China Paper Network/11/view-4637999.htm.
Keywords: high-tech enterprises; High-tech talents are intensive; High profitability; high-risk
High-tech (also called high-tech) came into being in the 1970s and became popular in the 1980s. Because high-tech itself is a concept of dynamic development, there is no recognized definition at home and abroad at present. In the early days of the birth of this concept, the definition of high-tech in the third edition of Webster's new international dictionary in the United States was: "using technology that includes cutting-edge methods or cutting-edge instruments." The definition of high technology by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1988 is: "High technology refers to those rapidly developing and highly integrated economic sectors, which need to be based on dynamic and continuous research and development". Japanese scholars believe that high technology is a technology group based on contemporary cutting-edge technology and next-generation technology. China National Science and Technology Achievement Office defines high technology as: "High technology is a new technology group based on comprehensive scientific research and at the forefront of contemporary science and technology, which plays a leading role in developing productive forces, promoting social civilization and enhancing national strength." Compared with other definitions, this definition reflects the essential characteristics of high technology more comprehensively, and also conforms to the national conditions of China, which is the definition recognized in this paper. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has identified nine high-tech industries in 1997, namely "aerospace, computer, electronic communication, medicine, scientific instruments, electrical machinery, chemistry, non-electrical machinery and military equipment". ? Hey? But at present, the high-tech fields that China has decided to focus on in the future include biotechnology, information technology, new materials, new energy, space technology and marine technology.
Concept of high-tech enterprise: High-tech enterprise refers to an enterprise that has a large investment in research and development and a high proportion of scientific and technological talents, and serves innovative products or technologies through research and development.
As can be seen from the above definition, high-tech enterprises generally have three basic elements: First, R&D is very important in the production and operation of enterprises, and R&D expenses account for a high proportion of the sales revenue of enterprises. Second, scientific and technological talents account for a high proportion of the total number of employees in enterprises, and the survival and development of enterprises are highly dependent on scientific and technological talents. Third, the products or services of enterprises often have high scientific and technological content, and most of them belong to innovative products or innovative technical services.
Compared with traditional enterprises, high-tech enterprises are different in many aspects (such as table 1. 1). According to the comparison results, the characteristics of high-tech enterprises can be summarized as high investment, high-tech talent density, high innovation, high growth, high profit, high risk, flat organizational structure and cooperative enjoyment organizational culture. Eight characteristics of high-tech enterprises are discussed below.
First, high investment.
The high investment of high-tech enterprises is mainly manifested in R&D, testing and promotion of R&D products in commercialization stage, special equipment and so on. In order to obtain scientific and technological achievements in high-tech research and development, we need to invest a lot of research expenses, and the more difficult and complex the technology, the more funds we need to invest. In the development stage, you have to pass the intermediate test, and the cost of this link is very flexible. Sometimes you invest a lot and get nothing. Sometimes it takes many experiments and more money to succeed. The cost of intermediate test accounts for a large proportion in the whole enterprise development process. In the stage of commodity industrialization, in order to push to the market in time and increase market share, it is necessary to invest huge advertising fees and other promotion expenses. Therefore, high-tech enterprises need high capital investment. Without a large amount of capital investment, it is impossible to make high-tech enterprises develop continuously, and even the survival of enterprises is problematic. According to statistics, the R&D investment intensity of high-tech enterprises is generally 5%-65%, up to 50%. When commercializing their R&D achievements, the required investment is 5- 10 times of the R&D investment intensity. Therefore, the Japanese call high-tech enterprises "golden worm industry". ? Hey? wrong
Second, the intensity of high-tech talents.
