot be said that the more fiscal revenue, the better. Under the condition that the total national income remains unchanged for a certain period of time, the more fiscal revenue, the more it will directly reduce the income of enterprises and individuals. In this way, it will have an adverse impact on the expansion of production of enterprises and the improvement of personal consumption level, and will affect the enthusiasm of enterprises and workers, which will eventually hinder economic development and the increase of fiscal revenue.

summary of the knowledge points commonly taken in the political examination of senior one 3

1. Unveiling the mystery of money 1. Commodity

1. Meaning: labor products for exchange

2. Basic attributes: use value (the property that commodities can meet people's needs) and value (undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities)

2. The meaning and essence of money

① Meaning: the commodity separated from commodities and fixed as universal equivalent (so money is the product of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage)

② Essence: universal equivalent

Meaning: Money has the function of expressing and measuring the value of all other commodities

3. Basic function of money

(1) Value scale

① Meaning: It refers to money as expression.

② price: the value of a commodity expressed in a certain amount of money. Value is the basis of price, so the price is determined, and the price reflects the value.

③ Money as a measure of value does not need real money, but only conceptual money.

(2) Means of circulation:

① Meaning: refers to the function of money as a medium of commodity exchange.

② commodity circulation: commodity exchange with money as the medium. Formula: W-G-W

③ Real currency is needed.

(3) The other three functions of money: storage means, payment means, and functions of world currency.

4, the law of currency circulation-the actual amount of money needed in circulation is controlled by the law of currency circulation

① Its content is: the amount of money needed in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of goods, and inversely proportional to the number of times of currency circulation

② Formula:

5, paper money

① Meaning: a mandatory value symbol issued by the country (or some regions). But it can't determine the purchasing power of paper money or the value represented by paper money)

② Advantages: low manufacturing cost, easy storage, carrying and transportation, avoiding abrasion and reducing the intangible loss of precious metals

③ Limit: the circulation should be limited to the amount of money actually needed in circulation. Too much will easily lead to inflation, Too little will easily lead to deflation

6. Electronic money: storage, transfer, purchase and payment by computer

7. Development of money: metal money (gold and silver bars-coins)-paper money-electronic money

2. Credit instruments and foreign exchange

1. Settlement method

cash settlement: using paper money to complete the receipt and payment of economic transactions

transfer settlement: completing the receipt and payment of economic transactions through bank transfer

2. Common credit tools-credit card, check

① credit card (meaning: electronic payment card with some or all functions such as consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, credit loan, etc. Bank credit card is a kind of credit certificate issued by commercial banks to customers with good credit standing. Advantages: multi-function, convenience, economy, safety, etc.)

② Check (meaning: payment voucher for demand deposit, a bill that the drawer entrusts financial institutions such as banks to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or holder when seeing the bill. Type: transfer check and cash check)

3. Meaning of foreign exchange: means of payment for international settlement expressed in foreign currency

4. Exchange rate: also known as exchange rate, refers to the exchange rate between two currencies (if 1 units of foreign currency can be converted into more RMB, it means that the exchange rate of foreign currency rises and foreign currency appreciates; On the contrary, it shows that the exchange rate of foreign currency has fallen, and the appreciation of RMB is beneficial to imports and not to exports. On the contrary, on the contrary.

5. Keep the value of RMB stable

① Meaning: Keep the overall price level stable internally and the RMB exchange rate stable externally.

② significance: it is of great significance to the people's life stability, the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, and the stability of world finance and economic development.

3. Factors affecting prices

1. The influence of various factors on commodity prices is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand of commodities.

2. Supply and demand affect prices

① Demand exceeds supply and prices rise-seller's market (seller plays a leading role and is in a favorable position)

② Supply exceeds demand and prices fall-buyer's market (buyer plays a leading role and is in a favorable position)

3. Value determines prices

① Relationship between value and prices: value is the basis of prices. For commodity producers, individual labor time is higher than socially necessary labor time, which is at a disadvantage; Individual working hours are in a favorable position if they are lower than socially necessary working hours.

③ socially necessary labor time refers to the labor time required to manufacture a certain commodity under the existing normal social production conditions and the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity.

④ Commodity value is inversely proportional to social labor productivity.

4. Law of value

① Basic content: The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing the commodity, and the exchange of commodities is based on the value.

② manifestation: commodity prices are affected by the relationship between supply and demand, and fluctuate around the value.

Fourth, the impact of price changes

1. The impact on people's lives: ① Generally speaking, prices go up and purchases go down; Prices drop and purchases increase.

② price changes have little influence on the demand of daily necessities, but have great influence on the demand of high-grade durable consumer goods.

③ among substitutes, if the price of one commodity rises, consumers will reduce their purchases of the commodity and consume another commodity instead, which will lead to an increase in the demand for another commodity; On the other hand, if the price of a commodity falls, consumers will increase their purchases of the commodity, which will lead to a decrease in the demand for another commodity (that is, the price change of substitutes will have a negative impact on both sides)

④ In the complementary product, the price increase of a commodity will not only reduce the demand for the commodity, but also reduce the demand for another commodity; On the other hand, if the price of one commodity drops and the demand increases, the demand of another commodity will increase (that is, the price change of complementary products will have the same influence on both parties)

2. Influence on production and operation: adjust production, improve labor productivity (individual labor productivity), and produce marketable high-quality products.

v. consumption and its types

1. There are many factors that affect consumption, mainly the income and price level of residents. Other factors include the performance, quality, appearance, packaging, advertising, purchase method, service attitude, family size, economic development level and so on.

2. The influence of income on consumption: income is the premise and basis of consumption

① Generally speaking, the disposable income of residents is directly proportional to their consumption-to develop the economy and increase their income

② Residents' consumption.