1. Risk
Taking risks is also called risk retention and risk retention. Risk-taking means that enterprises take an accepting attitude towards the risks they face, so as to bear the consequences of the risks.
For unrecognized risks, enterprises can only take risks.
For the identified risks, enterprises may also take risks for the following reasons: (1) They lack the ability of active management and can only take this part of risks; (2) There is no other choice; (3) Considering the cost benefit, this scheme is the most suitable.
For the major risks of enterprises, that is, the risks that affect the realization of enterprise goals, enterprises should generally not take risks.
2. Risk aversion
Risk aversion means that an enterprise avoids, stops or withdraws from the business activities or business environment with certain risks in order to avoid becoming the owner of risks. For example:
(1) Withdraw from a certain market to avoid fierce competition;
(2) Refusing to trade with a counterparty with bad credit;
(3) Outsourcing work with high risks to the health and safety of workers;
(4) Stop producing products that may have potential safety hazards for customers;
(5) prohibit all business units from speculating in the financial market;
(6) Employees are not allowed to visit certain websites or download certain contents.
3. Risk transfer
Risk transfer means that the enterprise transfers the risk to the third party through the contract, and the enterprise no longer has the transferred risk. Transferring risk does not reduce its possible severity, but only transfers it from one party to another. For example:
(1) Insurance: The insurance contract stipulates that the insurance company shall compensate for the predetermined losses. In exchange, the insured should pay the insurance premium to the insurance company at the beginning of the contract.
(2) Non-insurance risk transfer: transfer the financial risk loss burden that may be caused by risks to non-insurance institutions. Such as service guarantee.
(3) Risk securitization: Insurance Linked Securities (ILS) constructed by securitization of insurance risks. The interest payment and principal repayment of the bond depend on the occurrence or severity of the risk event.
4. Risk conversion
Risk conversion means that an enterprise converts the risk it faces into another risk through strategic adjustment and other means. The means of risk conversion include strategic adjustment and derivative products.
Generally speaking, risk conversion will not directly reduce the total risk of enterprises. Its simple form is to reduce one risk and increase another at the same time. For example, by relaxing the credit standard of trading customers, accounts receivable have been increased, but sales have been expanded.
Enterprises can adjust between two or more risks through risk conversion to achieve the best results.
Risk conversion can achieve the goal at low cost or zero cost.
5. Risk hedging
Risk hedging refers to introducing various risk factors or taking various risks by various means, so that these risks hedge each other, that is, the effects of these risks cancel each other out.
Common examples include the use of portfolios, the use of multiple foreign currencies for settlement and strategic diversification.
In financial asset management, hedging also includes the use of derivatives, such as hedging with futures.
Among the risks of enterprises, some risks have the nature of natural hedging and should be used. For example, business cycle risk hedging in different industries.
Risk hedging must involve a combination of risks, not a single risk; For a single risk, only risk avoidance and risk control can be carried out.
6. Risk compensation
Risk compensation means that enterprises take appropriate measures to compensate the possible losses caused by risks. Risk compensation means that enterprises take risks on their own initiative and take measures to compensate possible losses.
The forms of risk compensation include economic compensation, human compensation and material compensation. Financial compensation is loss financing, including the enterprise's own risk reserve or emergency funds.
Question 2: Software risk management includes all kinds of risks in the process of software development, which will have a negative impact on the implementation of software projects and even lead to the failure of software projects. The task of software risk management is to identify, analyze, predict, evaluate and monitor all kinds of software risks in the process of software, so as to avoid the occurrence of software risks or reduce the impact and influence on software project development after the occurrence of software risks. Therefore, software risk management must pay attention to the following aspects.
