Taoism believes that the so-called nature of all things in the world is "Tao" and the nature of all things is "virtue". For people, it is morality. Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties called "virtue" the practice of a certain principle and gained something from it.
morality
[Edit this paragraph] On Morality
Morality is composed of two juxtaposed words: Tao and virtue.
Tao is a road, a behavior and a way.
Virtue is the expression of behavior.
When Tao and morality are combined, the meaning changes, and morality has a new meaning.
Tao has become a verb.
Virtue is determined by Tao. The virtue produced by Tao has evolved into morality.
Now people are concerned about the moral meaning in the word "virtue".
This means that no matter what you do, as long as it produces good moral results, people are happy.
Academically, Tao is Tao and virtue is virtue, which cannot be confused.
In people's lives, morality can be regarded as a meaning of virtue.
Many things, people only study the results, not the process. No matter what way the other party takes, the virtue shown is intuitive.
Therefore, in most cases, morality is virtue.
[Moral meaning]
Morality is an important part of developing advanced culture and forming human civilization, especially spiritual civilization. We usually talk about morality.
It refers to the principles and standards that people should follow in their behavior. The definition of morality can be summarized as follows: morality is a certain social and class orientation.
A special code of conduct put forward by people to deal with various relationships between individuals and between individuals and society.
This concept shows that morality is a code of conduct that takes good and evil as the standard and regulates the relationship between people and between individuals and society.
Fan. Morality always promotes good and suppresses evil. Morality is different from law. It is judged according to public opinion, traditional culture and living habits.
A person's quality is mainly maintained by his conscious inner thoughts.
The word morality has a long history. As early as more than two thousand years ago, the word "virtue" appeared in China's ancient works.
Language. "Tao" represents the law of movement and change of things; "Virtue" is to divide people according to its rules after understanding "Tao".
The relationship between them is handled properly. From Confucius, the founder of Confucianism in China, a great thinker and educator, for thousands of years.
People have always attached importance to moral issues.
Morality is the accumulation of virtue-practicing truth and developing truth.
Truth is the road. Abiding by the Tao is the objective law of creating conditions, establishing mechanisms, running harmonious development and win-win for all parties, the objective reality of creating harmonious development, and the application of scientific and practical truth. Accumulated virtue is the objective reality of constantly creating harmonious development and the pursuit and development of truth. Virtue is morality.
It is immoral to harm others for self-interest, others for self-interest, others for self-interest and harmonious development; Equality and mutual benefit, honesty and mutual assistance to achieve harmonious development are general morals; It is a noble morality to help others and serve the public to promote harmonious development; Sacrificing oneself to save others and sacrifice for the public has reached its peak in street virtues, which is the highest morality. This class (grade) difference in morality is an objective fact. A society with a dominant moral class is naturally a highly harmonious society. This is the basic view of harmonious morality.
There are three basic conditions for walking around the streets: first, it is a spiritual condition to generally accept the concept of avenue and clarify the direction, goal and guiding ideology of development. Second, to create the basic guarantee of material living conditions, we must first eliminate the polarization between poverty and monopoly in the economy and generally establish a social security system for living. This is a material condition. Thirdly, the establishment of a harmonious restriction and incentive mechanism for individual and group behavior means the establishment of corresponding legal systems and customs, which is the condition for social operation. Only with these three conditions, the objective law of harmonious development and win-win can be universally implemented, and the society can approach the ideal goal of highly harmonious development.
What is morality? Simply put, morality is the standard for human beings to distinguish between good and evil. So is morality born to human beings or acquired through acquired education? Psychologists have found that regardless of race, belief and cultural background, the basic standards of human morality are the same, such as honesty, integrity, sympathy and pity are good, and cheating and killing are evil. Moreover, human beings have shown the ability to distinguish between good and evil in infancy, and it seems that this standard of judging good and evil is innate.
Sheng Amethyst said that "at the beginning of life, human nature is good", and it is very appropriate to understand this sentence as "people are born knowing good and evil". If morality is related to acquired education, why has China set up many moral heroes as people's learning models for half a century, but it may not be conducive to improving the moral standards of the whole nation? On the contrary, today I hear people exclaim that morality is declining and there is a huge crisis of integrity. For example, this photo of the South China Tiger was suspected to be forged, and even the photo of the moon taken by the Chang 'e spacecraft was suspected to be a sneak shot of the early photos of the moon taken by NASA. Isn't that weird?
On the other hand, if a society completely destroys its traditional moral system, will it change people's criteria for judging good and evil? We know that the "Breaking Four Capitals" movement during the Cultural Revolution totally negated and destroyed the whole traditional culture of China, but we didn't see the internal moral standards of China people change. As the saying goes, "ordinary people have scales in their hearts" or "the eyes of the masses are discerning", which is actually morality, and can not be changed by instilling some ideology or destroying traditional culture.
Scientists believe that morality exists in a certain part of the brain and can even be inherited. Joshua Green, a professor of psychology at Harvard University in the United States, designed the "mystery of pulling rails" and "mystery of bridges". When the subjects made a choice, they tested their brains with MRI to see which area of the brain was the most active in answering this question.
The "turnout problem" assumes that five people are lying on one turnout, one is lying on another turnout, and a train is coming. Which way do you want to turn the switch now? Most of the subjects' answers are to turn the switch to the side with one person, because five people can survive, which is a rational choice.
The "Bridge Puzzle" assumes that five people are lying on the tracks and a train is coming. At this time, you pushed a fat man on the bridge and blocked the train, thus saving five people. Most subjects refused to push the fat man, preferring to let the train run over five people on the tracks. There is also a choice to save five lives at the expense of one person, but the subjects have different choices when facing these two "problems". In the latter case, the subjects made emotional choices. Psychologists have found that rational choice and emotional choice occur in several different areas of the brain, and morality does have a physiological basis.
Psychologists have further found that some people who are responsible for feeling the lesions in the frontal cortex will lose their moral judgment ability and tend to choose rationally for the "bridge problem".
In a healthy society, whether individuals or the government, their choices of similar "problems" are all based on the principles given to human beings by creation. When to choose rationally and when to choose emotionally, they can basically be just right, so that the society can be more harmonious and progressive.
The "problems" designed by the above two psychologists can be exemplified in real life. For example, when the Yellow River overflowed in a certain year, the dam may break at any time, and now it is necessary to divert the flood, so we chose a small village as the outlet for flood diversion, which is a choice at the expense of local interests. It is rational for the government to make such a choice, although people are very reluctant to do so emotionally, because it is immoral for the people in that village.
For another example, hundreds of acres of land in a village were taken away by developers, and the government decided to sell the land to developers, but the compensation for farmers was not enough to maintain their livelihood in the future, so farmers organized to demand higher compensation. Now the government is faced with such choices: First, send special police to suppress, hurt, intimidate and crush farmers, and finally achieve the purpose of land acquisition. The second is to give farmers reasonable compensation through peaceful negotiation.
The first choice is rationality. The government considers that increasing farmers' compensation will reduce the government's land sales revenue, and may damage the interests of developers, leading to the abortion of the project, which will inevitably affect the GDP achievements of local governments. The second choice is emotional. From a moral point of view, neither the government nor businessmen want to see the tragic experience of landless peasants, and realize that the ultimate goal of politics and business is to benefit the people, not to create suffering.
Obviously, in a civilized society, people are more willing to see the latter choice, but the reality in China is that rational choice trumps perceptual choice. Throughout the history of China, those who win the world are ruthless. According to psychologists, in China, people with frontal cortex lesions are prone to achieve great things, while people with good intentions have achieved nothing, which is the misfortune of our country and people.