On the Important Role of Tourism Development —— Preface to On the Important Role of Tourism Development
With the arrival of the era of mass tourism, tourism has increasingly become the main lifestyle and socio-economic activities of modern human society, and tourism has become the most dynamic industry in the global economy with its strong momentum? Chaoyang industry? . With the continuous development of social productivity and labor productivity, the rapid improvement of people's living standards and the increase of paid holidays, tourism will continue to develop at a high speed and become one of the most important economic sectors in the world. It is predicted that in the next 10 year, China's tourism industry will maintain an average annual growth rate of 10.4%, of which personal tourism consumption will grow at an average annual rate of 9.8%, and the growth rate of enterprise and government tourism consumption will reach10.9%; By 20 10, China's total tourism revenue will account for 8% of GDP; By 2020, China will become the world's largest tourist destination country and the fourth largest tourist source country. As one of the emerging hot consumer industries, tourism will usher in great development opportunities in China, and many provinces, autonomous regions and important cities regard tourism as a pillar industry and key industry.
First, the concept of tourism
There are various definitions of tourism at home and abroad, and some experts, scholars and research institutions have defined tourism from different angles such as communication, mobility, destination, time, relationship and lifestyle. Mangan, Germany? Rod 1927 points out that tourism, in a narrow sense, is the communication that people leave their place of residence temporarily to meet the needs of life and culture or various desires, and stay in different places as consumers of economic and cultural goods. Swiss scholars Hanwalker and Klapf defined tourism in 1942, arguing that tourism is a social phenomenon, which is the sum of social relations caused by non-settlers' travel and temporary residence. These people will not stay permanently because of this, and mainly do not engage in money-making activities. This definition was adopted by the International Federation of Tourism Science Experts in 1970s and became an internationally recognized definition.
The Institute of Tourism Research of Vienna University of Economics in Austria pointed out in the 1950s that tourism can be understood as people's temporary activities in different places in their spare time, mainly for self-cultivation; Secondly, travel for reasons of education, knowledge expansion and communication; Then participate in one kind or another of organizational activities and change related relationships and roles. Burkardt and Mettlek in Britain pointed out in 1974 that tourism occurs when people go to various tourist destinations and stay there, that is, people leave their usual places of life and work and temporarily go to a tourist destination for short-term exercise and stay there. Burt from the University of Michigan? McIntosh and Shashi Kent? Gebote 1980 points out that tourism can be defined as the sum of all phenomena and relationships generated by the interaction among tourists, tourism enterprises, host government and residents in the host region in the process of attracting and receiving tourists and their visitors.
Yu Guangyuan, an economist in China, pointed out in 1985 that tourism is a short-term special lifestyle of residents in modern society, with the characteristics of being off-site, amateur and enjoyable. According to the definition of the World Tourism Organization, tourism refers to the activities that people leave their usual environment for leisure, business or other purposes and visit other places for less than one year. According to this definition, these people engaged in tourism activities will not lead to settlement and employment in tourist destinations. The fundamental purpose of tourism is to participate in aesthetic, entertainment and social activities; The social attribute and development characteristics of tourism determine that it is an advanced entertainment activity for people to experience the political, cultural and economic life in different places, and it has become an indispensable form of advanced demand in people's social life. These people engaged in tourism activities will not lead to settlement and employment in tourist destinations; Tourism has its own characteristics of remoteness, fluidity and timeliness.
Second, the concept of tourism
Tourism is an industry that provides tourists with sightseeing services based on tourism resources and facilities. It is a comprehensive economic undertaking, and its composition involves many sectors of society. Its basic economic activities are composed of travel agencies, tourist hotels and tourist transportation. In addition, there are retail enterprises, garden facilities, cultural and entertainment undertakings and public utilities that operate tourist commodities for tourists. Tourism resources, tourism facilities and tourism services are the three major elements for the survival and development of tourism. Tourism resources, including natural scenery, historical sites, revolutionary sites, construction achievements, ethnic customs and so on. , is the attractive ability to operate tourism; Tourist facilities include tourist transportation facilities, tourist accommodation facilities, tourist catering facilities and tourist amusement facilities. Tourism services include all kinds of labor services and management behaviors; The combination of tourism facilities and tourism services is the reception capacity of tourism management. In a narrow sense, tourism in China mainly refers to travel agencies, hotels, travel companies and tourism enterprises that specialize in selling tourism commodities. Tourism in a broad sense includes all walks of life related to tourism, in addition to departments specializing in tourism business.
