Required knowledge points for politics in the first grade of high school (1)

1. Commodity

(1) Meaning: products of labor used for exchange.

(2) Basic attributes: use value and value.

The attribute of a commodity that can satisfy certain needs of people is the use value of the commodity; the undifferentiated human labor condensed in the commodity is the value of the commodity. Commodity is the unity of use value and value, and use value is the material bearer of value.

2. Currency

(1) Production: Currency is the product of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage.

(2) Meaning: Currency comes from the commodity world Commodities that are fixedly separated and serve as general equivalents.

(3)Essence: general equivalent

(4)Function: measure of value, means of circulation, means of storage, means of payment, world currency.

(5) Basic functions: value scale and means of circulation

Value scale: the function of currency to express and measure the value of all other commodities. Means of circulation: Money serves as a medium of exchange for commodities.

(6) The meaning, formula and inspiration of commodity circulation to producers: Meaning: The exchange of commodities using money as the medium is called commodity circulation. Formula: Commodity----Currency----Commodity (W--G--W)

Enlightenment: Only by selling commodities at a good price can commodity producers survive and thrive. develop. If the goods cannot be sold, it means that his labor has been in vain and he cannot buy back the goods he needs. In order to sell their goods at a good price, commodity producers must consider buyers and produce marketable and high-quality goods.

3. Banknotes

(1) Advantages: Compared with metal currencies, banknotes are cheaper to make and easier to keep, carry and transport.

(2)Meaning: Banknotes are issued and compulsorily used by the country (or certain regions).

(3) The issuance rules of banknotes: The issuance amount of banknotes must be limited to the amount of currency required in circulation. If the issuance of banknotes exceeds this limit, it will cause price increases and affect people's lives and the economic order of society.

(4) The amount of money required in circulation = total commodity price (number of commodities for sale × price level)/money circulation velocity.

(5) Inflation and deflation:

Inflation: If the actual supply of money exceeds the amount of money required in circulation, it will lead to inflation. Inflation refers to the phenomenon that the overall price level continues to rise during economic operations. Excess money supply is one of the causes of inflation. The essence of inflation is that total social supply is less than total social demand. Deflation: refers to the phenomenon that the overall price level continues to fall. The essence of deflation is that total social demand is less than total social supply.

4. Credit card and check

(1) The two commonly used settlement methods are cash settlement and bank transfer. Credit cards, checks, etc. are tools frequently used in economic transactions and settlements.

(2) Functions and advantages of credit cards: The use of credit cards can integrate deposits, withdrawals, borrowings, consumption, settlement, and inquiries, which can reduce the use of cash, simplify collection procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, and provide Cardholders bring many conveniences.

(3) Checks are mainly divided into two types: transfer checks and cash checks.

5. Foreign exchange

(1) The meaning of foreign exchange: Foreign exchange is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement.

(2) The meaning of exchange rate: Exchange rate, also known as exchange rate, is the exchange ratio between two currencies.

(3) Advantages and disadvantages of RMB appreciation

Advantages:

① It is beneficial to imports

② It is beneficial to reduce the cost of outbound tourism and studying abroad cost

③It is conducive to reducing the pressure of foreign debt

; ④It is conducive to direct overseas investment

; ⑤It is conducive to improving the international status of the RMB

⑥ It is conducive to reducing trade disputes, solving the problem of foreign trade imbalances, easing the imbalance of international payments, and promoting the adjustment, optimization and upgrading of domestic enterprises, and improving their competitiveness.

Disadvantages:

① The price of export products increases, which is not conducive to exports;

② Competition intensifies, causing export companies to operate in difficulty or even go bankrupt, leaving workers unemployed Difficulties

　③The depreciation of foreign currencies has led to the shrinkage of foreign exchange reserves;

　④The decrease of foreign currencies against the RMB has increased the cost of foreign investment in China and is not conducive to foreign direct investment.

(4) The meaning and significance of maintaining the basic stability of the RMB currency value

Meaning: To maintain the basic stability of the RMB currency value, that is, to maintain the stability of the overall price level internally and to maintain the stability of the RMB exchange rate externally. Significance: It is of great significance to the stability of people's lives, sustained and healthy economic and social development, and to world financial stability and economic development.

Required knowledge points for the first grade politics test (2)

(1) The relationship between use value and value

Difference:

(1) Different meanings. Use value is an attribute that can satisfy people's certain needs. Value is the undifferentiated human labor whose value is integrated into commodities.

(2) Different forms. Use value is concrete; value is abstract. < /p>

(3) Different properties. Use value is a natural attribute; value is a social attribute.

(4) Different subjects. Use value is owned by the seller; value is paid by the buyer. < /p>

Contact: Commodity is the unity of use value and value. Use value is the material bearer of value, and value cannot be separated from use value. (Unity)

Opposition: Commodity producers want If you want to obtain the value of the commodity, you must transfer the use value of the commodity; if the consumer of the commodity wants to obtain the use value of the commodity, you must pay the value.

(2) Ten major relationships

(1) The value of commodities is directly proportional to socially necessary labor time.

(2) The value of commodities is inversely proportional to social labor productivity.

(3) Socially necessary labor time and social Labor productivity is inversely proportional.

(4) The value of commodities has nothing to do with individual labor time.

(5) The value of commodities has nothing to do with individual labor productivity.

(6) The total value of commodities is inversely proportional to individual labor time.

(7) The total value of commodities is directly proportional to individual labor productivity.

(8) The total value of commodities is proportional to Socially necessary labor time has nothing to do with it.

(9) The total value of commodities has nothing to do with social labor productivity.

(10) Individual labor time is inversely proportional to individual labor productivity.