Recently, National Cultural Heritage Administration announced that the tomb of Emperor Wendi was discovered, and its location was not Fengzui, which was circulated in the past, but Jiangcun Tomb, which was located about 2. 1 km south.
Photo courtesy of the new visual sense of the northern night outside Jiangcun Tomb
Why was Fenghuangkou misjudged as Baling?
How did the location of Baling, the former emperor of China, go from wrong to wrong? Let's set our sights on Xi and Xianyang in Shaanxi.
Xi 'an and Xianyang are two cities today, but in Qin and Han Dynasties, Xi 'an and Xianyang belonged to the same administrative region for a long time, namely Xianyang County, where Xianyang in Qin Dou was located, and Chang 'an County, where Chang 'an, the capital of Han Dynasty, was located. Friends who travel to An know that Xi 'an has the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Mausoleum Site Museum, while Xianyang has the Mausoleum of Han Jing and the Mausoleum of Han Wudi. As for other Western Han tombs, although there are no museums, they all have monuments to protect cultural relics.
On the Xianyang Plain to the north of Weihe River, from west to east, there are Mao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Ping Ling, Yan Mausoleum of Emperor Cheng, Kang Mausoleum of Emperor Ping, Wei Mausoleum of Emperor Ai, Anling Mausoleum of Emperor Gao Zu and Yang Mausoleum of Emperor Jing. Except for Kangling, the other tombs are basically connected in a line. These graves all have high mounds of earth.
In addition, there are two mausoleums, which are not distributed in Xianyang. One is Wendi Mausoleum located at the northeast end of Anton Bailu Courtyard, and the other is Ling Du, Xuan Di, located in Dongdu Courtyard, Du Nan, Xi. Among them, Ling Du has obvious mounds, but only Baling is different. Its cultural relics protection monument is not next to the mound on the flat ground, but at the foothills of Fenghuangzui.
Monument to the Mausoleum of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty under the Phoenix Mouth
Emperor Wen was buried in Baling, which was recorded in the Historical Records of Filial Piety. It is mentioned that Emperor Wendi ordered that "the governance of Baling should be based on earthenware, not decorated with gold, silver, copper and tin, and the graves should not be treated to save the province and not disturb the people". Later testamentary edict also said, "Today, I'm lucky to be alive and hate to die, if I'm buried again, my career will be broken, and if I'm hard at work, my life will be hurt ... The mountains and rivers of Baling will not change because of it." Baling was named after the nearby Ba (Ba) water, which provided the coordinates for the location of Baling at the earliest.
Baling is surrounded by Queen Dou Mausoleum and Thin Queen Nanling Mausoleum. Empress Bo is the mother of Emperor Wen, and The Family of consorts in Historical Records says that Emperor Xiaojing died two years ago and was buried in Nanling. Lv Hou will be buried in Changling, so Shiling is quite special, and it is very close to the Baling of Emperor Xiaowen. It is generally believed that Nanling is in the south of Baling. Empress Dou is the empress of Wendi, and "Family of consorts" says that "Emperor Xiaojing died at the age of six and was buried together in Baling", which means that Empress Dou and Wendi were buried together in Baling. Emperors and empresses in Han Dynasty often shared different caves, that is, although they were buried in the same cemetery, they had their own graves and mounds.
"History of Han Dynasty and Emperor Wen Ji" Ban Gu praised: "All earthenware utensils should not be decorated with gold, silver, copper and tin, because they can't afford graves." Basically inherited the historical records, and added the words "because of its mountains", so later generations generally believe that Baling should be based on mountains, that is, digging holes in the mountains as tombs and laying stones, which is more economical than other tombs with holes as tombs and soil as tombs, in line with Emperor Wen's frugal character. For example, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ying Shao said, "Because the mountains are hidden, there will be no graves, and there will be endless streams under the mountains, so the water is named Ling." Huangfu Mi in the Western Jin Dynasty said, "The burial of Baling is based on mountains."