High-tech enterprises are knowledge-intensive and technology-intensive enterprises, and engaged in intellectual activities mainly rely on talents and their intelligence and knowledge. The biggest difference from traditional industries is that it is based on knowledge and integrates advanced production factors such as technology, intelligence, information and knowledge. Judging from the personnel composition of high-tech enterprises, the scientific and technical personnel engaged in technical research, product development and design account for a high proportion of the total number of employees, and the role of professional and technical personnel in enterprises is far greater than that of other enterprises. According to statistics, people with engineering and scientific degrees in high-tech enterprises account for 40-60% of the total number of employees, which is equivalent to five times that of traditional industrial departments. ? Hey? The key management resources of high-tech enterprises are human resources, especially high-intelligence human resources, that is, human resources engaged in highly heterogeneous labor. Therefore, high-tech talents play a core and key role in the development of high-tech enterprises.
Judging from the personnel composition of high-tech enterprises, the scientific and technical personnel engaged in technical research, product development and design account for a high proportion of the total number of employees, and the role of scientific and technical personnel in enterprises is far greater than that of other employees. According to statistics, people with engineering and scientific degrees in high-tech enterprises account for 40-60% of the total number of employees, which is equivalent to five times that of traditional industrial departments. The human capital owners of high-tech enterprises include innovators (mainly business innovators and scientific research innovators), managers and producers. Since innovation is a daily activity in the business activities of high-tech enterprises, the most important thing for high-tech enterprises is not managers, but business and technological innovators. Therefore, in the value creation of high-tech enterprises, the important role of scientific and technological human capital in value creation is gradually emerging.
Third, high innovation.
Innovation is a basic feature of high-tech enterprises, and an important indicator when identifying high-tech enterprises is the proportion of new products and technologies in sales. In fact, technological innovation, product innovation, market innovation and management innovation play a very important role in high-tech enterprises. In order to maintain competitive advantage, high-tech enterprises must always work around the main line of innovation. If they don't innovate, or even innovate slowly, they will be eliminated. Seeking continuous innovation is the source of high-tech enterprises' continuous profit. Technological innovation is the driving force. Besides the unique protection of technology, we attach great importance to the input of innovation. Institutional innovation is the guarantee, constantly seeking new incentive mechanism and organizational structure; High-tech products have short life cycle, fast update, timeliness and unpredictability, so continuous product innovation is needed to meet the new market demand.
In the era of knowledge economy, knowledge-based enterprises (high-tech enterprises are a kind of knowledge-based enterprises, so the discussion here is also applicable to high-tech enterprises), and the rapid change of social knowledge stock makes knowledge and innovation become the necessary conditions for enterprises to survive, and innovation activities gradually become the daily activities of knowledge-based enterprises. In order to pursue the interests of specialized division of labor and save transaction costs, individuals specializing in innovation activities are separated from ordinary workers. In knowledge-based enterprises, management functions and management functions have been separated, and innovators have become real operators in knowledge-based enterprises. He bears the business risks of the enterprise and decides the production direction of the enterprise. Operators in the traditional sense have become simple managers, only responsible for organizing the production of enterprises and supervising the production workers. It can be seen that the role of managers in knowledge-based enterprises has been greatly reduced. Due to the rapid change of social knowledge stock in the era of knowledge economy, the most important thing in knowledge-based enterprises is not just entrepreneurs, but the innovation ability of broader knowledge. The first problem of an enterprise is to design a mechanism under which people with innovative ability can be selected as innovators. Fourth, high growth.
Once the innovative products of high-tech enterprises are successful in the market, due to patent protection, technical know-how, leading technology, franchising and other factors, it will bring huge competitive advantages to enterprises. With its novelty and new technical characteristics, innovative products will quickly occupy the market, and their return on investment may increase by dozens or even hundreds of times in just a few years, and obtain huge economic benefits. The characteristics of high income also contribute to high growth, so it may grow into a large company in a short time, and the development of high-tech enterprises has made a leap.