In terms of business types, tourism includes three types: one is to organize domestic tourists to travel in their own countries; The second is to organize domestic tourists to travel abroad for sightseeing; The third is inbound tourism that receives or attracts foreigners to travel and visit in their own country. The latter two kinds of tourism business activities belong to foreign-related business. Tourism mainly provides intangible utility to the society in the form of labor services to meet the consumption needs of tourists for sightseeing. Its basic feature is unproductive, also known as smokeless industry. On the whole, tourism is not an economic sector to realize commodity circulation, but relies on tourism resources and facilities to provide labor activities such as eating, living, traveling, shopping and entertainment to meet the needs of tourists' sightseeing consumption, so it is also called invisible trade.
Third, the role of tourism in economic and social development.
With the development of society, tourism has become one of the strongest and largest industries in the global economy, and its important position in the national economy has become increasingly prominent. The development of tourism is based on and restricted by the development level of the whole national economy, and at the same time it directly or indirectly promotes the development of relevant departments of the national economy. The development of tourism has obvious economic and social benefits, which can promote the adjustment and optimization of China's industrial structure, provide a large number of employment opportunities for the society, improve people's material and cultural living standards, promote investment attraction while enhancing international exchanges, accelerate the pace of building a new socialist countryside, and promote the coordinated development of economy, environment and society.
(a) Increase capital accumulation and foreign exchange earnings
Developing domestic tourism is helpful to broaden the channels of capital return, accelerate the speed of capital return and expand the flow of capital return, so it can speed up capital turnover and increase capital accumulation.
National income has created a solid material foundation for the development of international tourism and provided rare management experience. The development of international tourism can increase foreign exchange income, and tourists must come to the places where tourism products are produced for consumption, which saves transportation, warehousing, insurance and other expenses in the process of foreign trade and reduces foreign exchange costs. Tourism exports are not restricted by trade protection of source countries or regions, and are not affected by tariffs; Tourism is convenient to earn foreign exchange, and there are no complicated import and export procedures such as product packaging, storage and transportation.
(2) provide a large number of employment opportunities for the society.
Tourism is a comprehensive economic industry, involving many related industries in society, including transportation, construction, communication, trade, catering services, culture and entertainment. Tourism is also a labor-intensive industry, with low employment threshold, wide employment scope and many employment levels. It has absorbed a large number of new laborers due to natural population growth and a large number of surplus laborers transferred from the primary and secondary industries due to industrial restructuring and upgrading. The development of tourism can increase the flow of people, logistics, capital and information in the region, so the development of tourism can provide a large number of employment opportunities for the society. According to the system model theory of Canadian scholars, every $30,000 increase in tourism revenue will increase 1 direct employment opportunities and 2.5 indirect employment opportunities. The research report of the World Tourism Organization also points out that for every additional employee in the tourism industry, five jobs will be created in related industries.
(C) to promote the adjustment and optimization of China's industrial structure.
In China, consolidating the primary industry, improving the secondary industry and developing the tertiary industry are the overall arrangements and ideas for economic restructuring. Tourism is a comprehensive industry, which plays a very prominent role in promoting the development of other industries. It not only directly brings tourists and markets to aviation, transportation, catering, catering services, commercial outlets, scenic spots and classics, but also indirectly drives and affects the development of rural and urban construction, processing and manufacturing, culture and sports. The development of tourism will increase the proportion of tourism in the tertiary industry and is conducive to the adjustment of the internal structure of the tertiary industry; At the same time, it has increased the proportion of the tertiary industry in the whole national economy, accelerated the structural adjustment among the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and promoted the healthy development of China's national economy. The success of China's industrial restructuring in the new era depends on the rapid development of tourism.
(d) Improving people's material and cultural life.
Because a large number of local residents are engaged in tourism or related industries, the income of individuals and families has greatly increased; On the other hand, the development of tourism has promoted the construction of facilities and the improvement of the environment, the quality of life of residents has been continuously improved, and the living environment has been continuously improved. A large number of tourists visiting and a large number of city residents going out have broadened their horizons, enriched their knowledge of geography, literature, history, customs and people's feelings, and raised their requirements for life. The development of tourism often leads to the improvement of urban residents' quality and cultural literacy. As a practical activity, the development of tourism can meet the growing cultural needs of the people and will play a positive role in promoting national culture and improving the quality of national civilization.
(E) to speed up the pace of building a new socialist countryside
What is the theme of China National Tourism Administration's tourism promotion in 2006? China rural tour in 2006? And propose? New countryside, new tourism, new experience and new fashion? Unique slogan. This has brought new opportunities for the development of rural tourism in China. The service personnel employed by rural tourist spots mainly come from family members and local residents. While operating tourism services, they actively promote flowers, flowers and fruits, which not only reduces business risks, but also increases the extra income of crops. While developing rural tourism, speed up the construction of small towns and actively carry out it? Every village? Road construction and road construction in tourist areas, as well as village environmental improvement activities. Rural tourism based on farmhouse music has played an important role in broadening farmers' income channels, increasing farmers' employment opportunities, promoting rural spiritual civilization construction, promoting farmers' transformation to non-agricultural fields, accelerating the transformation of rural traditional planting economy to service economy, and promoting the process of building a new socialist countryside.