As we all know, the tombs of emperors in the Tang Dynasty were also buried in this way, so it seems that Baling was also built in the mountains.
Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty recorded the Eleventh Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty in detail, in which it was mentioned that "Bashui and Zuoshui are in the Far East of Li Bai Road, that is, the west of Bachuan, so Yang Zhiyi was buried on it, called Baling ... thirty miles southeast of Chang 'an", and it was pointed out for the first time that Baling was in the east of Bailuyuan, but the scope was too large to be specifically referred to. Until the Yuan Dynasty, Tianyi Luo's Annals of Chang 'an said that "Wen Di Ba Ling was under Beifengkou in Bailuyuan, and Tonghua Gate in Jingzhao was forty miles east." It is pointed out for the first time that Baling is located under Fengzui in the north of Bailuyuan, which further proves that Baling should be located under Fengzui in the northeast of Bailuyuan.
Bi Yu 'an was a great scholar in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. During his tenure as governor of Shaanxi Province, he studied dozens of ancient tombs in Shaanxi Province. He not only recorded it in the book Guanzhong Scenic Spots, but also erected monuments for these ancient tombs one by one. Among the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty built by Biyuan, there are the Baling of Wendi, the Tomb of Queen Dou and the Nanling of Queen Bo. Among them, the Baling monument is just under the Phoenix mouth of the hill.
In 200 1 year, Baling was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit, and a cultural monument was erected under Fengzui. In 20 13, Dou Taihou's tomb and the south mausoleum of Bo Empress were also included in the national key cultural relics protection units, and the Wenbao Monument was next to their respective mounds. Bi Yuan's point of view was accepted.
Modern archaeology proves that scholars in Qing Dynasty were wrong.
Bi Yuan's textual research provides clues for modern archaeology. After the founding of New China, the protection and investigation of the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty began gradually. By the beginning of this century, the location of the Western Han Mausoleum had been basically determined, and the information of these mausoleums was recorded in detail in the Drilling Investigation Report of the Western Han Mausoleum compiled by Xianyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (Cultural Relics Publishing House, 20 10 edition).
With the development of archaeology, many of Bi Yuan's viewpoints are considered wrong. At present, Hanyang Mausoleum Museum has the monument of "An Ling of Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty" erected by Bi Yuan, but it is actually the mausoleum of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, and the real An Ling of Emperor Hui was verified by Bi Yuan as the tomb of Liu Ruyi, the king of Zhao. Lv Hou's mausoleum was originally located in the east of Emperor Gaozu's mausoleum. Although Bi Yuan determined the location of the two tombs, he reversed the mausoleum of Emperor Gaozu and the mausoleum of Empress Lu. In addition, it was also mistaken for Lingwei Mausoleum in Yuan Di, Ping Ling in Zhao Di in Ling Wei in Yuan Di, and Pingliang Mausoleum in Ping Ling in Zhao Di. I also mistook Zhao Shangguan's tomb for the mourning tomb of the mourning emperor.
Bi Yuan's greater fallacy lies in his textual research on Western Zhou tombs. He made textual research on the tombs of,,, Zhou, Lu Shang, Zhou Gong and Lu Hou in the original site of Xianyang. But in fact, the tombs of the previous generation were all popular, with no trees or seals as signs. Now, these tombs are buried with Qin or Han tombs.
Of course, some of Bi Yuan's viewpoints were also considered correct in the past, such as the annotation of the Baling of Wendi, the tomb of Dou Taihou and the Nanling of Empress Bo. There are indeed archaeological discoveries in the tomb of Queen Dou and the Nanling Tomb of Queen Bo, which can confirm the historical materials.
Jiangcun Tomb and Cultural Relics Unearthed from Nanling of Empress Bo
1966 47 tombs were excavated in the west of Queen Dou's Cemetery, and painted handmaid figurines, clay pots, half pennies, animal bones and grain were unearthed. 198 1 year, 20 burial pits were also found outside the western wall of Nanling, Queen Mother Bo, and pottery figurines, pots and animal bones were unearthed. Baling seems to have nothing to question, but Baling takes mountains as its mausoleum, so there is no such archaeological discovery. However, neither a mausoleum nor a chisel mark was found in Fenghuangzui, and such evidence is still lacking.