Verb (short for verb) is at high risk
The high risk of high-tech enterprises mainly comes from the uncertainty of technology and market. The uncertainty of R&D process of high-tech products determines the high failure rate of R&D activities. The transformation of new technology into real goods or services also has obvious uncertainty, and there is a risk of loss caused by technical failure. The formation of new technologies also has periodic laws of production, development, application and elimination. It is always in dynamic change, and its update cycle is also shortening. It was confirmed as a new technology in the early stage. With the progress and development of technology, it will soon be replaced by high-tech and eliminated. The uncertainty of the market is mainly reflected in the difficulty in grasping the market acceptance, and the development of new markets is restricted by many factors and is uncertain; High-tech products have short life cycle, fast update and unpredictable timeliness, which makes the market risk of high-tech enterprises greater. The risk of high-tech enterprises and the complexity and innovation of high technology show a synchronous growth trend. The higher the complexity of technology, the greater the technical content, the greater the difficulty of technological innovation, and the greater the risk that enterprises bear. In addition, high-tech enterprises also face talent risks. The high dependence of high-tech enterprises on scientific and technological talents brings talent risks. High-tech enterprises are highly dependent on scientific and technological talents in technological innovation, and scientific and technological talents have an external environment with fierce market competition and strong liquidity. If key technical talents are lost, high-tech enterprises will suffer a heavy blow. According to statistics, the survival rate of American high-tech companies in 10 is between 5- 10%. ? Hey? The cancellation rates of high-tech enterprises in Beijing in 2000, 200 1 year and 2002 were1.27%, 15.46%, 9. 12%, 2000 and 200/kloc respectively. ? Fame? wrong
Sixth, high profit.
The high profitability of high-tech enterprises comes from the high innovation of their technology and products, which has monopoly characteristics in a certain period of time. Because of the strong market demand and technology monopoly, it can attract buyers who are willing to pay high prices and bring high profit returns. After successful start-up, high-tech enterprises can usually get huge profits that are dozens of times the initial investment. In the high-tech projects invested by venture capital funds, although 70% failed, the profits of 30% successful projects were enough to make up for all their losses and keep them at a high profit level. The rapid performance of high-tech in the stock market is also enough to illustrate the high profitability of high-tech enterprises. ? Hey? wrong
Seven, flat organizational structure
High-tech enterprises take technological innovation and flexibility as their strategic goals. In order to achieve this goal, the organizational structure of enterprises must adapt. To carry out technological innovation and create conditions for the accumulation, flow and enjoyment of technology and knowledge of enterprises, the organizational structure must be flat and flexible. The core business of high-tech enterprises is research and development, marketing management, and the integration of technology and products. Scientific and technical personnel are based on projects. According to the requirements of several large and medium-sized projects signed or about to be signed by enterprises, this structure divides engineering technology and R&D departments into corresponding project teams, establishes project managers and implements the project manager responsibility system. High-tech enterprise organizations also have the characteristics of flexibility and fuzzy boundaries. In high-tech enterprises, cross-departmental working groups or project teams are often used to complete a certain task. For example, in order to organically combine product development and sales, R&D personnel also participate in product promotion and sales, and sales personnel also participate in R&D work. Therefore, the organizational form of high-tech enterprises should be flat, networked and highly flexible, and enterprises should be composed of teams to better adapt to the rapidly changing needs and competition.
Eight. Cooperative organizational culture and * * *
The organizational culture of high-tech enterprises is characterized by encouraging innovation, cooperation, enjoyment and tolerance of failure. Only by continuous innovation can high-tech enterprises adapt to the needs of knowledge economy. Team work requires employees to cooperate with each other and enjoy knowledge. At the same time, a learning organization should be established to encourage employees to keep learning. The achievements of high-tech enterprises are highly uncertain and unpredictable. To promote the innovative behavior and entrepreneurial spirit of scientific and technological personnel in enterprises, we must have a high tolerance for failure. The enjoyment of knowledge can produce innovative inspiration and new knowledge. When one thought exchanges another, two thoughts will exchange with each other. Knowledge is liquid and valuable, and can be transferred many times. The process of enjoyment is not the transfer from one person to another, but the possession of each other. Enterprises should develop knowledge management that can benefit most employees and meet the needs of the whole organization, which will make the organization have an upward trend.
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(Author: Shanghai University of Engineering Science Higher Vocational and Technical College)
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