21983? An Yan
prefers to use mutual insurance instead of mutual insurance, although according to the Trial Measures for Supervision of Mutual Insurance Organizations, mutual insurance and mutual insurance are the same thing.
Because social mutual assistance is an important part of the social security system. Others include social insurance, social welfare, social relief, special care and resettlement. In social mutual assistance, it includes social charity mutual assistance, industry mutual assistance (insurance) and various public mutual assistance from bottom to top.
It is also because mutual assistance is a Chinese tradition, and it is also the inheritance of human civilization for thousands of years. It is just a mutual insurance system arrangement at the level of scientific social members in modern times. For example, stonemasons in ancient Egypt helped build pyramids, Chirt guilds in medieval Europe helped each other, and friendship societies that introduced actuarial science helped each other in the 17th century.
mutual insurance and commercial insurance are two major insurance organizations in the world with balanced development. Although commercial insurance has a social side, it pays more attention to shareholders' profitability, operating efficiency and profitability. Mutual insurance belongs to the public interest category because of its charitable nature. * * * have, * * * cure, * * * enjoy, * * * guarantee. Therefore, it has become an important policy orientation and financial means to solve social problems.
a typical example, mutual insurance for pneumoconiosis, has become a social stabilizer, which can better reflect its policy attribute and the function of public management. It is not only a simple comparison from the aspects of investment mode, distribution mode, voting mode and product form.
starting from the dimensions of public interest and public policy of pneumoconiosis, we can deduce the best answer of public management system arrangement.
First of all, pneumoconiosis belongs to both public welfare and charity. With typical characteristics of public interests. Therefore, the public policy and governance structure is to maximize social utility, not to maximize shareholders or commercial interests.
Pneumoconiosis is known as the number one occupational disease. In 218 and 219, several special conferences were held in the State Council alone. As a major public health issue and livelihood issue, its prevention and treatment, rescue and poverty alleviation have become national policies, and there is a timetable. In terms of policy, in the past two years, there have been important instructions from national leaders, and during the year, the State Council's "Action Opinions on Promoting Healthy China", ten ministries' "Action Plan for Prevention and Treatment of Pneumoconiosis" and the Health and Health Commission's "Action to Combat Dust and Poison Hazards" and so on.
Charity is giving, while public welfare is more * * * building. The main mode of charity is that those who have resources provide help to those who lack resources, which is often completed in the form of one-way flow and transfer of resources. The provider of resources becomes the leader invisibly, which is unequal to the recipient in the form of interaction and psychological orientation.
public welfare can include charity, but literally public welfare can be understood as establishing a cause with public interests, emphasizing the common interests of all participants, that is to say, even if there is a leader, the leader itself is a part of the beneficiary group, and it is no longer unilaterally given. Therefore, public welfare means that all participants participate in the construction of * * * on an equal footing. Resources are no longer a one-way flow transfer, but all participants create and build together. Being kind is good for the public good. The difference between public welfare and charity is that charity has existed since ancient times, while public welfare is the product of modern society, which emphasizes citizens' participation in social self-governance.
it can be seen that the assets and rights of mutual insurance belong to all members, and the maximization of the interests of policy holders is the business goal. Non-profit is its characteristic different from commercial insurance. Mutual insurance members, as participants, on the one hand, realize "altruistic public welfare" through mutual assistance, on the other hand, they can "enjoy themselves". Because there is no external shareholder of commercial insurance.
It is not difficult to understand that pneumoconiosis can be prevented and difficult to treat, and prevention is the most economical and effective means. Both incremental control and stock guarantee are needed. Stakeholders are the dust-related industries that focus on specific risks and specific groups of people. Including coal mines, non-coal mines, metallurgy, building materials, cement, ceramics, refractories, asbestos, quartz sand, stone processing, jade processing, gem processing and other industries clearly listed in the the State Council document.
this is not only charity aid (rescue) and stock guarantee, but also incremental control with prevention as the main function of public welfare. Mutual insurance is the best institutional arrangement to achieve. The homologous mutual insurance and pneumoconiosis public welfare fund have established a synergistic mechanism of "blood transfusion and hematopoiesis", that is, the incremental prevention has been realized, and the social security functions such as stock public welfare rescue have been realized. "None of them are left behind."