Until recently, the real Baling was finally discovered, not what people thought was the mouth of the phoenix.
Photo courtesy of a group of pottery figurines unearthed in the outer pit of Nanling, Queen Mother Bo, late at night.
Jiangcun Tomb is the real "Baling"
In 2002, six pottery figurines of the Western Han Dynasty appeared in the American auction, which attracted the attention of relevant departments. After a detailed investigation, in 2006, archaeologists finally determined the location of the unearthed pottery figurines in Jiangcun Tomb in Bailuyuan. Jiangcun Tomb is located about 2. 1 km south of Fenghuangzui, about 800 meters southwest of Queen Dou Mausoleum, and less than 2 kilometers northeast of Queen Bo Nanling. Generally speaking, Jiangcun Tomb is located in the middle of Fenghuangkou, Dou Taihou Mausoleum and the Nanling Mausoleum of Botou, which is closer to Dou Taihou Mausoleum than Fenghuangkou. The owner of the tomb can be buried in this position, which is enough to explain the special relationship with Queen Dou.
Because some hidden pits and buried tombs in Jiangcun tomb were stolen, archaeologists carried out rescue excavation on these tombs and conducted archaeological exploration on Jiangcun tomb. Archaeologists have discovered that there is a cemetery site around Jiangcun Tomb and Dou Taihou Mausoleum, which is 65,438 0.2km long from east to west and 860m wide from north to south. This actually means that Jiangcun Tomb and Dou Taihou Mausoleum are in the same cemetery. As mentioned earlier, the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty all implemented the system of "different points". Then, who is the owner of Jiangcun Tomb can be preliminarily inferred.
In addition, archaeologists also found that Jiangcun Tomb was in the shape of "Ya", and there were tombs in the southeast, northwest and all around. Cliff-shaped tombs are also typical features of Western Han tombs. However, princes' tombs are generally in the shape of "Zhong", with only two tombs in the east, west or north and south; As for Dr. Qing's tomb, it is generally an "A" shape, with only one pyramid-shaped mound on one side. Since the shape of Jiangcun tomb is "Asian", its owner is naturally either an emperor or a queen. This can also be confirmed by the scale of tombs. Jiangcun Tomb covers an area of 5,256 square meters, while the largest tomb of Western Han Dynasty princes is only 1.295 square meters.
In addition, rammed earth walls, city gates and other supporting cemetery facilities were found in Jiangcun tomb. There are 1 15 burial pits around the tombs in the cemetery. According to the eight pits excavated, pottery figurines, pottery, ironware, bronzes, chariots and horses and other cultural relics were unearthed, as well as seals such as Zhongsikong Seal, Zhongsikong City, Tibetan Seal, Medicine Seal, Blessing and Chefu, which were some funerary objects. Han people pay attention to "death is like life", and these burial pits are equivalent to simulating a set of government institutions for the dead tomb owner. Similar cultural relics were also unearthed in the tomb pit of Emperor Hanyang Mausoleum.
Photographs of seals unearthed in the pit outside Jiangcun Tomb are provided by New Vision of North Night.
According to the above evidence, archaeologists believe that Jiangcun Tomb is the real location of Baling, the emperor of China, which is naturally well documented and consistent with the original documents. Biography of Filial Piety in Historical Records says that "the grave is incurable", which only means that there is no hill in Baling, and that "it is impossible to afford a grave because of the mountain" in Han Wen Di Ji, but the "it is impossible to afford a grave because of the mountain" here should only be based on the mountain, not the mountain. However, from the misunderstanding of Ying Shao and Huangfu Mi in Han and Jin Dynasties, it led to the theory of phoenix mouth in Yuan Dynasty and Bi Yuan's monument in Qing Dynasty. This fallacy has been circulating for nearly two thousand years.