(6) Improve the investment environment and promote investment attraction.
Many foreign investors learn about the investment environment, rich tourism resources and potential tourism markets in China and China through tourism. The publicity effect rate of tourism is 1 8, that is, one tourist's impression of the local area can affect eight people. Tourism usually has no trade barriers and export quotas. Therefore, it is generally believed that tourism is the best export industry in the world. The development of tourism can bring a large number of people, logistics, information and capital flows. A large number of entrepreneurs, experts and scholars have brought the latest technology, information and advanced management concepts through tourism, which is beneficial for us to learn useful things from others at low cost, speed up the renewal of ideas, and promote the expansion and opening up of the region and the integration with the international community. According to incomplete statistics, since 1978, China has spent more than 20 billion US dollars on tourism development and construction, of which/kloc-0.5 billion US dollars is used for the construction of tourist hotels and 2 billion US dollars is used for the construction of tourist landscapes.
Tourism Development Chapter 65438 +0: Analysis on the Present Situation of Tourism B2B Development Abstract: With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, people no longer choose to stay at home after work, and traveling abroad has become a common hobby. With the rapid growth of the number of tourists, not only offline travel is overcrowded, but online travel is also extremely popular. In recent years, people are increasingly dissatisfied with the service quality of tourism. Therefore, many investors see a new business opportunity-developing B2B platform for tourism e-commerce. So, what is the B2B platform used for? Simply put, B2B is generally engaged in two aspects of business: first, as a communication platform for tourism enterprises, it realizes information sharing, manages information systems and provides corresponding management services; The second is to provide traditional online travel services as a platform for tourism enterprises to trade with tourists. Tourism B2B platform is an extension of traditional online travel, which adds luster to tourist routes and better serves tourists.
Keywords: tourism; B2B platform; Development status; analyse
B2B platform for tourism business refers to the third-party enterprise platform for promoting tourism e-commerce trade, which provides e-commerce services in the form of registered members. At present, domestic B2B is occupied by leading websites such as Tourism Intersection, Octopus Online Travel and Easy Tour. Members of these websites make use of the network communication function of modern Internet to realize the seamless connection between suppliers and distributors, and solve the original problems such as blocked information and blocked transactions. They can not only serve tourists better, but also build new bridges in the tourism industry, which greatly promotes the prosperity of the tourism industry.
First, the development of tourism B2B in China
1. Main B2B websites in domestic tourism industry
Although the B2B platform of domestic tourism started late, it has basically achieved the goal of meeting the market demand thanks to the rapid development of domestic tourism and the clear direction of meeting the market demand. The largest tourism B2B platform in China is the Octopus online tourism B2B trading platform, which was established at the end of 20 1 1. It is the first professional B2B website in China, and it won great support from users as soon as it went public. After several years of development, its business scope has been continuously enriched. At present, Octopus online travel has basically been completed, covering domestic long-distance and short-distance tours, outbound tours, go on road trip, self-help tours and travel modes. At the same time, major domestic travel agencies have cooperative relations and established tens of thousands of online travel product lines at home and abroad; In the cooperation with suppliers, there are thousands of large suppliers at home and abroad, and a wide variety of tourist souvenirs meet the needs of consumers of all colors; There have also been some changes in expanding business, and tourism services including visa processing have been entrusted. More than 5,000 distribution terminals in advantageous industries such as administration, sales and media have covered nearly half of the tourist routes. In addition, Octopus Online Travel also concentrates superior resources to build domestic advanced terminal buildings in popular tourist cities such as Qingdao and Hangzhou. As the first B2B platform for e-tourism, it has broken the outdated fixed tourism model, broken through the bottleneck and created a brand-new online tourism model, which is of great significance for promoting the informationization, efficiency and internationalization of tourism.
After the successful operation of Octopus online B2B tourism trading platform, many domestic investment websites have also seen new business opportunities, the most representative of which is the travel network. Compared with Octopus online travel, the development of Lvjiao.com is more successful, because Lvjiao.com summed up the shortcomings of the latter and learned from the successful experience of the latter, so it developed rapidly. At present, it has been in the leading position of B2B network platform for similar tourism in China. Above the passengers? The concept of humanized management service is the starting point, which is very attractive to customers themselves, and professional online service personnel are also hired to solve problems for members. Lvjiao.com's business scope basically covers all the advantages of Octopus online travel, and combined with the latest modern computer science and technology and standard software design, it is enough to make Lvjiao.com stand out with nearly 70% market share.