The main points of the new public management theory include: 1. Immediate professional management. This means letting public managers manage and take responsibility. 2. Clear standards and performance measurement. Management objectives must be clear, and performance objectives can be established and measured. 3. Emphasize output control. Replace the traditional budget with project and performance budget, and pay more attention to actual results than procedures. 4. Break the selfish departmentalism between the public and administrative departments, break the barriers between units, and build a network organization. 5. Reduce costs and improve service quality. 6, emphasize the use of business or private sector management style, methods and practices. 7. Emphasize the effective use of resources.
The objectives and functions of the public policy include allocating social resources, standardizing social behaviors, solving social problems and promoting social development.
—— If we say that according to the above analysis, we can also achieve the goal by using the existing public welfare organizations, at least commercial insurance that is not for public welfare and profit is not suitable. But why is it the best choice to establish mutual insurance for pneumoconiosis?
This is because the public * * institutional arrangement of mutual insurance is a scientific, institutionalized, standardized operation and strong supervision "public welfare mutual aid" financial institution.
insurance system is an institutional arrangement based on the law of large numbers of pneumoconiosis to deal with the risks faced by enterprises in dust-related industries. The key to institutional arrangement is scientific. Insurance is the only scientific solution.
Donation for charity is not a system, but insurance is a pre-arranged system. Otherwise, people who have not experienced risks will also suffer "losses" or share "risks". Such as traditional neighborhood mutual aid, community mutual aid and social mutual aid, all have to pay the cost donation. In the form of charity and public welfare. Under the same circumstances, assuming that full insurance is purchased, the insurance mechanism can be used to realize prevention and risk compensation to solve the problem.
Insurance, like mutual aid for public welfare, has the function of gathering the strength of all people to help others. It is a good embodiment of the spirit that one party is in trouble and all parties support it.
comparatively speaking, the mutual insurance organizations of non-public unincorporated persons have the advantages of operation, principle and management of insurance companies on the one hand, and the public and non-profit characteristics of charity on the other.
Compared with charity, the comparative advantage of mutual insurance organizations lies in its scientificity, raising funds, and ensuring the safety, transparency and appreciation of funds. Adequate sources of funds and scientific management are the basic prerequisites for sustainable development. According to the basic principles of life insurance, it can be found that insurance also has the charitable nature of raising and scientifically operating funds to compensate and rescue those who bear risks. The scientific organizational structure, strict management system, standardized decision-making process and complete supervision system of life insurance companies ensure their safety and transparency in fundraising, custody, investment and distribution. Determine the risk protection standard according to the insurance principle and insurance contract. Legal compliance has supervision, which better embodies the charity spirit of gathering people and helping vulnerable groups. In addition, insurance has one more function than charity, which is altruism and self-interest. Enjoy security.
compared with commercial insurance, mutual insurance organizations without external shareholders have the characteristics of maximizing the interests of policyholders and non-profit, and the "two in one" of policyholders and insurers makes it possible to provide insurance products with the best cost performance at no cost, while homogenization of risk groups leads to low-cost marketing and high trust and loyalty of group participation in governance.
China has entered an aging society. Health and old-age care are two major themes and social focus.
The successful experience in the field of pension is Jianxin Pension Management Co., Ltd.. Jianxin Pension is the first professional pension management institution in China approved by the State Council. According to the principle of combining institutional supervision with business supervision, the former China Banking Regulatory Commission is the main body of institutional supervision, responsible for daily prudential supervision and the protection of consumers' rights and interests, and will work with Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and China Insurance Regulatory Commission to carry out institutional access. Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the former China Insurance Regulatory Commission shall, in accordance with the division of responsibilities, supervise relevant business operations according to law.
The conclusion is that we should learn from Jianxin Pension Company, which is specially approved by the State Council in the field of old-age care in China, and cooperate with the spirit of the State Council's document policy to establish a mutual insurance organization focusing on pneumoconiosis, occupational diseases and occupational health in China. This is determined by the public policy formulation and the endogenous requirements of public management of the "comprehensive policy" for the prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis in China.
As pneumoconiosis mutual insurance involves industrial injury insurance and serious pneumoconiosis rescue, formulation of occupational health management and standards by Health and Health Commission, collective special contract for workers' safety and health and maintenance of occupational health rights and interests by Federation of Trade Unions, launching organization and implementation of dust-related industry associations such as coal under the jurisdiction of SASAC, "three simultaneities" regulation of safety production and occupational health by emergency management department, charity under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Civil Affairs, and promotion of coordinated goals by the State Council Poverty Alleviation Office, As well as the overall coordination of the relevant administrative departments of the government such as China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China, which set up pneumoconiosis mutual insurance, so as to ensure the long-term mechanism construction of public policy and public management.