Question 3: What are the tools and techniques of qualitative analysis in project risk management? The tools and techniques of qualitative risk analysis mainly include risk probability and impact assessment, probability impact matrix, risk data quality assessment, risk classification, risk urgency assessment and expert judgment. 1. Risk data quality assessment Qualitative risk analysis requires the use of accurate and unbiased data to gain credibility. Risk data quality assessment is a technique to analyze the usefulness of risk data to risk management, including checking people's understanding of risk and the accuracy, quality, reliability and integrity of risk data. If the data quality is unacceptable, it may be necessary to collect higher quality data. 2. Risk Classification Project risks can be classified according to risk sources (using risk breakdown structure), affected project areas (using work breakdown structure) or other classification criteria (for example, project stage) to determine the project areas most affected by uncertainty. Classifying risks according to the same root cause is helpful to formulate effective risk response measures. 3. Risk urgency assessment can treat the risks that need to be dealt with in the near future as more urgent risks. Time requirements for risk response, risk symptoms and early warning signals, and risk level are all indicators that need to be considered when determining risk priority. In some qualitative analysis, we can comprehensively consider the urgency of the risk and the risk level obtained from the probability impact matrix, so as to get the final risk severity. 4. Expert judgment For each identified risk, it is necessary to determine the probability and impact of the risk. Risk can be assessed by selecting people familiar with risk categories, holding meetings or conducting interviews, including project team members and professionals outside the project. In an organization's historical database, there may be little information about risks, so experts need to make judgments. Utility function Utility function is a mathematical method to describe the individual's willingness to take risks, which relates the satisfaction of decision makers with the results (called utility) with the monetary value of the results themselves. Utility function can be used to assign a risk level to each work package in the work breakdown structure.
Question 4: What are the common software risk management models?
This mode is similar to the fire fighting mode, which is characterized by allowing software risks to occur until software risks bring trouble to software project development. For example, in view of the risk that Xiao Liu left the software project team, the person in charge of the software project knew the software risk, but did not take any measures. One month after Xiao Liu left the project team, other members of the software project team needed to integrate and test the subsystem module that Xiao Liu was responsible for, only to find that the relevant code had not been written yet. Obviously, this risk has seriously affected the work of other people in the software project team at this time, which will make the progress of the software project lag behind. In this case, the person in charge of the software project takes corresponding measures to deal with the risks (such as transferring other personnel to take over Xiao Liu's work).
Fault handling
In this mode, the members of the project team and the person in charge know the potential risks, but allow the occurrence and evolution of software risks, and only take countermeasures after the risks occur. For example, in view of the risk that Xiao Liu will leave the project team, the project team did not take any measures. The day after Xiao Liu left the project team, the project team decided to transfer other personnel to take over Xiao Liu's work, but at this time it was no longer possible to hand over the project with Xiao Liu face to face.
Obviously, both crisis management mode and failure handling mode are very negative in dealing with risks, so they are not recommended in the implementation of software projects.
Risk mitigation
In the risk mitigation mode, project team members and leaders consciously identify various software risks in the process of software development, and make remedial measures for these software risks in advance, but do not take any preventive measures. That is to say, the members of the project team and the person in charge identify and analyze in advance which adverse events may occur, wait for them to happen, and formulate countermeasures after these events occur. For example, the members of the project team and the person in charge already knew that Xiao Liu was leaving the project team, but they did not take any measures to prevent this incident from happening and let it develop. However, they have taken corresponding measures. Xiao Liu Yi left the project team, and Xiao Zhang took over Xiao Liu's job. Obviously, compared with crisis management and failure management mode, risk mitigation mode has become more active in dealing with and responding to software risks.
risk prevention
Risk prevention mode plans and executes risk identification and risk prevention as a part of software projects. Project team members and responsible persons identify and analyze in advance which adverse events may occur, formulate countermeasures when they occur, and take measures to prevent them from happening. For example, the members of the project team and the person in charge know that Xiao Liu is leaving the project team. On the one hand, they discussed with Xiao Liu whether they could wait until the project was completed, on the other hand, they formulated corresponding measures. Once Xiao Liu leaves the project team, Xiao Zhang will take over from Xiao Liu.