As far as B2B trading platform of domestic tourism e-commerce is concerned, Yiyou.com, as a rising star, has been integrating innovative service concepts into online travel from the beginning of its design. Since its establishment, Yiyou.com has been exploring and keeping pace with the times for many years. It is the B2B trading platform with the most information advantage in China, which not only realizes the vertical development of tourism product distribution system, but also presents the horizontal trend of radiation development. Through the continuous efforts of researchers, EasyTravel has achieved great success in taking the route of high-end B2B trading platform. The first B2B distribution system of tourism and holiday products designed by EasyTravel technical team won the 20 12 China Tourism B2B Platform Award Ceremony? China Best B2B Trading Platform Award? And many other awards, causing strong in the domestic B2B industry? Escape from the Internet storm? . Although the current B2B trading platform of EasyTour is slightly insufficient in market share, EasyTour is the fastest-growing platform, and I believe it will not be the only one in tourism in the future.
2. The main operating modes of B2B trading platform in tourism industry
First of all, the market prospect is broad, represented by platform transaction matching. The B2B trading platform of the Travel Fair always takes the national policy as the starting point, keeps pace with the times, and actively matches the platform transactions. Secondly, it is product-driven represented by Octopus online travel. The advantage of this kind of B2B trading platform is that the tourism resources are richer, and tourists can enjoy more services, but the price is slightly higher. There is also a technology-driven model represented by Yiyou.com, and its technological advantages are insurmountable. If members reach a certain level of awareness, they will generally choose a technology-driven B2B trading platform.
3. Regional phenomenon of B2B trading platform in tourism industry
If you want to build a B2B trading platform for tourism in an all-round way, the problem you have to face is how to solve the regional problems, which is quite embarrassing. Because many B2B trading platforms have achieved good results in trial operation in a city, but they have paid a heavy price in the following cross-regional promotion. Especially in a vast country like China, the actual situation in different regions is very different, and it is very risky to build a B2B trading platform across regions. Therefore, it is very necessary to do research work repeatedly in advance and analyze market details scientifically and systematically.
Second, the feasibility analysis of developing B2B trading platform for tourism
1. The era of individual customers is the era of B2B taking off.
20 13 is a watershed for China's tourism industry, because China promulgated and implemented the tourism law on 20 13, which is of great significance for changing the way tourists travel. Affected by the aging trend of the tourism market, a large number of tourists will prefer individual travel and free travel, which has indeed brought a big blow to the traditional tourism mode of tour guides. The frequent exposure of scandals of cheating tourists by tour guides has made tourists tend to the new mode of online travel. Tourism B2B trading platform is widely praised for its rich tourism products and low prices, and with the great satisfaction of people's material life, it has subtly changed tourists' perspective and purchase standards of tourism products. With this series of changes, adults have entered the personal era when B2B trading platforms have the ability to take off.
2. A lot of money supports the development of B2B.
After the reform and opening up, the country has been vigorously supporting the development of tourism, especially after entering the network era, the B2B trading platform of tourism has brought a brand-new online travel model that tourists like. Investors are determined to invest in the B2B platform with rising market prospects in order to seek good market returns. According to reliable data, Octopus online travel was invested by Jiayu Fund and Softbank China at the beginning of 2003 with a total investment of 2 billion11.50 billion. Since then, Octopus online travel B2B trading platform has been launched out of control. Recently, the chairman of Jiayu Fund, as an investor of Octopus, publicly stated that the market value of online travel of Octopus at this stage has exceeded 1000 billion, and it is still rising.
Third, the shortcomings of the tourism B2B trading platform
The first problem is that intermediary service websites do not have enough strength to integrate tourism resources reasonably. Although many B2B trading platforms have basically realized one-stop tourism, due to the influence of market competition, tourism resources can not be fully utilized and resources are seriously wasted. Secondly, the tourism service project is single. Basically, the services provided by all B2B trading platforms are similar, with no distinctive features, which are not attractive to tourists. Third, it is necessary to continue to deepen the process of informatization reform of tourism enterprises, give full play to the advantages of the network era, enjoy information in a timely and effective manner, and implement the development of computer network technology and information management.
Four. conclusion
With the rapid development of domestic tourism industry and the continuous improvement of information infrastructure, the B2B trading platform of tourism industry is bound to take a new step. Of course, from the perspective of B2B platform, we also need to make some reforms to better serve tourists and contribute to the development of tourism in China on the basis of controlling the tourism market. Although there are some limitations in the development of B2B trading platform, I believe that the developers of the platform have also begun to adjust their development direction. As tourists, we should also pay attention to choosing the right way to travel and travel in a civilized way.
References:
Zhang Li. Problems and countermeasures of tourism e-commerce in China [J]. East China Economic Management, 2007, (12).
[2] Wu Ning. China tourism e-commerce in the information age [M]. Beijing: Social Science Literature Publishing House, 2003.
[3] Cheng. Analysis on the development trend of tourism e-commerce in China [J]. Jiangsu Business Theory, 2007(7).
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