Eliminate the root cause
In this mode, project team members and leaders should not only identify all kinds of potential software risks in the process of software development, but also analyze the main factors leading to these software risks and take active measures to eliminate the root causes of software risks. In other words, the project team members and the person in charge identify in advance which adverse events may occur, formulate countermeasures when they occur, and take measures to eliminate the root causes of software risks and put an end to the occurrence of software risks. For example, in view of the risk of Xiao Liu leaving the project team, the project team members and the person in charge have formulated corresponding measures. Once Xiao Liu leaves the project team, Xiao Zhang will take over Xiao Liu's job. At the same time, through communication with Xiao Liu, it is found that the main reason why Xiao Liu left the project team is that Xiao Liu thinks that the salary given by the company is too low, which does not match his technical level and contribution to the company and the software project team. In view of this factor, the company and the software project team consider increasing Xiao Liu's salary and subsidy to discourage Xiao Liu from leaving the software project team.
Obviously, the latter three risk management modes are more active in dealing with software risks and can effectively reduce the negative impact of software risks on software project implementation, so they should be advocated in software project management.
Question 5: Among the technical tools of engineering risk management, what are the risk disposal tools? The risk disposal of the project is to formulate and implement the risk disposal plan. Its methods include risk avoidance, risk retention and risk transfer. According to different risks, different disposal methods can be adopted, or the above methods can be used comprehensively. Risk disposal is completed by project risk handlers, including the confirmation of disposal behavior, the analysis of risk causes, the control of disposal cost, and the arrangement of time and schedule during and after disposal.
Question 6: What are the commonly used interest rate risk management tools: forward interest rate agreement, interest rate swap and interest rate option?
Question 7: Which stocks, funds and futures involved in risk management tools are risky and can be invested in non-ferrous metals? Annualized income 12%.
Question 8: What are the three tools of operational risk management? Three mechanisms of risk management in commercial banks;
I. Internal control mechanism
The construction of internal control mechanism is a process in which an organization participates in the whole process of internal business processes, adopts the means of power decomposition and mutual checks and balances, and formulates a complete system guarantee to achieve the set goals and prevent and reduce the occurrence of risks.
Second, the hedging mechanism
Hedge "English" hedge "contains the meaning of hedging and hedging. Hedging transaction is simply a capital preservation transaction. Hedging transaction is to conduct two market-related transactions at the same time, in opposite directions, with the same amount, and break even.
Third, the economic capital allocation mechanism.
The allocation of economic capital is an important part of the capital management of commercial banks, and it is the embodiment of banks' active use of economic capital to guide their strategies and business decisions. The allocation of economic capital refers to calculating the amount of capital (i.e. economic capital) needed to support a business theoretically or formally, then evaluating the overall level of economic capital of the whole bank, comprehensively considering factors such as credit rating, regulations of regulatory authorities, shareholders' income and risks taken in operation, and rationally allocating economic capital in various institutions and businesses under the overall planning of capital adequacy ratio, so as to make business development adapt to the capital adequacy level of banks.
Question 9: What are the main tools for system integration planning and risk management? As a new service industry, system integration has the strongest development momentum in the information service industry in recent years. However, the basic management of many small and medium-sized system integration enterprises is weak, especially in human resources, project management and quality control, which seriously lags behind the actual needs of enterprise development. At the same time, with the development of information technology, the project scale is getting larger and larger, and the traditional management can no longer meet the needs of system integration development, so more scientific project management is needed. Therefore, the introduction of project management has become a top priority for system integration companies.
This paper analyzes the characteristics of system integration and the present situation of system integration project management, and analyzes the risk management of information system projects. Based on the careful analysis of the risk management process of information system integration project, a set of risk assessment methods suitable for system integration project is put forward. At the same time, according to the multiple stages of risk management (risk identification, risk assessment, risk control, etc. ), discusses the risk management practice and method of a specific system integration project (a manufacturing ERP system project).
The main contribution of this paper is to analyze the project management of information system integration, organically combine the theory of risk management with the projects of system integration companies, and put forward the key points that should be paid attention to in risk management in this industry, so as to create the greatest value and benefit service for system integration companies.
Question 10: What effective credit risk management tools do commercial banks have? Recommend a book: Liang Shidong's Theory and Practice of Risk Measurement in Commercial Banks.